Chapter 8: Objectives
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
Describe the structure of an IPv4 address.
Describe the purpose of the subnet mask.
Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast, broadcast, and multicast IPv4 addresses.
Compare the use of public address space and private address space.
Explain the need for IPv6 addressing.
Describe the representation of an IPv6 address.
Describe types of IPv6 network addresses.
Configure global unicast addresses.
Describe multicast addresses.
Describe the role of ICMP in an IP network. (Include IPv4 and IPv6.)
Use ping and traceroute utilities to test network connectivity.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 9Nil Menon
This chapter discusses subnetting and IP addressing. It covers subnetting IPv4 and IPv6 networks to segment large networks into smaller subnetworks for improved routing and performance. Variable length subnet masking (VLSM) allows more efficient use of addresses by allocating different subnet mask lengths. The chapter also addresses planning and designing addressing schemes, including considerations for network requirements and structured allocation of addresses.
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 1Nil Menon
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 1 of a Cisco networking textbook. It introduces networking concepts like LANs, WANs and the Internet. It discusses how networks are used in daily life for communication, work and entertainment. It also outlines trends that will impact networks, such as BYOD, online collaboration, video and cloud computing. The chapter objectives are to explain network topologies, devices and characteristics used in small to medium businesses.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 2Nil Menon
This document provides an overview of switched network configuration and security. It discusses basic switch boot processes and configuration, including setting switch ports, IP addresses, and secure remote access using SSH. The document also covers common security threats in switched networks like MAC flooding and DHCP spoofing. It recommends best practices like disabling unused ports and services, strong passwords, and network auditing tools. Specific switch security features covered include port security, DHCP snooping, and putting ports in error disabled state for violations.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 4Nil Menon
This document chapter discusses routing concepts and initial router configuration. It covers configuring router interfaces, enabling IP connectivity on devices, and verifying connectivity between directly connected networks. The key topics include functions of routers in routing traffic between networks, building routing tables using static and dynamic methods, and show commands to view interface settings and connectivity.
The document is a chapter from a Cisco networking textbook that discusses network layer concepts including network layer protocols, routing, routers, and configuring Cisco routers. It provides an introduction to topics like IPv4 and IPv6 addressing and packet structures, routing tables, and how routers use routing tables to forward traffic across networks. Examples of IPv4 and IPv6 packet headers, host and router routing tables, and directly/remotely connected routing table entries are shown.
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 3Nil Menon
The document discusses network protocols and communications. It explains that for communication between devices to occur, agreed upon rules and protocols must be followed. Key points covered include common network protocols like TCP/IP, the role of standards organizations in establishing protocols, and how data is encapsulated and moves through the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models when transmitted over a network. The chapter also addresses how devices on a local area network access both local and remote network resources through the use of addressing schemes and default gateways.
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 9Nil Menon
This chapter discusses subnetting and IP addressing. It covers subnetting IPv4 and IPv6 networks to segment large networks into smaller subnetworks for improved routing and performance. Variable length subnet masking (VLSM) allows more efficient use of addresses by allocating different subnet mask lengths. The chapter also addresses planning and designing addressing schemes, including considerations for network requirements and structured allocation of addresses.
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 1Nil Menon
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 1 of a Cisco networking textbook. It introduces networking concepts like LANs, WANs and the Internet. It discusses how networks are used in daily life for communication, work and entertainment. It also outlines trends that will impact networks, such as BYOD, online collaboration, video and cloud computing. The chapter objectives are to explain network topologies, devices and characteristics used in small to medium businesses.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 2Nil Menon
This document provides an overview of switched network configuration and security. It discusses basic switch boot processes and configuration, including setting switch ports, IP addresses, and secure remote access using SSH. The document also covers common security threats in switched networks like MAC flooding and DHCP spoofing. It recommends best practices like disabling unused ports and services, strong passwords, and network auditing tools. Specific switch security features covered include port security, DHCP snooping, and putting ports in error disabled state for violations.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 4Nil Menon
This document chapter discusses routing concepts and initial router configuration. It covers configuring router interfaces, enabling IP connectivity on devices, and verifying connectivity between directly connected networks. The key topics include functions of routers in routing traffic between networks, building routing tables using static and dynamic methods, and show commands to view interface settings and connectivity.
