The document summarizes several intellectual revolutions throughout history that transformed society: 1) The Pre-Socratic revolution introduced ideas of nature, natural laws, and that humans can discover these laws through science and technology. 2) The Copernican revolution proposed that the sun, not Earth, is the center of the solar system through Copernicus' heliocentric model. 3) Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection revolutionized biology by proposing organisms evolve over generations through random genetic mutations and survival of the fittest. 4) Freud's psychoanalytic theory revolutionized psychology by proposing unconscious motivations shape behavior and personality. 5) Turing's contributions to computer science and algorithms were revolutionary to information technology

1. INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY

2. Intellectual Revolution
 Greek speculation about “nature”
 Known as “ Pre- Socratic” or “ non-theological” or
“first philosophy”
Three characteristics of this philosophy
The world is a natural whole
There is a natural “order”
Humans can “discover” these laws
 Showed how society was transformed by science
and technology

3. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
Astronomer and mathematician
Adopted the “heliocentric model” suggesting the
idea that the sun is the center of the solar system
Published an essay “ On the Revolution of the
Heavenly Spheres”

4. Aristotle, however believed that the earth is
the true center of all the orbitals carrying
the heavenly bodies and all motions are
uniform and unchanging.
 Geocentric Model “geo” means earth
center

5. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
Charles Darwin, Theory of Evolution
 Suggests that all organism are related
and have descended from a common
ancestor
 Explains that complex creatures
evolved naturally from simplistic
ancestors over time

6. Charles Darwin, Theory of Evolution
 Proposed the “natural selection” organisms
survived due to random genetic of
mutations leading to the preservation of
their descendants.
 “survival of the fittest”, the better adapted a
species is, the more fitted it is to reproduce.

8. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud “Father of Psychoanalysis”
Believed that when people explain their behavior,
they rarely give a true account of their motivation,
not because they are deliberately lying, but because
they are more adept at self- deception.
Freud’s structural theory of personality emphasizes
the role of unconscious psychological conflicts in
shaping behavior and personality.

10. INFORMATION REVOLUTION
Alan Turing (1912-1954)
provided a fundamental
contribution to computer
sciences by refining the
concepts of algorithm and
computation.
 Turing Machines
 Turing Test

11. Religions and cultural are in the Americas,
extending to the countries in South America.
 Central Mexico
 Belize
 Guatemala
 El Salvador
 Honduras
 Nicaragua
 Northern Costa Rica
Pre- colonial Societies
 Mayan
 Aztec
 Inca

12. Mesoamerican Civilization
Cultivation of cacao, corn, beans, tomato, squash, and chili
Three Sister's, the main food source including beans, corn and squash
Domestication of turkey and dog
Cotton plants were used to make a textiles, and rubber trees were used to make
rubber balls (for performance games and rituals)

13.  Combined crop rotation and slash - and- burn technique
to retain soil nutrients
 Formed terraces along the mountain slopes
 First to use irrigation techniques
 Known to be the first to create the calendars

14. ASIAN CIVILIZATION
 World's great early Asian Civilization one from India and from
China
 Civilization arose in the Indus Valley 4000 years ago.
• People used weapon and utensils made of bronze and Cooper
• Shops are established around Mohenjo-Daro
Two World’s known religions: Hinduism and Buddhism
 Hinduism in based on the four sacred books, Vedas. This holds
the records of Indian history and beliefs, which were written by
the Aryan people.
• caste system: priest called Brahmans ranked the highest and the
untouchables as

15. Two world's known religious: Hinduism
and Buddhism
Buddhism embraces follower who praise Buddha
(The Enlightenment One), in the person of
Siddhartha Gautama (a wanderer who believed that
human greed and selfishness lead to human pain).
Confucianism is based on teaching of Confucius
Emphasize personal and governmental morality,
correctness of social relationships, justice and
sincerely
Great wall of China was built to protect themselves
from the invasion of " barbarians" from other parts
of Asia

16. Middle east civilization
The home of the "cradle of civilization", many of the words' oldest
cultures and civilization were seen.
The history started from the earliest human settlements continuing
through pre- and post- Islamic empires.
Developed the following:
 first Writing system in the world
 potter's wheel, vehicular and mill wheel
 first generalized governments and law cod
 Foundation of astronomy and mathematics

17. AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
Lineage and culture achievements include in the
field of Mathematics, Astronomy, Metallurgy,
Agriculture and Engineering, Navigation, and
Medicine
 in math, they developed the Yoruba system -
based on units of 20 instead of 10 and
required impressive amount of subtraction to
identify different numbers.
In Astronomy, African Stonehenge was
considered as remarkable accurate calendar.
Advanced in Metallurgy and tool making
Steam engines
Copper and Iron tools
Nail
Carbon
Metal chisel and saws
Weapon ( bronze)
Glue
Steel
Art

18. African empire of Egypt developed
diverse structures and great
architectural monuments along the
Nile River
 Great pyramid of Giza
 Great Sphinx of Giza
Used plants with salicylic acid of pain,
kaolin of bacteria, and extracts to kill
Gram positive bacteria.
Medicine in Africa is more advance that in
Europe, which performed medical procedures:
 Vaccination
 Autopsy
 Limb traction
 Broken bone settings
 Bullet removal
 Skin grafting
 Filling the dental cavities installation of
false teeth
 Anesthesia
 Tissue cauterization
 Brain surgery

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