This document discusses common postural deformities in children and women, including kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis, knock knees, bow legs, flat foot, and rounded shoulders. It provides information on the causes and corrective exercises for each condition. The document also covers special considerations for females, including menarche, menstrual dysfunction, and the female athlete triad of osteoporosis, amenorrhea, and eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

1. CHAPTER-2 XII CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN
SPORTS
 Common Postural Deformities-( Knock-Knee, Flat foot, Round Shoulder,
Lordosis, Kyphosis, Bow Legs and Scoliosis) and their Corrective
Measures.
 Special Consideration ( Menarche and Menstrual Dysfunction)
 Female Athletes Triad (Osteoporosis, Amenorrhoea Dysfunction)

2. COMMON POSTURAL DEFORMITIES AND THEIR
CORRECTIVE MEASURES
Spinal Curvature (Kyphosis,
Lordosis, Scoliosis)
Flat foot
Knock Knees
Bow Legs
Round Shoulders

3. KYPHOSIS, CAUSE, REMEDIES, PRECAUTIONS & THEIR
CORRECTIVE MEASURES
 Kyphosis is a spinal disorder in which an excessive
outward curve of the spine results in an abnormal
rounding of the upper back. The condition is
sometimes known as "roundback" or—in the case of a
severe curve—as "hunchback." Kyphosis can occur at
any age, but is common during adolescence.
 CAUSE OF KYPHOSIS :- Malnutrition, Illness, Crowded
Area, Unavailability of pure air, Rickets, Carry heavy
loads on shoulder, Week muscles, Habit of doing work
by leaning forward etc.

4. Remedies of Kyphosis
1) Always keep a pillow under your back while sleeping.
2) Bend your head backward in standing position.
3)Dhanurasana should be perform regularly
PRECAUTIONS
Teach appropriate position of sitting, standing and walking.
Proper and adequate exercise.
Maintain proper posture.
Teacher and parents should pay special attention.

5. CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR KYPHOSIS
 There are a number of Physical activities or corrective exercises which can be used as a corrective
measure for Postural Deformities ( Kyphosis)

6. LORDOSIS, CAUSE, REMEDIES, PRECAUTION & THEIR
CORRECTIVE MEASURES
 Lordosis is the inward curvature of spine. It is an increased forward
curve in the lumber region. Its creates problem in standing and
walking.
 CAUSE of LORDOSIS :-
 Imbalanced diet
 Improper environment
 Improper development of muscles
 Obesity & diseases affecting vertebrae and spinal muscles
 Not proper exercise
 Eating excessive food.

7. Remedies of Lordosis
1) Perform sit-ups regularly.
2) Halasana should be performed regularly.
3) Toe touching exercise .
4) Sit down and extend your legs forward.
5) Lie down on your back and raise your head and legs simultaneously for 10 min.
PRECAUTIONS
Balance diet should be taken.
Obesity should be keep away specially in early age.
While carrying weight body should be straight.
No excessive food intake.

8. CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR LORDOSIS
There are a number of Physical activities or corrective exercises
which can be used as a corrective measure for Postural Deformities
( Lordosis)

9. SCOLIOSIS, CAUSE, REMEDIES, PRECAUTIONS & THEIR
CORRECTIVE MEASURES
 Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine
that occurs most often during the growth
spurt just before puberty.
 A simple or single curve to the left is
commonly called a “ C” curve.
 Scoliosis curve may be found in “S” shape.
 CAUSE OF SCOLIOSIS:- Under developed
Legs, Infantile paralysis, Ricket, carring heavy
loads on one shoulder, Unhealthy conditions,
Uncomfortable desks, Wrong standing
position

10. Remedies of Scoliosis
1) Bending exercise on the opposite side of the “C” shaped curve.
2) Swim by using breaststroke technique.
3) Hang on some time.
4) Hang and swing your body to the left and right side.
PRECAUTIONS
Balance diet should be taken.
Studying should be avoided in sideways bending position.
Avoide walking for long time while carrying weight in one hand.

11. CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR SCOLIOSIS
There are a number of Physical activities or corrective exercises which can be used as a corrective measure
for Postural Deformities ( Scoliosis)

13. KNOCK-KNEES, CAUSE, REMEDIES, PRECAUTIONS & THEIR
CORRECTIVE MEASURES
Knock knee is one of the major postural deformities. In this
deformity, both the knees knock or touch each other in normal
standing position. The gap between ankles goes on increasing. The
individual faces difficulty in walking and running. He cannot walk or
run in a proper manner.
Causes: The lack of balanced diet especially vitamin ‘D’,
Calcium and phosphorus is the main cause of knock-knees.
 It may also be due to rickets.
 Chronic illness, foot
 Obesity, flat – Foot
 Carrying heavy weight in early may be other possible causes of
knock knees.

14. Remedies of Knock-kness
 Horse riding is the best exercise
 Use of walking calipers may also be beneficial.
 Padmasana and Gomukhasana regularly.
 Keep a pillow between the kness and stand erect.
PRECAUTIONS
Balanced diet should be taken.
Babies should not be forced to walk at very early age.

15. CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR KNOCK-KNESS
There are a number of Physical activities or corrective exercises which can be used as a
corrective measure for Postural Deformities ( Knock-Kness)

16. BOW LEGS, CAUSE, REMEDIES, PRECAUTIONS & THEIR
CORRECTIVE MEASURES
 ‘Bow legs’ is also a postural deformity. It is opposite
to knock – knee position. In this deformity, knees
are widely apart. There remains a wide gap
between knee .
 Causes: Deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in
bone.
 Long bones of legs become soft, and hence they
are bent outward.
 Deficiency of vitamin ‘D’.
 Improper way of walking
 Forcing the babies to walk at very early age .

17. Remedies of BOW LEGS
Vitamin ‘D’ should be taken in required amount.
Balanced diet should be taken.
Bow legs can be corrected by walking on the inner edge of feet.
Walking by bending the toes inward.
PRECAUTIONS
Don’t let the children be overweight.
Don’t force the babies to walk at very early age.
Balanced diet should be given to children.
 There should not be any deficiency of calcium, phosphorus and
vitamin ‘D’ in the diet.

18. CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR BOW LEGS
There are a number of Physical activities or corrective exercises which can be used as a
corrective measure for Postural Deformities ( BOW LEGS)

19. FLAT FOOT, CAUSE, REMEDIES, PRECAUTIONS & THEIR
CORRECTIVE MEASURES
Flat feet (also called pes planus or fallen arches) is a postural deformity in
which the arches of the foot collapse, with the entire sole of
the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground.
CAUSE OF FLAT FOOT :- Week muscles, Rapid increase in body weight,
Improper shoes, Carrying heavy for a longer period

20. Remedies of FLAT FOOT
Walking on heels
Walking on inner & outer side of feet
Walking on toes, Jumping on toe, Skip on rope
Perform Vajrasana
PRECAUTIONS
Don’t walk barefeet for a long duration
Obesity should be avoided
Don’t force or encourage babies to walk at an early stage
Early childhood should be avoid heavy weight
High heeled shoes should be avoided

21. CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR FLAT FOOT
There are a number of Physical activities or corrective exercises which can be used as a
corrective measure for Postural Deformities ( FLAT FOOT)

22. ROUND SHOULDER, CAUSE, REMEDIES, PRECAUTIONS &
THEIR CORRECTIVE MEASURES
 The term rounded shoulders is used to describe a
resting shoulder position that has moved forward
from the body's ideal alignment. Rounded
shoulders, sometimes known as “mom posture,”
are part of overall bad posture, and they can get
worse if left untreated.
 CAUSE OF ROUND SHOULDER:-
 Heredity
 Sitting, standing & walking in bent position
 Wearing very tight clothes
 Sitting on improper furniture
 Lack of proper exercise