The document is a chapter from a Cisco networking textbook that discusses network layer concepts including network layer protocols, routing, routers, and configuring Cisco routers. It provides an introduction to topics like IPv4 and IPv6 addressing and packet structures, routing tables, and how routers use routing tables to forward traffic across networks. Examples of IPv4 and IPv6 packet headers, host and router routing tables, and directly/remotely connected routing table entries are shown.
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 3Nil Menon
The document discusses network protocols and communications. It explains that for communication between devices to occur, agreed upon rules and protocols must be followed. Key points covered include common network protocols like TCP/IP, the role of standards organizations in establishing protocols, and how data is encapsulated and moves through the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models when transmitted over a network. The chapter also addresses how devices on a local area network access both local and remote network resources through the use of addressing schemes and default gateways.
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 4Nil Menon
This document discusses network access and connectivity at the physical and data link layers. It covers various physical media including copper, fiber optic and wireless technologies. Frame structure and data link layer protocols are explained. Media access control methods for local area and wide area networks are also summarized. The objectives are to understand device connectivity options, physical and data link layer standards and protocols, and selecting the appropriate physical media.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 11Nil Menon
This document discusses network address translation (NAT) for IPv4. It describes the characteristics and types of NAT, including static NAT, dynamic NAT, and port address translation (PAT). It provides examples of configuring each type of NAT using Cisco IOS commands. Static NAT creates static one-to-one mappings between local and global addresses. Dynamic NAT uses a pool of public addresses assigned on a first-come first-served basis. PAT maps multiple private addresses to a single public address using port numbers. The document also covers verifying NAT configurations and port forwarding.
This document provides an overview of network layer concepts including network layer protocols, routing, routers, and configuring Cisco routers. It describes key network layer protocols like IPv4 and IPv6 and how routers use routing tables to forward packets across networks. The document also examines the components of routers and how they boot up and run the Cisco IOS operating system.
Chapter 02 - Configuring a Network Operating SystemYaser Rahmati
This chapter discusses configuring a network operating system and covers topics such as Cisco IOS, accessing Cisco devices, navigating the IOS, configuring hostnames and IP addresses, limiting access, saving configurations, and verifying connectivity. Key aspects include using the Cisco IOS command-line interface to configure interfaces, routing, and switching functions, setting device names for identification, securing device access with passwords, and testing connectivity between endpoints.
Cisco Networking Academy program
Chapter 1: Objectives
------------------------------------------------------------
After completing this chapter, students will be able to:
Explain how multiple networks are used in everyday life.
Explain the topologies and devices used in a small- to medium-sized business network.
Explain the basic characteristics of a network that supports communication in a small- to medium-sized business.
Explain trends in networking that will affect the use of networks in small to medium-sized businesses.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
This chapter discusses network access and connectivity. It covers the physical layer, including different cabling media like copper, fiber optic and wireless. It then discusses the data link layer, including common standards, frame structure, logical vs physical topologies for LANs and WANs, and different media access control methods. The objectives are to understand device connectivity options, physical and data link layer functions, select appropriate media, and describe common protocols and standards.
CCNAv5 - S4: Chapter3 Point to-point ConnectionsVuz Dở Hơi
This chapter discusses point-to-point connections and configuring PPP. It covers serial point-to-point communication fundamentals including HDLC encapsulation. PPP operation is explained, including how LCP and NCP establish and manage connections. The document provides instructions for configuring PPP encapsulation, options like authentication, compression, and multilink. It also includes commands for verifying PPP configuration and troubleshooting connectivity issues.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 1Nil Menon
The document is a chapter from a Cisco textbook that introduces switched networks. It discusses the convergence of data, voice and video networks and the benefits of a single, converged network. It describes the core, distribution and access layers of hierarchical network design and how switches use MAC address tables, store-and-forward or cut-through switching to segment networks into separate collision domains while maintaining a common broadcast domain. The chapter objectives are to explain switched network design and frame forwarding processes.
The document discusses network layer protocols and routing. It describes how network layer protocols like IPv4 and IPv6 support communication across networks by addressing devices, encapsulating data, and routing packets. It also explains how routers use routing tables to determine the paths that network traffic should take to reach different destinations and enable connectivity in a network.
