Chapterter 9 personality
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•581 views
This document provides an overview of the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives on personality. It discusses key theorists and concepts from each perspective. For psychoanalysis, it covers Freud's structural model of the id, ego, and superego; his psychosexual stages of development; and defense mechanisms like repression. It also discusses neo-Freudian theorists like Adler, Jung, and Horney who expanded on or dissented from Freud's views. For humanism, it outlines Maslow's hierarchy of needs and self-actualization, as well as Carl Rogers's person-centered perspective and the conditions of positive growth. The document evaluates both perspectives, noting a lack of empirical evidence and testability for psychoanalysis and criticisms that human
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (19)
Similar to Chapterter 9 personality
Similar to Chapterter 9 personality (20)
More from Los Angeles Community College District
More from Los Angeles Community College District (13)
Chapterter 9 personality
- 1. NLshop/ Fotolia.com LOS ANGELES COMMUNITY COLLEGE DR. STEVEN MENDOZA PSYCHOLOGY ADJUNCT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR LVX ET VERITAS
- 2. NLshop/Fotolia.com 4 5 9 12 13 14 19 Table of Contents Personality Psychoanalytic Perspective Psychoanalytic Theory Neo-Freudian Perspectives Assessing the Psychoanalytic Perspective The Humanistic Perspective Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective
- 3. Fact or Falsehood? true true false false false By professional training, Freud was a physician. Freud believed that boys develop sexual desires for their mother when they are between 3 and 6 years of age. One of the most reliable and valid measures of personality is the Rorschach inkblot test. Dreams are disguised wish fulfillments that can be interpreted by skilled analysts. Psychologists generally agree that painful experiences commonly get pushed out of awareness and into the unconscious.
- 4. Personality can be examined through different perspectives Personality An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving TracyKahn/Corbis
- 5. Psychoanalytic Perspective Sigmund Freud: 1856 – 1939, born in Vienna Austria; founder of psychoanalysis Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images “I was the only worker in a new field.” In 1909, Freud visited Clark University in Massachusetts, and a year later helped found the International Psychoanalytic Association.
- 6. Freud with his wife, Martha, and youngest child, Anna, who later became a psychoanalytic theorist. Mary Evans/ Sigmund FreudScience Source Copyrights/ Photo Researchers / Science Source
- 7. Freud with his oldest sister Mathilde. Freud, a Jew, escaped from Germany to London in 1938. Mathilde and three other sisters died in Nazi extermination camps during World War II. Bettmann/CORBIS
- 8. Did you know that Sigmund Freud was the first psychology theorist to be honored with his own bobble-head doll? The Photo Works
- 9. Psychoanalytic Perspective: Structure of Personality Superego— Moralistic component, internalizing parental and societal rules Id—Irrational component, impulsive, ruled by “pleasure principle” Ego—Rational component, mediating, ruled by “reality principle”
- 11. Video Review NLshop/Fotolia.com Do you find Freud’s theory of personality structure to be helpful? Why or why not? Why is a strong ego necessary in personality? What kinds of problems might a person experience if he or she were dominated by either the id or the superego?
- 12. At each stage: sexual impulses associated with a specific body zone Psychoanalytic Theory: The Five Age-Related Stages of Personality Development At each stage: a different focus of the id’s sexual energies Click here for description Click here for description Click here for description Click here for description Click here for description
- 13. Psychoanalytic Theory: Introducing the Defense Mechanism of Repression Defense mechanisms—The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality Repression—Basic defense mechanism; banishes anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, memories from consciousness Repression: Reality or Myth?
