The document covers various topics related to yoga and volleyball, detailing the history, terminology, and purposes of yoga, as well as the origins, rules, and competitive aspects of volleyball. It highlights the evolution of yoga from Vedic traditions to modern practices and the rise of volleyball as a popular sport since its invention in 1895. Additionally, the document includes a Body Mass Index (BMI) analysis section, categorizing individuals based on their height and weight.

1. Made by Umesh .u
Xii B

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With due respect and honor I extend
my heartiest thanks to my physical
education teacher, Mr. R.govilkar who
encouraged and supported me
throughout this project. I want once
again to say thanks because without
his help this project would not have
been completed.
Umesh .u
Xii B
Index

3. Yoga
Terminology
Features and Purpose
Modern history
List of asanas
Volleyball
History
Rules of game
Skills
Team play
Coaching
Strategy
Yoga

4. Terminology
In Vedic Sanskrit, the more commonly used, literal meaning of the
Sanskrit word which is "yoke", "to join", "to unite", or "to attach"
from the root yuj, already had a much more figurative sense, where
the yoking or harnessing of oxen or horses takes on broader
meanings such as "employment, use, application, performance"
(compare the figurative uses of "to harness" as in "to put something
to some use"). All further developments of the sense of this word
are post-Vedic. More prosaic moods such as "exertion",
"Endeavour", "zeal" and "diligence" are also found in Epic Sanskrit.
There are very many Compound words containing yog in Sanskrit.
Yoga can take on meanings such as "connection", "contact",
"method", "application", "addition" and "performance". For example,
guna -yoga means "contact with a cord"; chakra-yoga has a medical
sense of "applying a splint or similar instrument by means of
pulleys (in case of dislocation of the thigh)"; Chandra-yoga has the
astronomical sense of "conjunction of the moon with a
constellation"; pum-yoga is a grammatical term expressing
"connection or relation with a man", etc.
In Hindu philosophy, the word yoga is used to refer to one of the six
orthodox (āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy. Someone who practices
yoga or follows the yoga philosophy with a high level of commitment is
called a yogi or yogini
Features and Purpose of yoga

5. Features -
Yoga as a disciplined method for attaining a goal
Yoga as techniques of controlling the body and the mind
Yoga as a name of one of the schools or systems of philosophy (darśana)
Yoga in connection with other words, such as "hatha-, mantra-, and
laya-," referring to traditions specializing in particular techniques of yoga
Yoga as the goal of mental concentration practice.
Purpose
In a general sense, yoga is a disciplined method utilized for
attaining a goal. In this sense, the purpose of yoga depends on the
philosophical or theological system it is conjugated with. Bhakti
schools of Vaishnavism, combine yoga with devotion to enjoy an
eternal presence of Vishnu. In Shiva theology, yoga is used to
unite kundalini with Shiva. Mahabharata defines the purpose of
yoga as the experience of Brahman or Atman pervading all things.
In the specific sense of Patanjali Yoga Sutras, the purpose of yoga
is defined as citta-vrtti-nirodhah (the cessation of the
transformation of awareness). In contemporary times, the physical
postures of yoga are used to alleviate health problems, reduce
stress and make the spine supple. Yoga is also used as a complete
exercise program and physical therapy routine.

6. Modern history
Yoga came to the attention of an educated western public in
the mid 19th century along with other topics of Hindu philosophy. The first Hindu
teacher to actively advocate and disseminate aspects of yoga to a western audience
was Swami Vivekananda, who toured Europe and the United States in the 1890s.
In the West, the term "yoga" is today typically associated with Hatha yoga and its
asanas (postures) or as a form of exercise. In the 1960s, western interest in Hindu
spirituality reached its peak, giving rise to a great number of Neo-Hindu schools
specifically advocated to a western public. Among the teachers of Hatha yoga who
were active in the west in this period were B.K.S. Iyengar, K. Pattabhi Jois, and
Swami Vishnu-devananda, and Swami Satchidananda. Kundalini Yoga,
considered an advanced form of yoga and meditation, was brought to the United
States by Yogi Bhajan in 1969.
A second "yoga boom" followed in the 1980s, as Dean Ornish, a follower of Swami
Satchidananda, connected yoga to heart health, legitimizing yoga as a purely
physical system of health exercises outside of counter culture or esotericism circles,
and unconnected to a religious denomination. Numerous asanas seemed modern in
origin, and strongly overlapped 19th and early 20th century Western exercise
traditions.
Since 2001, the popularity of yoga in the USA has been on the constant rise. The
number of people who practiced some form of yoga has grown from 4 million (in
2001) to 20 million (in 2011). While a great number of people benefit from their
yoga practice, certain health problems associated with yoga have been brought to
the attention of the vast masses. Yoga has been criticized for being potentially
dangerous and being a cause for a range of serious medical conditions including
thoracic outlet syndrome, degenerative arthritis of the cervical spine, spinal steno
sis, retinal tears, etc. As of January 2012, there were about 20 million yoga
followers in the USA.