This document discusses subnetting and IP networking. It covers subnetting IPv4 networks to create smaller subnetworks, using variable length subnet masking to efficiently allocate addresses, and subnetting IPv6 networks to support hierarchical network design. The objectives are to explain subnetting, routing, network segmentation, and calculating subnet masks and addresses.
CCNAv5 - S1: Chapter 1 Exploring The NetworkVuz Dở Hơi
This document is a chapter from a Cisco networking textbook. It discusses the basics of computer networks, including how networks are used in everyday life and business. It covers topics like local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), the internet, network devices, topologies, and trends in networking technology. The objectives are to explain network fundamentals and how networks support communication for small and medium businesses.
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 11Nil Menon
This document provides an overview of Chapter 11 from a Cisco Systems networking textbook. The chapter covers topics related to small network design including common devices, protocols, and security considerations. It also discusses techniques for evaluating network performance such as ping and traceroute commands. The document provides examples of show commands to view device settings and configuration files. Overall, the summary provides an introduction to key concepts for planning, implementing, managing and troubleshooting small networks.
This document summarizes a chapter about network protocols and communications. It discusses how rules and protocols facilitate communication between networked devices. Key points covered include the roles of standards organizations in establishing protocols, how data is encapsulated as it moves through network layers, and how devices locate resources on both local area networks and remote networks using protocols like TCP/IP and addressing schemes.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 3Nil Menon
This document discusses VLANs and trunking. It covers VLAN segmentation and implementation, including assigning ports to VLANs, configuring trunk ports, and troubleshooting VLAN and trunking issues. It also addresses VLAN security concerns like spoofing attacks and mitigation techniques like private VLANs. The document provides best practices for VLAN design such as separating management and user traffic into different VLANs.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) modelYaser Rahmati
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is reference model for how applications can communicate over a network. A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.
Connect Laptop/PC to Router Console Port Yaser Rahmati
Every Cisco router or a switch has a console port (also known as the management port) on its back side. Console port is used to connect a computer directly to a router or switch and manage the router or switch since there is no display device for a router or switch .
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 4Nil Menon
This document discusses network access and connectivity at the physical and data link layers. It covers various physical media including copper, fiber optic and wireless technologies. Frame structure and data link layer protocols are explained. Media access control methods for local area and wide area networks are also summarized. The objectives are to understand device connectivity options, physical and data link layer standards and protocols, and selecting the appropriate physical media.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 11Nil Menon
This document discusses network address translation (NAT) for IPv4. It describes the characteristics and types of NAT, including static NAT, dynamic NAT, and port address translation (PAT). It provides examples of configuring each type of NAT using Cisco IOS commands. Static NAT creates static one-to-one mappings between local and global addresses. Dynamic NAT uses a pool of public addresses assigned on a first-come first-served basis. PAT maps multiple private addresses to a single public address using port numbers. The document also covers verifying NAT configurations and port forwarding.
This document provides an overview of network layer concepts including network layer protocols, routing, routers, and configuring Cisco routers. It describes key network layer protocols like IPv4 and IPv6 and how routers use routing tables to forward packets across networks. The document also examines the components of routers and how they boot up and run the Cisco IOS operating system.
Chapter 02 - Configuring a Network Operating SystemYaser Rahmati
This chapter discusses configuring a network operating system and covers topics such as Cisco IOS, accessing Cisco devices, navigating the IOS, configuring hostnames and IP addresses, limiting access, saving configurations, and verifying connectivity. Key aspects include using the Cisco IOS command-line interface to configure interfaces, routing, and switching functions, setting device names for identification, securing device access with passwords, and testing connectivity between endpoints.
Cisco Networking Academy program
Chapter 1: Objectives
------------------------------------------------------------
After completing this chapter, students will be able to:
Explain how multiple networks are used in everyday life.
Explain the topologies and devices used in a small- to medium-sized business network.
Explain the basic characteristics of a network that supports communication in a small- to medium-sized business.
Explain trends in networking that will affect the use of networks in small to medium-sized businesses.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
This chapter discusses network access and connectivity. It covers the physical layer, including different cabling media like copper, fiber optic and wireless. It then discusses the data link layer, including common standards, frame structure, logical vs physical topologies for LANs and WANs, and different media access control methods. The objectives are to understand device connectivity options, physical and data link layer functions, select appropriate media, and describe common protocols and standards.
