This document discusses key concepts in IoT including sensing, actuation, and RFID. It defines transducers as devices that convert signals between different physical forms like sound, electricity, and motion. Sensors are described as devices that detect physical quantities and output a signal that is converted to human-readable form. Characteristics like accuracy, range, and sensitivity are discussed. Actuators are defined as devices that convert control signals into mechanical actions. Common actuator types include electric, fluid, and manual varieties. RFID technology is introduced as using radio waves to identify objects through tags and readers. Benefits of RFID for inventory management are outlined along with potential future applications.

1. THE THINGS IN IOT:
SENSING
,ACTUATION AND
RFID

2. TRANSDUCER

3. TRANSDUCER
3

4. TRANSDUCER
4
Transducer:
Converts a signal from one physical form to another physical
form
Physical form: thermal, electric, mechanical, magnetic,
chemical, and optical
Energy converter
Example:
Microphone : Converts sound to electrical signal
Speaker : Converts electrical signal to sound
Antenna : Converts electromagnetic energy into electricity and vice
versa
Strain gauge : Converts strain to electrical

5. SENSOR
5

6. DEFINITION OF SENSOR
6
The characteristic of any device or material to detect the
presence of a particular physical quantity
The output of sensor is signal, which is converted to human
readable form

7. SENSOR
7
Performs some function of input by sensing or feeling the
physical changes in the characteristic of a system in response to
stimuli
Input: Physical parameter or stimuli
Example: Temperature, light, gas, pressure, and sound
Output: Response to stimuli

8. SENSOR (CONTD.)
8

9. CHARACTERISTICS
9
Static
characteristics
• After steady state condition, how the output
of a sensor change in response to an input
change
Dynamic
characteristics
• The properties of the system’s transient
response to an input

10. STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
10
Accuracy
 Represents the correctness of the output compared to a superior
system
 The different between the standard and the measured value
Range
 Gives the highest and the lowest value of the physical quantity
within which the sensor can sense
Beyond this value there is no sensing or no kind of response

11. STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
11
Resolution
 Provides the smallest change in the input that a sensor is
capable of sensing
 Resolution is an important specification towards selection of
sensors.
 Higher the resolution better the precision
Errors
 The difference between the standard value and the value
produced by sensor

12. STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
12
Sensitivity
 Sensitivity indicates ratio of incremental change in the response of
the system with respect to incremental change in input parameter
Resolution is an important specification towards selection of
sensors.
 It can be found from slope of output characteristic curve of a
sensor
Linearity
 The deviation of sensor value curve from a particular straight line

13. STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
13
Drift
The difference in the measurements of sensor from a specific
reading when kept at that value for a long period of time
Repeatability
 The deviation between measurements in a sequence under same
conditions

14. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
14
How well a sensor responds to changes in its input
 Zero order system
 Output shows a response to the input signal with no delay Does
not include energy-storing elements
 Example: Potentiometer measures linear and rotary displacements

15. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
15
First order system
When the output approaches its final value gradually
Consists of an energy storage and dissipation element
 Second order system
Complex output response
The output response of sensor oscillates before steady state

16. SENSOR CLASSIFICATION
16

17. SENSOR CLASSIFICATION
17
PASSIVE SENSOR
 Cannot independently sense the input
 Example: Accelerometer, soil moisture, water-level, and
temperature sensors
ACTIVE SENSOR
 Independently sense the input
 Example: Radar, sounder, and laser altimeter sensors

18. SENSOR CLASSIFICATION
18
ANALOG SENSOR
 The response or output of the sensor is some continuous function of its
input parameter
Example: Temperature sensor, LDR, analog pressure sensor, and Analog
Hall effect/Magnetic Sensor
A LDR shows continuous variation in its resistance as a function of intensity of light
falling on it
DIGITAL SENSOR
 Responses in binary nature
Designs to overcome the disadvantages of analog sensors
Along with the analog sensor it also comprises of extra electronics for bit
conversion
 Example: Passive infrared (PIR) sensor and digital temperature sensor
(DS1620)

19. SENSOR CLASSIFICATION
19
SCALAR SENSOR
 Detects the input parameter only based on its magnitude
The response of the sensor is a function of magnitude of the input
parameter
Not affected by the direction of the input parameter
Example: Temperature, gas, strain, color, and smoke sensors
VECTOR SENSOR
The response of the sensor depends on the magnitude of the direction
and orientation of input parameter
Example : Accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetic field, and motion detector
sensors

20. ACTUATOR
2

21. ACTUATOR
21
An actuator is part of the system that deals with the control
action required (mechanical action)
Mechanical or electro-mechanical devices

22. ACTUATOR
22
A control signal is input to an actuator and an energy source is
necessary for its operation
Available in both micro and macro scales
Example: Electric motor, solenoid, hard drive stepper motor,
comb drive, hydraulic cylinder, piezoelectric actuator, and
pneumatic actuator

23. CLASSIFICATION OF ACTUATOR
23
Electrical
linear
Electric
rotary
Fluid power
linear
Fluid power
rotary
Linear chain
actuators
Manual
linear
Manual
rotary