23. Remedies of ROUND SHOULDER
 Hold the horizontal bar
 Perform Chakarasana and Dhanurasana
 Keep your tips of fingers on your shoulders and rotate your
elbows in clockwise and anticlockwise directions
PRECAUTIONS
Don’t sit , walk and stand in bent position
Avoid tight fitting cloths
Avoid sitting on uncomfortable furniture

24. CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR ROUND SHOULDER
There are a number of Physical activities or corrective exercises which can be used as a
corrective measure for Postural Deformities ( ROUND SHOULDER)

25. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION (MENARCHE AND MENSTRUAL DYSFUNCTION)
 Menarche: Menarche is the beginning of
menstrual cycle or first menstrual bleeding in
female. Menarche shows the girl’s transition to
womanhood. Girls experience menarche between
12 to 14 years of age.

26. MENSTRUAL DISFUNCTION
 Menstrual disfunction is a disorder or irregularity in
women’s menstrual cycle. In other words, it can be defined
as an abnormal bleeding during the menstrual cycle.
Normal menstrual cycle vary from 21 and 35 days. Its flow
lasts approximately two to seven days. various types of
disorder/problems which are described below:
 Absence of menstrual periods
 Premenstrual syndrome
 Abdominal cramps
 Irregular menstrual periods
 Delay in first menstrual period

27. FEMALE ATHLETES TRIAD(OSTEOPOROSIS, AMENORRHOEA,
EATING DISORDER
 Osteoporosis is a condition that affects the bones. A condition in which bones become weak and
brittle. Its name comes from Latin for “porous bones.” The inside of a healthy bone has small spaces, like
a honeycomb. Osteoporosis increases the size of these spaces, causing the bone to lose strength and
density.
 CAUSE OF OSTEOPOROSIS

28. AMENORRHEA
 Amenorrhea (uh-men-o-REE-uh) is the absence of
menstruation — one or more missed menstrual
periods. Women who have missed at least three
menstrual periods in a row have amenorrhea, as do
girls who haven't begun menstruation by age 15.
The most common cause of amenorrhea is
pregnancy
 Types of Amenorrhoea
 Primary Amenorrhoea: Primary amenorrhoea is
characterized by delayed menarche which is the
onset of first period during puberty.
 Secondary Amenorrhea: A women having her
natural menstrual cycle at specific time and then
stops menstruating for three months or more is said
to have secondary amenorrhoea.
What Causes Amenorrhea?
•Obesity.
•Having very low body fat (less than 15 to 17
percent body fat)
•Deficiency of leptin, a hormone that regulates
appetite.
•Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
•Overactive thyroid gland.
•Extreme emotional stress.
•Excessive exercise.

29. EATING DISORDER (ANOREXIA NERVOSA, BULIMIA NERVOSA
 Anorexia Nervosa:-Anorexia Nervosa is a type of
eating disorder that affects women and men of all
ages. The individuals, who have anorexia nervosa,
desire to lose weight because they have intense fear
of gaining weight. Such individuals limit the amount
of food intake severely and can become dangerously
thin.
 In this disorder, the female athletes think only about
food, dieting and body weight all the time. They have
distorted body structure. They feel they are becoming
thin but they do not believe this. In front of the mirror
they see themselves as obese.

30. BULIMIA NERVOSA
 Bulimia Nervosa:-Bulimia nervosa also called
bulimia is an eating disorder. In other words,
bulimia is an eating disorder in which a person
eats excessive amount of food and then vomits it
in order not to gain weight.
Causes of Bulimia
i. Family History:
ii. Psychological factors
iii. Performance pressure in sports
iv.Social factors
Treatment of Bulimia
 Psychological treatment
 Meditation:
 Education for nutrition and
healthy weight:
 Be cautious about exercise