CCNAv5 - S4: Chapter3 Point to-point ConnectionsVuz Dở Hơi
This chapter discusses point-to-point connections and configuring PPP. It covers serial point-to-point communication fundamentals including HDLC encapsulation. PPP operation is explained, including how LCP and NCP establish and manage connections. The document provides instructions for configuring PPP encapsulation, options like authentication, compression, and multilink. It also includes commands for verifying PPP configuration and troubleshooting connectivity issues.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 1Nil Menon
The document is a chapter from a Cisco textbook that introduces switched networks. It discusses the convergence of data, voice and video networks and the benefits of a single, converged network. It describes the core, distribution and access layers of hierarchical network design and how switches use MAC address tables, store-and-forward or cut-through switching to segment networks into separate collision domains while maintaining a common broadcast domain. The chapter objectives are to explain switched network design and frame forwarding processes.
The document discusses network layer protocols and routing. It describes how network layer protocols like IPv4 and IPv6 support communication across networks by addressing devices, encapsulating data, and routing packets. It also explains how routers use routing tables to determine the paths that network traffic should take to reach different destinations and enable connectivity in a network.
This document discusses subnetting and IP networking. It covers subnetting IPv4 networks to create smaller subnetworks, using variable length subnet masking to efficiently allocate addresses, and subnetting IPv6 networks to support hierarchical network design. The objectives are to explain subnetting, routing, network segmentation, and calculating subnet masks and addresses.
CCNAv5 - S1: Chapter 1 Exploring The NetworkVuz Dở Hơi
This document is a chapter from a Cisco networking textbook. It discusses the basics of computer networks, including how networks are used in everyday life and business. It covers topics like local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), the internet, network devices, topologies, and trends in networking technology. The objectives are to explain network fundamentals and how networks support communication for small and medium businesses.
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 11Nil Menon
This document provides an overview of Chapter 11 from a Cisco Systems networking textbook. The chapter covers topics related to small network design including common devices, protocols, and security considerations. It also discusses techniques for evaluating network performance such as ping and traceroute commands. The document provides examples of show commands to view device settings and configuration files. Overall, the summary provides an introduction to key concepts for planning, implementing, managing and troubleshooting small networks.
This document summarizes a chapter about network protocols and communications. It discusses how rules and protocols facilitate communication between networked devices. Key points covered include the roles of standards organizations in establishing protocols, how data is encapsulated as it moves through network layers, and how devices locate resources on both local area networks and remote networks using protocols like TCP/IP and addressing schemes.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 3Nil Menon
This document discusses VLANs and trunking. It covers VLAN segmentation and implementation, including assigning ports to VLANs, configuring trunk ports, and troubleshooting VLAN and trunking issues. It also addresses VLAN security concerns like spoofing attacks and mitigation techniques like private VLANs. The document provides best practices for VLAN design such as separating management and user traffic into different VLANs.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) modelYaser Rahmati
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is reference model for how applications can communicate over a network. A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.
Connect Laptop/PC to Router Console Port Yaser Rahmati
Every Cisco router or a switch has a console port (also known as the management port) on its back side. Console port is used to connect a computer directly to a router or switch and manage the router or switch since there is no display device for a router or switch .
The document discusses network layer protocols and routing. It provides an overview of network layer protocols like IPv4 and IPv6, and explains how routers use routing tables to determine the path for forwarding packets between networks. Key concepts covered include addressing, encapsulation, routing, and de-encapsulation performed by the network layer, as well as the components and functions of routers.
Chapter 9: Objectives
---------------------------------------------------
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
Explain why routing is necessary for hosts on different networks to communicate.
Describe IP as a communication protocol used to identify a single device on a network.
Given a network and a subnet mask, calculate the number of host addresses available.
Calculate the necessary subnet mask in order to accommodate the requirements of a network.
Describe the benefits of variable length subnet masking (VLSM).
Explain how IPv6 address assignments are implemented in a business network.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
The document contains a practice quiz for the CCNA certification. It includes 35 multiple choice questions covering topics like:
- Network layer protocols like IP, TCP, UDP
- Ethernet standards and speeds
- Router and switch functions like MAC address tables, VLANs, trunking
- IP addressing schemes including public/private addressing, subnetting, CIDR notation
The quiz questions test knowledge of networking concepts, protocols, hardware functions and configurations, and IP addressing fundamentals.
