1. Annotated Bibliographies
illík.2008.The influenc of intermittent hypoxic
training on the body of an endurece
athlete,MatejbelUniversituinBanskaBystrica,SlovakRepublic.
PhysicalEducationandSport2008, 6(1):11-20.
This paper presents a research done by Martin Pupiš and Ivan Čillík on the
effect of intermittent hypoxic training on the body of an endurance athlete.
The paper compares this research with other researches like the ones
conducted by Katayama in 2003, Hamlin and Hellemans in 2004, Stulrsjter
in 2001, Rodriguez in 2000, Kobela 2007, Meeuwes in 2001, and many
others. In order to start the research Pupiš and Čillík evaluated a 28-year-old
man who is an elite race walker athlete. They conducted their research at the
Matej Bel University and the Army Sports Centre Dukla in Banská Bystrica,
Slovak Republic. The athlete was submitted to 21 days of a 90 minute period
of hypoxic training and with three days without hypoxia. He was evaluated
based on the spiroergometry test, sport performance test, and blood test.
During the research the athlete showed positive results increasing his
working capacity. Finally, they concluded that the outcomes of the
experiment were similar to those of Štulrajter in 2001 and Kobela in 2007.
Results showed an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit negligible,
repletion and rejuvenation of blood cells, and maximum performance.
Recommendations are made of inhaling air with a 7-14% of oxygen
concentration (75-85% blood saturation) and of being in intermittent
hypoxic training during 90 minutes periods. I have found these results
trustworthy, due to the fact that I have personally experimented those
benefits.
Wilber RL.2011. Application of altitude/hypoxic training by elite athletes,
Colorado Springs, CO, USA. Journal of HumanSport & Exercise ISSN
1988-5202, 6(2):1-10.
This paper exposes how elite athletes use the altitude/hypoxic training to
increase their Maximum Oxygen Consumption (VO2 Max) and performance
due to cardiovascular adaptation. It explains the different concepts in
hypoxic training, such as living high-training high, living low-training high,
living high-training low. It presents the methods for completing this training.

2. Some of these methods are via natural/terrestrial altitude, which is going to
some country that is in a high altitude, via nitrogen dilution, that is adding
oxygen to some environment. Also, via intermittent hypoxic exposure,
expose to an environment with less oxygen than normal, and intermittent
hypoxic training, training with less oxygen. Altitude/hypoxic training, is
being evaluated by WADA, to determine if the use of this method is illegal.
This paper clarifies concepts, uses and benefits of the application of hypoxic
training.
Martine , ., anchis, ., ascimento, ., Pallardo, ., Iban e , S., Gonzalez, G.,
Calbet, J., Gomez- Cabrera, M., in a, J.2011.Living at high altitude in
combination with sea-level sprint training increases hematological
parameters but does not improve performance in rats. Springle [Internet;
2012 Oct 25]. 111:1147-1156.
This paper presents a study with Wistar rats exposed to the living high and
sprint interval train protocols to prove that the combination of sea-level
sprint training increases hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythropoietin levels,
but does not improve performance in their rats. The study also examined
whether or not implementing hypoxic to the training resulted in an
adaptation in skeletal muscle and an improvement in performance. After
submitting the groups of rats to normoxic or hypoxic training for 21 days,
they found improvements in the maximal aerobic velocity for the normoxic
and hypoxic group and increase in the hemoglobin levels in the hypoxic
group. Furthermore, the skeletal muscle experienced an increase of
mithocondrial content. Finally, the combination of living high and training
low results in a hematological adaptation, but does not result in an
improvement in the performance of the rats. This article contradicts the
findings of other studies because it shows no improvements in performance
when combining high with low altitudes while other papers present an
increase in performance or maximal aerobic velocity with this combination.