Chapter17 Functional Capacity of CV System (2).ppt

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This document discusses the cardiovascular system's functional capacity during exercise. It describes how cardiac output increases with exercise through higher heart rate and stroke volume. Three main methods for measuring cardiac output are described: direct Fick method, indicator dilution method, and CO2 rebreathing method. Cardiac output and its components are higher in trained endurance athletes and increase substantially during maximal exercise compared to rest. Oxygen transport and extraction also increase with exercise through higher cardiac output and greater arterial-venous oxygen difference.

Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy,
Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition
Chapter 17
Functional Capacity of the
Cardiovascular System

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Chapter17 Functional Capacity of CV System (2).ppt

1. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Chapter 17 Functional Capacity of the Cardiovascular System

2. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Cardiac Output • Cardiac output (Q) = HR × SV • Methods of Measuring Q – Direct Fick – Indicator dilution – CO2 rebreathing

3. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Direct Fick Method Q = O2 mL · min−1 a- O2 difference v V 

5. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Indicator Dilution Method Q = Quantity of dye injected Average dye concentration blood × Duration of curve for duration of curve

6. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition CO2 Rebreathing Method Q = CO2 × 100 -aCO2 difference v V 

7. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Cardiac Output at Rest • Values vary depending upon emotional state. • Average male ~5 L · min-1 • Average female ~4 L · min-1

8. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Untrained Characteristics of Q • HR ~ 70 BPM • SV ~ 71.4 mL • Average women ~25% lower due to smaller size

9. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Endurance Athletes • Characteristics of Q – HR ~ 50 BPM – SV ~ 100 mL • Mechanisms – Increased vagal tone w/decreased sympathetic drive – Increased blood volume – Increased myocardial contractility and compliance of left ventricle

10. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Cardiac Output During Exercise • Q increases rapidly during transition from rest to exercise. • Q at max exercise increases up to 4 times. Q HR SV Untrained 22 L 195 113 mL Trained 35 L 195 179 mL

11. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Stroke Volume: Diastolic Filling vs. Systole Emptying • Mechanisms for increased SV with training – Increased blood volume – increase diastolic filling – Increased preload – Starling’s Law of the Heart – Increased Contractility – greater systolic emptying

12. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Cardiovascular Drift • Results from – Dehydration – Reduction in SV • HR drifts upward to maintain same Q

13. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Cardiac Output Distribution • Blood flows to tissues in proportion to their metabolic activity.

16. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Cardiac Output and Oxygen Transport Rest Q = 5 L · min-1 O2 transport = 1,000 mL – 200 mL/L blood

17. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Exercise • Max Q averages ~ 16 L · min-1 • O2 transport = 200 mL/L blood • Result – 3200 mL O2 • Training enables Q to increase up to 40 L · min-1, increasing O2 transport up to 8,000 mL.

18. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Close Association Between Max Q and O2max • An almost proportionate increase in max Q accompanies increases in O2max with training. V  V 

20. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Cardiac Output Differences: Men, Women, and Children • Women have a 10% lower hemoglobin level than men. • Result is a 5 – 10% increase in Q at any submax level of O2 consumption • Children have higher HR – Result is smaller Q, expanded a- O2 v

21. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition O2 Extraction: The a- O2 Difference • O2 consumption increases during exercise. – Increases Q – Increases extraction of O2 by tissues • O2 = Q x a- O2 difference v v V  V 

22. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition a- O2 Difference during Rest • 20 mL O2 · dL-1 arterial blood • 15 mL O2 · dL-1 venous blood • 5 mL a- O2diff v v

23. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition a- O2 Difference during Exercise • 20 mL O2 · dL-1 arterial blood • 5 – 15 mL O2 · dL-1 venous blood • Up to a threefold increase in O2 extraction v

24. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Severe Heart Disease • Exhibit low ability to improve Q or SV • Skeletal muscle adaptations allow for increased O2 extraction.

25. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Factors Affecting the a- O2 Differences • Redistribution of flow to active tissues during exercise • Increased capillary density due to training increases surface area and O2 extraction • Increased number and size of mitochondria • Increased oxidative enzymes • Vascular and metabolic improvements v

26. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Cardiovascular Adjustments to Upper-Body Exercise • Max O2 consumption – Upper-body exercise results in max O2 consumption ~20 – 30% lower than lower-body exercise. • Higher O2 consumption for a given submax workload – Lower mechanical efficiency – Muscular effort to stabilize torso

28. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Physiologic Response • Submaximal arm exercise produces > HR > Pulmonary ventilations > RPE > BP response than comparable leg exercise

29. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition Physiologic Response • Exercise prescription for arm exercise should not be based on values obtained from lower-body exercises.

Chapter17 Functional Capacity of CV System (2).ppt

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