This document is a project report submitted to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics. It provides a PowerPoint presentation on solid state devices. The presentation introduces solid state devices and covers topics such as P and N type materials, PN junctions, diodes and their types including Zener diodes, transistors and their types, integrated circuits, and the advantages of solid state devices. It describes how silicon and germanium are used to make diodes and how dopants create P and N type materials. It also explains how PN junctions work and the differences between forward and reverse bias. Different types of diodes like LEDs and photodiodes are outlined along with their uses. The presentation concludes by
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as economic activities slowed. However, the impacts on greenhouse gases and long-term air quality improvements remain uncertain without permanent behavior and economic changes.
This document discusses the gradual channel approximation (GCA) MOS transistor model for strong inversion operation. It provides three equations to model the MOSFET current-voltage characteristics in the linear/triode region, saturation region, and includes channel length modulation. Diagrams and an example are provided to illustrate the transistor operation and equations in each region.
Chapter 10: Objectives
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Describe the operation of DHCPv4 in a small-to-medium-sized business network.
Configure a router as a DHCPv4 server.
Configure a router as a DHCPv4 client.
Troubleshoot a DHCP configuration for IPv4 in a switched network.
Explain the operation of DHCPv6.
Configure a stateless DHCPv6 for a small-to-medium-sized business.
Configure a stateful DHCPv6 for a small-to-medium-sized business.
Troubleshoot a DHCP configuration for IPv6 in a switched network.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
Chapter 10: Objectives
--------------------------------------------------
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
Explain how the functions of the application layer, session layer, and presentation layer work together to provide network services to end user applications.
Describe how common application layer protocols interact with end user applications.
Describe, at a high level, common application layer protocols that provide Internet services to end-users, including WWW services and email.
Describe application layer protocols that provide IP addressing services, including DNS and DHCP.
Describe the features and operation of well-known application layer protocols that allow for file sharing services, including: FTP, File Sharing Services, SMB protocol.
Explain how data is moved across the network, from opening an application to receiving data.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
Here are the key points about NMOS transistor operation in the subthreshold region:
- When 0 < Vgs < Vt, a depletion region forms in the channel due to the electric field repelling majority carriers (holes).
- This depletion region means there are no carriers to conduct current through the channel.
- Only a small leakage current flows, as the channel is not fully "turned on".
- The transistor is not fully on or off in this region - it is said to be weakly inverted. Current has an exponential relationship with Vgs.
- Some applications exploit this behavior for very low power analog/digital circuits.
So in summary, a small current flows due to weak inversion in the
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 8Nil Menon
This document chapter discusses IP addressing and provides objectives for learning about IPv4 and IPv6 addressing structures, types of addresses, and network connectivity testing tools. Specifically, it will cover the binary and decimal structures of IPv4 addresses, subnet masks and how they define the network and host portions of an IP, the different types of IPv4 unicast, broadcast and multicast addressing, public vs private IP address spaces, the motivation and features of IPv6, and how to configure and test basic IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity.
This document provides an overview of IP addressing concepts. It begins with an introduction to binary and hexadecimal numbering systems used in IP addressing. The document then covers the basics of IPv4 addressing, including address structure, subnet masks, network vs host portions of addresses, and address types. It also discusses IPv6 addressing and the need to transition to IPv6 to address limitations in IPv4. Key topics include IPv6 address formats and types of IPv6 unicast addresses.
This document discusses IP addressing and networking. It covers IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, including IPv4 address structure, subnet masks, private and public IP addresses. IPv6 addressing is introduced as a replacement for IPv4 due to the limited IPv4 address space. Methods for IPv4 and IPv6 coexistence like dual stack, tunneling and translation are also summarized. The objectives are to describe IPv4 and IPv6 addressing fundamentals and configuration.
This document provides an overview of IP addressing and covers IPv4 and IPv6 network addresses. It describes the structure of IPv4 addresses, including the use of subnet masks to define the network and host portions. It also covers the different types of IPv4 addresses such as unicast, broadcast, multicast, public vs private addresses. The document then discusses the need for IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 address space and larger 128-bit addressing in IPv6. It concludes by describing some methods for IPv4 and IPv6 coexistence such as dual-stack, tunneling, and translation techniques.
