2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the topic, the readers are expected to:
1.Define intellectual revolution.
2.Identify the intellectual revolutions that created
paradigm shift.
3.Determine the components of personality.
4.Compare the different civilizations and identify their
greatest contributions to the society.
4. “INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION”
• The term used to Greek speculation about “nature” in the period
before Socrates.
• Also known as the “Pre-Socratic” or “non-theological” or“first
philosophy”.
• Three characteristic features of this form of philosophy:
1.The world is anaturalwhole.
2.There is anatural‘order’.
3.Humans can ‘discover’ those laws.
6. NICHOLAS COPERNICUS
• A mathematician and an astronomer who proposed that the sun
was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved
around it.(Heliocentrism)
• Principles of classical astronomy involving the four elements, namely
earth, water
,air
,and fire were followed before the work of
Copernicus.
• Aristotle believed that the earth is the true center of all the orbs
carrying the heavenly bodies around it and allmotions are ‘uniform’
and unchanging.
7. • Between 1508 and 1514, Copernicus adopted the‘heliocentric
model’.
• He proved the idea that the sun is the center of the solar system.
10. DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all living
organisms are related and havedescended from acommon ancestor.
• It presumes the development of lifefrom non-life and stresses apurely
naturalistic descent with modification (Behe, 1996).
• It explains that complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors
naturally over time.
• “Natural Selection”
• He figured out that variations in apopulation help different species to
survive.
• The better adapted aspecies is,the more fittedit is to reproduce;
reproduction rates refers to “survival of the fittest”.
14. SIGMUND FREUD
• Freud is the father of psychoanalysis and one of the 20th
century’s most influential thinkers.
• He’s structural theory of personality emphasizes the role of
unconscious psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and
personality.
• Human behavior is the result of the interactions among three
component parts of the mind: Id, Ego, andSuperego.
15. PSYCHOANALYSIS
ID
• made up of
unconscious
psychic
• pleasure
principle
• Biological
component
EGO
• mediates the
demands od the Id,
the superego and
the reality
• works to achieve a
balance with their
moral and idealistic
standards created by
the superego
• reality principle
SUPEREGO
• works atconscious,
unconscious, and
preconscious state
• morally right and good
• composed of people’s
internalized ideals
acquired from parents
and society
• function is to control
the id's impulses
• function of persuading
the ego to turn to
moralistic goals
16. 5 STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL
1. FIRST STAGE – ORAL
2. SECOND STAGE – ANAL
3. THIRD STAGE – PHALLIC
4. FOURTH STAGE – LATENT
5. FIFTH STAGE - GENITAL
19. INFORMATION REVOLUTION
• Accompanied the history of mankind and began as early as 3000
BC with Sumerian pictographs.
• Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press in 1455
• The work ofAgusta and Babbage on Analytic Engine in the early
1830s
• The invention of the first telephone during 1870s
• T
uring’swork during WWII
20. ALAN TURING
• Alan Turing is aBritish mathematician who considered the information
revolution as the fourth revolution following the Copernican, Darwinian,
and Freudian.
• He provided afundamental contribution to computer sciences by
refining the concepts of algorithm and computation with what came to
be calledT
uring Machine.
• He also contributed the T
uring test. (The Turing test is a test of a
machine’s ability to exhibit intelligence behavior equivalent to, or
indistinguishable from that of a human.
23. MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION
• Mesoamerican civilization contributed greatly in terms of agriculture.
• The main food sources in Mesoamerica were beans, corn, and squash forming a
triad of products known as the “ThreeSisters”.
• Cotton plants and rubber trees were used in making culturally significant
products.
• Creation of textiles with vibrant colors was created from the domestication of
cotton.These textiles are evidence of the Mesoamerican people’s fascination
with adornment and the cultural value they placed on appearance.
• Various cultivation techniques were done by the Mesoamerican farmers to
combat the lack of usable land,and poor soil condition.
• Chinampas were also created.
• Mesoamericans were known to be the first one to create the calendars.
27. ASIAN CIVILIZATION
• Asia bore two of the world’s great early civilizations. (One from India, and the
other from China)
• Civilization arose in the Indus River valley 4000 years ago.
• The region served as abirthplace of two world’s known religions, namely
Hinduism and Buddhism.
• Hinduism was based on the four sacred books called Vedas.
• Under Hinduism, people were divided based on acaste system. Priestswere
called Brahmans ranked highest while the “untouchables” are the lowest.
• Buddhism embraces followers who praise Buddha (“The Enlightened One”)
who is in the person of Siddharta Gautama.
28. • Another Asian civilization developed along the Huang Ho
riverbanks in northern China around 1500 BCE.
• It also had its own religion called as Confucianism,which is based
from the teaching of Confucius.
• The Great Wall of China was built.
31. MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATION
• The Middle East is considered as the home to the “CradleofCivilization”where many
of the world’s oldest cultures and civilizations were seen.
• First to practice intensive year-round agriculture and currency-mediated trade as
opposed to barter
.
• Gave the rest of the world the first writing system,invented the potter’s wheel and
then the vehicular and mill wheel.
• Created the first generalized governments and law codes.
• Served as birthplace to the first city-states with their high degree of division labor
.
• Set the foundation for astronomy and mathematics.
• However, it also introduced rigid social stratification, slavery
, and organized warfare.
• The invention of writing was considered as one of the most important inventions
between the advent of agriculture and the age of steam engine.
34. AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
• Modern concepts in mathematics like the first method of counting were first
developed inAfrica.
• In terms of Astronomy, astructure known as AfricanStonehengein present-day
Kenya which is constructed around 300 BC was aremarkably accurate
calendar.
• Many advances in metallurgy and tool making were also made across ancient
Africa. (Steam engines, metal chisels, saws, copper and iron tools and weapons,
nail,glue,carbon, steel and bronze weapons and art.)
• The African empire of Egypt developed avast array of diverse structures and
great architectural monuments along the Nile, the largest and most famous of
which are the Great Pyramid of Giza and the Great Sphinx od Giza.
35. • Many treatments used today were employed by several ancient people
throughoutAfrica.
• Medical procedures performed in ancientAfrica before they were performed
in Europe included vaccinations, autopsy, limb traction, andetc..