- 14. Psychoanalytic Theory: More on Defense Mechanisms Specific mechanisms are based on repression. Six Defense Mechanisms Click here for description Click here for description Click here for description Click here for description Click here for description Click here for description
- 15. Neo-Freudian Perspectives: Freud’s Descendants and Dissenters Archetype—In Jung’s theory, mental images of universal traits shared by all humans (which Jung called the collective unconscious). Alfred Adler: “The individual feels at home in life and feels existence to be worthwhile just so far as he is useful to others and is overcoming feelings of inferiority” (Problems of Neurosis, 1964) Karen Horney: “The view that women are infantile and emotional creatures, and as such, incapable of responsibility and independence is the work of the masculine tendency to lower women’s self-respect.” (Feminine Psychology, 1932) Carl Jung: “From the living fountain of instinct flows everything that is creative; hence the unconscious is the very source of the creative impulse.” (The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, 1960) MGM/ Photofest Adler: Photo by Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images; Horney: The Bettmann Archive/ Corbis; Jung: Archives of the History of American Psychology, The Center for the History of Psychology, The University of Akron
- 16. MGM/ Photofest
- 17. Lack of scientific testability Assessing the Psychoanalytic Perspective Conflicts with current research Emphasis on male prototypes Lack of empirical evidence •Developmentalists see development as lifelong, not fixed in childhood •Notions about repression challenged by more recent findings on memory •New ideas about why we dream challenge Freud’s view of dreams (lurking, unfulfilled wishes) •Theory based on data derived from small group of patients and self-analysis •Writings about patients based on analyst’s interpretation •Concepts too vague to prove in an experiment •Operational definitions impossible for ideas like pleasure principle •Women viewed as deviation from norm of masculinity (Horney, 1926; Thompson, 1950) •Theory may have been different if developed from female viewpoint Cartoon: United Features Syndicate
- 18. Humanistic Perspective inherent goodness of people self-awareness and free will human potential for psychological growth healthy personality development The Humanistic Perspective
- 19. Abraham Maslow and the Humanistic Perspective Hierarchy of needs—Hierarchal division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs, to psychological needs, to self-fulfillment needs Self-actualization—Defined by Maslow as person’s “full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities”
- 20. Carl Rogers: A Person- Centered Perspective Conditions of Positive Growth: Genuineness—open with feelings, transparent and self-disclosing Empathy—sharing and mirroring others’ feelings, relaxing and fully expressing one’s true self Acceptance—offering unconditional positive regard (an attitude of total acceptance toward another person in which value is shown despite failings) “At bottom, each person is asking, ‘Who am I, really? How can I get in touch with this real self, underlying all my surface behavior? How can I become myself?’”(Carl Rogers, 1961) Roger Ressmeyer/ Corbis
- 21. Based on philosophical assumptions or clinical observations Concepts vague; subjective Cannot define or objectively measure concepts like Roger’s unconditional positive regard and self-concept or Maslow’s actualizing tendency Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective Lack of empirical evidence If self-actualization is a universal human motive, why is it hard to find such people? Encourages the need for hope, but not equally realistic Does not take into account human capacity for evil Naïve and too optimistic ©Dana Fradon / The New Yorker Collection / The
Editor's Notes
- Click to reveal each question, then the answer.
- Automatic animation. Personality can be thought of as a person’s general style of interacting with the world. To most individuals, personality is what makes them unique. The individuals in the photograph appear to share a personality best described as outgoing, expressive, and fun loving. APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology
- Click to begin show all text. Psychoanalysis is both a theory of personality and an approach to therapy. The theory stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experience on personality. Freud’s perspective was developed through his experiences treating patients with psychological disorders. His emphasis on exploring the unconscious relied on the technique of free association, or having patients say whatever was on their minds, information that could then be interpreted according to ideas explicated in the slides that follow. APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology
- No animation Psychoanalysis is both a theory of personality and an approach to therapy. The theory stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experience on personality. Freud’s perspective was developed through his experiences treating patients with psychological disorders. His emphasis on exploring the unconscious relied on the technique of free association, or having patients say whatever was on their minds, information that could then be interpreted according to ideas explicated in the slides that follow. APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology
- No animation Psychoanalysis is both a theory of personality and an approach to therapy. The theory stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experience on personality. Freud’s perspective was developed through his experiences treating patients with psychological disorders. His emphasis on exploring the unconscious relied on the technique of free association, or having patients say whatever was on their minds, information that could then be interpreted according to ideas explicated in the slides that follow. APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology
- No animation Psychoanalysis is both a theory of personality and an approach to therapy. The theory stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experience on personality. Freud’s perspective was developed through his experiences treating patients with psychological disorders. His emphasis on exploring the unconscious relied on the technique of free association, or having patients say whatever was on their minds, information that could then be interpreted according to ideas explicated in the slides that follow. APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology
- Click to reveal further descriptions of id, ego and superego. The three structures represent dimensions of personality that are in conflict. The psychoanalytic idea of personality structure is commonly illustrated as an iceberg, with the id being represented by the large portion of the iceberg that lay below the water, emphasizing that the mind is mostly hidden beneath the conscious surface. The id is completely unconscious, while the rational ego and moralistic superego operate both consciously and unconsciously. Unlike the parts of a frozen iceberg, however, the id, ego, and superego interact. Click the ActivePsych button to show students the Flash-based Interactive Demonstration Freud Demonstration. (Consult the instructions and explanations before showing it in class.) Video on the next slide. APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology
- Click the on-screen PLAY button with cursor to start video. This video discusses id, ego, and superego and also introduces defense mechanisms and psychosexual stages of development (future slides).