The document discusses IP addressing and subnetting. It covers converting between binary and decimal, classifying address types, how addresses are assigned by ISPs and administrators, using subnet masks to identify the network portion of an address, calculating network, broadcast and host addresses, and subnetting networks to create additional subnets and hosts. The objectives are to understand IP addressing fundamentals, perform conversions between binary and decimal, classify address types, and calculate network addressing components including subnetting.
The document discusses classful and classless IP addressing. Classful addressing used the first octet to determine the network portion, but IP addresses were depleting rapidly. To conserve addresses, CIDR was introduced using VLSM to allow variable length subnet masks and more efficient use of addresses. CIDR and VLSM allow networks to be further subnetted as needed and routes to be summarized, making more efficient use of the available IPv4 address space.
The document discusses classful and classless IP addressing. With classful addressing, IP addresses are divided into classes based on the first octet, but this led to inefficient address usage. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) was introduced to allow Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) for more flexible subnetting. This allows networks to be divided into subnets of various sizes to better match addressing needs and allows routing to be summarized to reduce routing table sizes.
This document discusses network address translation (NAT) for IPv4. It covers the operation and configuration of static NAT, dynamic NAT, and port address translation (PAT). Static NAT uses a one-to-one mapping of addresses, while dynamic NAT and PAT map multiple private addresses to public addresses. The document also discusses benefits of NAT like conserving public addresses, and disadvantages like degrading performance and end-to-end functionality. Troubleshooting techniques like show commands are presented. Finally, NAT for IPv6 is discussed, which translates between IPv6 and IPv4 addresses during the transition period.
Chapter 11 - Network Address Translation for IPv4Yaser Rahmati
Chapter 11: Objectives
------------------------------------------------------
Describe NAT characteristics.
Describe the benefits and drawbacks of NAT.
Configure static NAT using the CLI.
Configure dynamic NAT using the CLI.
Configure PAT using the CLI.
Configure port forwarding using the CLI.
Configure NAT64.
Use show commands to verify NAT operation.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
Chapter 22 : network address translation for IPv4teknetir
1) Describe NAT characteristics.
2) Describe the benefits and drawbacks of NAT.
3) Configure static NAT using the CLI.
4) Configure dynamic NAT using the CLI.
5) Configure PAT using the CLI.
6) Configure port forwarding using the CLI.
7) Configure NAT64.
8) Use show commands to verify NAT operation.
instructor ppt_chapter8.2.2 - i_pv6 addressing with exercises of IPv6cyberjoex
The document discusses IPv6 addressing and the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It covers the need for IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses, the structure of IPv6 addresses which use 128-bit addressing and are written in hexadecimal, and methods for compressing IPv6 addresses. IPv6 addresses can be represented in different compressed formats by omitting leading zeros in each section or replacing consecutive sections of zeros with a double colon. The document also discusses types of IPv6 addresses and techniques for IPv4 and IPv6 coexistence like dual stack, tunneling, and translation.
The document discusses IP addressing and subnetting for small-to-medium networks. It covers how IP addresses are structured and assigned, including private address ranges. Subnetting divides networks into smaller subnets for efficient use of addresses. Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Address Translation (PAT) allow private networks to connect to the internet using public IP addresses, improving security and scalability. IPv6 is introduced as an improved addressing system with larger address space and better network capabilities.
This document outlines objectives for learning about IPv4 addressing and network fundamentals. It will cover IP address structure and notation, address classification, public and private addresses, address assignment methods, subnetting using subnet masks, network address calculation, and testing network connectivity using tools like ping and traceroute. The overall goal is to teach students how to work with IP addresses and design effective IP networks.
This document provides an overview of IP addressing topics including IPv4 and IPv6 network addresses, address structures, types of addresses, and connectivity verification. Specifically, it covers converting between binary and decimal numbering systems, describing IPv4 address structures and components, comparing address types like unicast and multicast, and using ping and traceroute to test connectivity.
This document provides an overview of IP addressing topics covered in Chapter 7, including IPv4 and IPv6 network addresses, address structures, types of addresses, and connectivity verification. The key sections are on IPv4 network addresses, IPv6 network addresses, and connectivity verification using tools like ping and traceroute. Some of the main points covered include converting between binary and decimal, describing IPv4 and IPv6 address structures, comparing address types, and using utilities to test network connectivity.