7. List of asanas
Adho Mukha Svanasana
Benefits
This posture stretches the shoulders, legs, and spine
whole body;
Builds strength throughout the body, particularly the
arms, legs, and feet; relieves fatigue and rejuvenates
the body;
Improves the immune system, digestion and blood
flow to the sinuses, and calms the mind and lifts the
spirits
Mayurasana
Benefits
This asana tones up the abdominal portion of the
body. It also strengthens the fore arms, wrists and
elbows.
Sukhasana
Benefits
While opening the hips and lengthening the spine, the posture's relative
ease on the knees makes it easier than siddhasana or padmasana for
people with physical difficulties.

8. Paschimottanasana
Benefits
Paschimottanasana enables much easier rotation
inward or outward of the legs, abducting or adducting them at the hip, flexing or extending the
knees, or enacting plantar or dorsi flexion of the ankle.
Lower back stretch and relaxation.
Shavasana
Benefits
A decrease in blood pressure.
A decrease in muscle tension.
An increase in energy levels and in
general productivity.
An improvement in concentration
and in memory.
Navasana
Benefits
The asana strengthens the abdominal
muscles, the legs and the lower back.
Paripurna Navasana is said to relieve stress,
improve digestion and aid the lower
abdominal organs: kidney, thyroid, prostate
and intestines
While Ardha Navasana works on the upper
abdominal organs: pancreas, gall bladder, spleen and liver

9. Volleyball
History
Origin of volleyball
On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (USA), William
G. Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new
game called Mintonette as a pastime to be played (preferably)
indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of
its characteristics from tennis and handball .Mintonette was
designed to be an indoor sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of
the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic effort. Mintonette was designed to
be an indoor sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of the YMCA,
while still requiring a bit of athletic effort.
After an observer, Alfred Halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the game at its
first exhibition match in 1896, played at the International YMCA Training School
(now called Springfield College), the game quickly became known as volleyball (it
was originally spelled as two words: "volley ball"). Volleyball rules were slightly
modified by the International YMCA Training School and the game spread around
the country to various YMCAs.
The first world championship of volleyball was held in 1919 at Prague
(Czechoslovakia).women team began participating in 1952. Both men’s and
women’s volleyball teams first featured in Olympic game in 1964 Tokyo.
Volleyball was introduced in India by YMCA College of physical education,
Madras. The volleyball federation of India was formed in 1950. The first national
championship for men was held in 1952 in Madras and first national
championship for women was held in1953 Jabalpur.

10. Rules of the game
THE COURT
A volleyball court is 18 m (59 ft) long and 9 m (29.5 ft) wide, divided into 9 m × 9 m halves by a
one-meter (40-inch) wide net. The top of the net is 2.43 m (7 ft 11 5/8 in) above the center of the
court for men's competition, and 2.24 m (7 ft 4 1/8 in) for women's competition, varied for
veterans and junior competitions.
A line 3 m (9.84 ft) from and parallel to the net is considered the "attack line". This "3 meter" (or
"10 foot") line divides the court into "back row" and "front row" areas (also back court and front
court). These are in turn divided into 3 areas each: these are numbered as follows, starting from
area "1", which is the position of the serving player:

11. After a team gains the serve (also known as siding out), its
members must rotate in a clockwise direction, with the player
previously in area "2" moving to area "1" and so on, with the
player from area "1" moving to area "6".
The team courts are surrounded by an area called the free zone
which is a minimum of 3 meters wide and which the players
may enter and play within after the service of the ball.[16]
All
lines denoting the boundaries of the team court and the attack
zone are drawn or painted within the dimensions of the area and
are therefore a part of the court or zone. If a ball comes in
contact with the line, the ball is considered to be "in". An
antenna is placed on each side of the net perpendicular to the
sideline and is a vertical extension of the side boundary of the
court. A ball passing over the net must pass completely between
the antennae (or their theoretical extensions to the ceiling)
without contacting them.
The ball
FIVB regulations state that the ball must be spherical,
made of leather or synthetic leather, have a circumference
of 65–67 cm, a weight of 260–280 g and an inside
pressure of 0.30–0.325 kg/cm2
. Other governing bodies
have similar regulations.
Scoring
When the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or an error is made,
the team that did not make the error is awarded a point, whether they served the
ball or not. If the ball hits the line, the ball is counted as in. The team that won the
point serves for the next point. If the team that won the point served in the previous
point, the same player serves again. If the team that won the point did not serve the
previous point, the players of the team rotate their position on the court in a
clockwise manner. The game continues, with the first team to score 25 points by a
two-point margin is awarded the set. Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set,
if necessary, is usually played to 15 points. (Scoring differs between leagues,
tournaments, and levels; high schools sometimes play best-of-three