- Click to reveal review questions.
- Click the red bar next to each “age” or “stage” to reveal a detailed description. According to Freud, each psychosexual stage is associated with a conflict that must be resolved. Failure to resolve the conflict results in fixation, meaning the individual’s pleasure-seeking energies are locked or linger at the specific stage. A person fixated at the oral stage, for example, may continue to seek gratification by smoking or obsessively chewing gum or, more subtly, by acting passively dependent, like a nursing infant. APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology
- Click the on-screen PLAY button with cursor to start video. The clip questions whether or not repression is real or a myth. In simplest terms, repression involves unconscious forgetting. According to Freud, it is the most fundamental of defense mechanisms. To some degree, repression is involved in every ego defense mechanism. APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology
- Click the red bar next to each defense mechanism to reveal an example. Additional defense mechanisms are sublimation, a form of displacement in which an unacceptable urge is channeled into a productive activity, and undoing, in which an unacceptable action or thought is considered neutralized or atoned through a second action or thought. The use of any defense mechanism can be productive as a way to temporarily deal with stressful events, but can be counterproductive if doing so interferes with the ability to find and use a more constructive coping strategy. Which defense mechanisms have students experienced or employed? APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology APA Learning Goal 4: Application of Psychology
- Click to show photos and quotations from the writings of each of these neo-Freudian theorists. Adler focused on feelings of inferiority versus superiority; Horney on security and social relationships; Jung on personal growth and creativity, archetypes, mental images of universal instincts, themes, or preoccupations, and a collective unconscious of shared ancestral experiences and ideas.
- The photograph of Dorothy and her companions from The Wizard of Oz illustrates the influence on popular culture of Jung’s ideas about archetypes—according to Jung, images often found in popular myths. Dorothy is the archetype of a parentless child on a search for self-knowledge and selfhood. What do her companions/helpers represent? To varying degrees, the various neo-Freudian perspectives and approaches differed from traditional psychoanalytic theory in their stronger emphasis on conscious thoughts and mechanisms, as well as an emphasis on loftier, more positive motives and social interactions than the channeling of aggression and improper sexual urges. APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology
- Click each branch of this concept web for some related details. In addition to the substantive disciplinary criticisms of the psychoanalytic perspective concerning its lack of scientific validity, a particularly scathing objection is the fact that one can seemingly use Freudian ideas as an after-the-fact explanation for virtually any aspect of a person’s behavior. Nevertheless, especially in the popular imagination and culture, Freud’s ideas live on and his contributions to modern psychological thinking are undeniably significant. APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology
- Automatic animation As the focuses of the humanistic perspective indicate, the approach came about in reaction to the seeming negativity of the psychoanalytic approach (as well as, although not directly related to personality, to the mechanistic psychological framework of the behaviorists). APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology
- Click to reveal bullets and table. Students are familiar with Maslow’s ideas in the context of motivation. The process of successfully meeting basic physical and psychological needs, and the fulfilling of one’s potential through self-actualization, leads to the development of a healthy, happy, positive personality. How might students describe the personality of an individual who exhibits the characteristics listed in the table? APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology APA Learning Goal 4: Application of Psychology
- Click to reveal bullets. Unconditional positive regard means that a person is loved and valued even when he or she doesn’t conform to the standards and expectations of others. This idea does not equate with permissiveness, however—a person’s behavior, for example, can be deemed unacceptable without the person being made to feel rejected as an individual. (By contrast, conditional positive regard involves the withholding of love and praise unless one conforms to others’ expectations.) A person’s self-concept (a central feature of personality) involves the set of perceptions and beliefs a person has about his or her nature, image, personal qualities, and behavior. APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology APA Learning Goal 4: Application of Psychology
- Click each red box for details The cartoon provides a humorous perspective on a central tenet of the humanistic approach, exemplifying the criticism of the approach as naïve. The influence of the humanistic perspective has waned in recent decades, although many of its central tenets continue to resonate culturally and in the popular imagination. Nevertheless, it has made lasting contributions in the areas of therapy, counseling, education, and parenting APA Learning Goal 1: Knowledge Base of Psychology