This document summarizes a chapter about network protocols and communications. It discusses how protocols establish communication rules and standards organizations develop protocols through processes like RFCs. It also describes how data is encapsulated when moving through networks and OSI and TCP/IP models for conceptualizing network layers. Specific topics covered include protocol suites, addressing, data encapsulation, accessing local and remote network resources, and standards bodies.
The document outlines objectives for teaching IPv4 networking fundamentals, including explaining IP address structures, classifying address types, assigning addresses, determining network portions from subnet masks, calculating network values, and testing connectivity. It provides exercises for converting binary and decimal numbers, identifying network components, configuring addressing schemes, and using ping and traceroute utilities.
The document discusses IPv4 addressing and subnetting. It describes how IPv4 addresses are structured, including the network and host parts. It also covers subnet masks and prefix lengths. The document discusses IPv4 address types like unicast, broadcast, and multicast. It explains public and private IP addresses and how NAT is used for routing between private and public networks. The document also covers network segmentation and how subnetting can be used to partition large networks into smaller broadcast domains.
The document provides instructor materials for a chapter on IP addressing in CCNA Routing and Switching. It covers IPv4 and IPv6 network addresses, including binary and decimal conversion, address structures, types of IPv4 addresses such as unicast, broadcast and multicast, and public vs private IP addresses. It also describes how to verify network connectivity using ICMP ping and traceroute utilities.
Cisco WLAN - Chapter. 08 : Applications, Design, and Site Survey PreparationYaser Rahmati
This document discusses site surveys for wireless networks. It describes the steps in performing a site survey, including gathering tools and documentation. Key considerations for site surveys are determining feasible coverage, identifying interference sources, and understanding wired connectivity limitations. Proper documentation of access point locations and network information is also discussed. Site surveys are important for designing a wireless network that meets coverage, capacity, and reliability needs.
The document discusses various types of antennas used for wireless LANs. It describes how directional antennas radiate RF energy predominantly in one direction, while omnidirectional antennas radiate equally in all horizontal directions. Key points include:
- Directional antennas include Yagis and parabolic dishes, which have a narrow beamwidth. Omnidirectional types include dipoles, patches, and various indoor/outdoor models.
- Parameters like gain, beamwidth, bandwidth, polarization and EIRP are defined. Higher gain antennas have a stronger but narrower signal.
- Common Cisco antenna models are described for 2.4GHz and 5GHz networks, including rubber ducks, ceiling mounts,
Cisco WLAN - Chapter. 03 : wireless radio technologyYaser Rahmati
This document provides an overview of wireless radio technology concepts including:
1. Wireless propagation is affected by attenuation from obstructions, reflection, refraction, and diffraction of radio signals. Multipath reflection can reduce signal strength.
2. Weather such as rain, snow, ice and wind can impact wireless signals through attenuation, damage to antennas, or changing the aim of antennas.
3. Wireless power is measured in watts and decays exponentially over distance according to the inverse square law. Power ratios and decibel measurements are used to quantify changes in signal strength.
This document provides an overview of wireless topologies, including:
- Wireless devices must use 802.11 standards for interoperability.
- Access points connect wireless networks to wired networks and allow wireless clients to connect.
- Antennas are selected based on the access point and desired coverage area.
- Topologies include basic service sets using a single access point, extended service sets connecting multiple access points to a wired network, and wireless bridges connecting networks in different buildings with a point-to-point configuration.
- Proper channel planning is important to minimize interference between overlapping wireless networks.
Chapter 7: Objectives
--------------------------------------------
Explain the basic operation of dynamic routing protocols.
Compare and contrast dynamic and static routing.
Determine which networks are available during an initial network discovery phase.
Define the different categories of routing protocols.
Describe the process by which distance vector routing protocols learn about other networks.
Identify the types of distance-vector routing protocols.
Configure the RIP routing protocol.
Configure the RIPng routing protocol.
Explain the process by which link-state routing protocols learn about other networks.
Describe the information sent in a link-state update.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of using link-state routing protocols.
Identify protocols that use the link-state routing process. (OSPF, IS-IS)
Determine the route source, administrative distance, and metric for a given route.