12. SkillS
Competitive teams master six basic skills: serve, pass, set, attack, block and dig.
Serve
A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball, in an attempt to drive it into the opponent's
court. His or her main objective is to make it land inside the court; it is also desirable to set the
ball's direction, speed and acceleration so that it becomes difficult for the receiver to handle it
properly. A serve is called an "ace" when the ball lands directly onto the court or travels outside
the court after being touched by an opponent.
Underhand: a serve in which the player strikes the ball
below the waist instead of tossing it up and striking it
with an overhand throwing motion. Underhand serves
are considered very easy to receive and are rarely
employed in high-level competitions.
Jump serve: an overhand serve where the ball is first
tossed high in the air, then the player makes a timed
approach and jumps to make contact with the ball,
hitting it with much pace and topspin. This is the most
popular serve amongst college and professional teams.
Topspin: an overhand serve where the player tosses the
ball high and hits it with a wrist span, giving it topspin
which causes it to drop faster than it would otherwise
and helps maintain a straight flight path. Topspin serves
are generally hit hard and aimed at a specific returner
or part of the court. Standing topspin serves are rarely
used above the high school level of play.

13. Pass
Pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the
opponent's serve, or any form of attack
The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific
techniques: underarm pass, or bump, where the ball
touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform,
at waist line; and overhand pass, where it is handled with
the fingertips, like a set, above the head.
Set
The set is usually the second contact that a team makes with the
ball. The main goal of setting is to put the ball in the air in such a
way that it can be driven by an attack into the opponent's court.
The setter coordinates the offensive movements of a team, and
is the player who ultimately decides which player will actually
attack the ball.
As with passing, one may distinguish between an overhand and a
bump set. Since the former allows for more control over the
speed and direction of the ball, the bump is used only when the
ball is so low it cannot be properly handled with fingertips or in
beach volleyball where rules regulating overhand setting are
more stringent.
Block
Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to
stop or alter an opponent's attack. A block that is aimed at
completely stopping an attack, thus making the ball remain
in the opponent's court, is called offensive. A well-executed
offensive block is performed by jumping and reaching to
penetrate with one's arms and hands over the net and into
the opponent's area. It requires anticipating the direction
the ball will go once the attack takes place. It may also
require calculating the best foot work to executing the
"perfect" block.

14. Dig
Digging is the ability to prevent the ball from touching one's
court after a spike or attack, particularly a ball that is nearly
touching the ground. In many aspects, this skill is similar to
passing, or bumping: overhand dig and bump are also used to
distinguish between defensive actions taken with fingertips
or with joined arms. It varies from passing however in that is
it a much more reflex based skill, especially at the higher
levels. It is especially important while digging for players to
stay on their toes; several players choose to employ a split
step to make sure they're ready to move in any direction.
Tournaments and Trophies of Volleyball at International Level
Asian volleyball tournament- First time held in Tokyo in 1955.
World volleyball championship – first time held in 1919 at Prague
(Czechoslovakia).
Olympic games- volleyball is a regular feature of Olympics games since
1964.Tokyo Olympics.
Commonwealth games- volleyball is a regular feature of Commonwealth games
since 1981, Nottingham (England)
Famous personalities of volleyball
Jimmy gorge – a very good volleyball player from India who represented India in
many international tournaments .he was awarded aurjun award in the year 1976
Palaniswamy - he was the first volleyball player to receive aurjun award in the
year 1961
Sally Joseph –another volleyball player he was awarded aurjun award in the year
1984

15. Body mass index (BMI)
Q: What is body mass index?
A: Body mass index (BMI) is a mathematical ratio of height to weight that can be linked with
body composition (or body fat percentage) and with indices of health risk. People with a BMI of
25 to 29.9 are considered overweight, and people with a BMI of 30 or above are considered
obese.
List of candidate
Name Weight Height (in Meters) Condition (in kilograms)
Umesh 58 1.78 Normal range
Snehil 60 1.74 Normal range
Ayush airen 50 1.70 Under weight
Kachwa 70 1.76 Normal range
sachin 40 1.70 Under weight
Mod 90 1.75 Over weight
Choldi 100 1.75 Obese