Explain the concept of a parent/child relationship in a dynamically built routing table.
Compare the IPv4 classless route lookup process and the IPv6 lookup process.
Analyze a routing table to determine which route will be used to forward a packet.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
Chapter 9: Objectives
-----------------------------------------------------------
Explain how ACLs are used to filter traffic.
Compare standard and extended IPv4 ACLs.
Explain how ACLs use wildcard masks.
Explain the guidelines for creating ACLs.
Explain the guidelines for placement of ACLs.
Configure standard IPv4 ACLs to filter traffic according to networking requirements.
Modify a standard IPv4 ACL using sequence numbers.
Configure a standard ACL to secure vty access.
Explain the structure of an extended access control entry (ACE).
Configure extended IPv4 ACLs to filter traffic according to networking requirements.
Configure an ACL to limit debug output.
Explain how a router processes packets when an ACL is applied.
Troubleshoot common ACL errors using CLI commands.
Compare IPv4 and IPv6 ACL creation.
Configure IPv6 ACLs to filter traffic according to networking requirements.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
Chapter 6: Objectives
-----------------------------------------------
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
Explain the purpose of different types of static routes.
Configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes by specifying a next-hop address.
Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 default routes.
Explain the use of legacy classful addressing in network implementation.
Explain the purpose of CIDR in replacing classful addressing.
Design and implement a hierarchical addressing scheme.
Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 summary network address to reduce the number of routing table updates.
Configure a floating static route to provide a backup connection.
Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is configured.
Troubleshoot common static and default route configuration issues.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
Chapter 4: Objectives
-------------------------------------------------
Configure a router to route between multiple directly connected networks
Describe the primary functions and features of a router.
Explain how routers use information in data packets to make forwarding decisions in a small- to medium-sized business network.
Explain the encapsulation and de-encapsulation process used by routers when switching packets between interfaces.
Compare ways in which a router builds a routing table when operating in a small- to medium-sized business network.
Explain routing table entries for directly connected networks.
Explain how a router builds a routing table of directly connected networks.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
Chapter 02 - Introduction to Switched NetworksYaser Rahmati
Chapter 2: Objectives
--------------------------------------------------
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
Configure initial settings on a Cisco switch.
Configure switch ports to meet network requirements.
Configure the management switch virtual interface.
Describe basic security attacks in a switched environment.
Describe security best practices in a switched environment.
Configure the port security feature to restrict network access.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
Chapter 3: Objectives
---------------------------------------------------
Explain the purpose of VLANs in a switched network.
Analyze how a switch forwards frames based on VLAN configuration in a multi-switched environment.
Configure a switch port to be assigned to a VLAN based on requirements.
Configure a trunk port on a LAN switch.
Configure Dynamic Trunk Protocol (DTP).
Troubleshoot VLAN and trunk configurations in a switched network.
Configure security features to mitigate attacks in a VLAN-segmented environment.
Explain security best practices for a VLAN-segmented environment.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
Chapter 01 - Introduction to Switched NetworksYaser Rahmati
Chapter 1: Objectives
-------------------------------------------------
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
Describe convergence of data, voice, and video in the context of switched networks.
Describe a switched network in a small-to-medium-sized business.
Explain the process of frame forwarding in a switched network.
Compare a collision domain to a broadcast domain.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
Chapter 11: Objectives
---------------------------------------------------
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
Identify the devices and protocols used in a small network.
Explain how a small network serves as the basis of larger networks.
Describe the need for basic security measures on network devices.
Identify security vulnerabilities and general mitigation techniques.
Configure network devices with device hardening features to mitigate security threats.
Use the output of ping and tracert commands to establish relative network performance.
Use basic show commands to verify the configuration and status of a device interface.
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
Identify the devices and protocols used in a small network.
Explain how a small network serves as the basis of larger networks.
Describe the need for basic security measures on network devices.
Identify security vulnerabilities and general mitigation techniques.
Configure network devices with device hardening features to mitigate security threats.
Use the output of ping and tracert commands to establish relative network performance.
Use basic show commands to verify the configuration and status of a device interface.
Yaser Rahmati | یاسر رحمتی
Rahmati Academy | آکادمی رحمتی
www.yaser-rahmati.ir
www.rahmati-academy.ir
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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