24. ELECTRIC LINEAR ACTUATOR
 Powered by electrical signal
Mechanical device containing linear guides,
motors, and drive mechanisms
Converts electrical energy into linear
displacement
 Used in automation applications including
electrical bell, opening and closing dampers,
locking doors, and braking machine motions
24

25. ELECTRIC ROTARY ACTUATOR
Powered by electrical signal
Converts electrical energy into rotational
motion
Applications including quarter-turn valves,
windows, and robotics
25

26. FLUID POWER LINEAR ACTUATOR
Powered by hydraulic fluid, gas, or differential air pressure
Mechanical devices have cylinder and piston mechanisms
Produces linear displacement
Primarily used in automation applications including clamping and
welding
26

27. FLUID POWER ROTARY ACTUATOR
Powered by fluid, gas, or differential
air pressure
Consisting of gearing, and cylinder
and piston mechanisms
Converts hydraulic fluid, gas, or
differential air pressure into
rotational motion
Primarily applications of this
actuator are opening and closing
dampers, doors, and clamping
27

28. LINEAR CHAIN ACTUATOR
Mechanical devices containing
sprockets and sections of chain
Provides linear motion by the free
ends of the specially designed
chains
Primarily used in motion control
applications
28

29. MANUAL LINEAR ACTUATOR
Provides linear displacement through the translation of manually
rotated screws or gears
Consists of gearboxes, and hand operated knobs or wheels
Primarily used for manipulating tools and workpieces
29

30. MANUAL ROTARY ACTUATOR
Provides rotary output through the translation of manually rotated
screws, levers, or gears
Consists of hand operated knobs, levers, handwheels, and
gearboxes
Primarily used for the operation of valves
30

31. RFID
3

32. INTRODUCTION
What is RFID?
 RFID is an automatic technology.
 It identify and collect object data through RF.
 First appeared in 1945
 RFID system consists of TAGS and READERS.
32

33. RFID DEVICES IN DIFFERENT FORMS
33

34. RFID SYSTEM
34
• Composed of 3 main components
• RFID TAGS
• READER
• APPLICATION SYSTEM

35. RFID TAGS
35
• The essential components of RFID Tags are:
• Antenna
The function of antenna is to transmit and receive radio waves for
communication
• Integrated Circuit
The IC is a packaged collection of components that provide brain for the
tag
• Printed Circuit Board
The PCB is the material that holds the circuit together.

36. RFID READERS
36
• The reader is responsible for orchestrating the communication
with any tags in its read range and then presenting the tags’
data to an application that can make use of the data.
• Main functions are to
• activate the tags,
• structure the communication sequence with the tag and
• transfer data between the application software and tags
• Readers in all systems can be reduced to two fundamental
functional blocks:
• 1. Control system and
• 2. High frequency (HF) interface

37. RFID READERS
HF interface performs the following functions :
1.Generation of high frequency transmission power to activate the transponder
and supply it with power;
2.Modulation of the transmission signal to send data to the transponder;
3.Reception and demodulation of HF signals transmitted by a transponder.
37

38. RFID COMPONENTS
38

39. RFID VS BARCODE
39
Less expensive More expensive
Need direct line of sight of barcode to be
able to read
Can read RFID Tags from a great
distance
No read/write capabilities, only contain
product and manufacturer information
Do not need to be positioned in a line of
sight with the scanner
Labour intensive, must be scanned
individually
Carry large data capabilities
Easily damaged Reusable and protected by plastic cover

40. HOW RFID WORKS?
40

41. PROBLEM RFID
Privacy issue
• Tracking of
people
• Tracking
customers and
their habits
Industrial
issues
• Need more cost
to be
implemented
Security issues
• Cloning RFID
device
• Tampering of data
embedded in
RFID devices
41

42. SOLUTION RFID
Privacy issue
• Physical
possession or
password of RFID
tags
Industrial
issues
• Use inkjet
printing. As it use
nano particle
silver ink which
can reduce cost
Security issues
• Implement
decommissioning
protocol into
RFID tags
42

43. BENEFITS RFID IN INVENTORY
MANAGEMENT
43
1. Improved visibility
2. Tracking
3. real-time information
4. Increases accuracy
5. Increases efficiency
6. Accelerates the speed of process
7. Reduce cost

44. CURRENT USED OF RFID
44
Aviation industry
• Easier process to locate and identify the needed parts
Healthcare Operation
• Monitoring
• Obtaining Data
• Updating or modifying data
Logistic
• Tracking packages and parcels thereby increasing customers’ property
security

45. FUTURE USED OF RFID
45
RFID in smart factory.
It is used to enable mass manufacturing. RFID tag is
mounted with engine. Then the tag communicates with
the production line system to drive its processes. It
ensures manufacturing runs without interruption
RFID used in drone
It can be used to track all of the movement of the
products to be delivered. Is the product already taken?
Where is the drone heading now?

46. CONCLUSION
46
RFID has taken a huge role in our daily life activities.
RFID has helped many businesses’ unconventional way of identifying and
tracking goods into much more efficient way of business process by providing
better visibility, faster process and accuracy.
Although RFID has some issues regarding privacy, security and industrial,
scientists continuously conduct research to fix issues.
 In the future, almost all technology advancement will include RFID in the
activities because it needs trigger and effect to function properly, and RFID is
right way.
Firms itself must protect their own consumers privacy and focus on their real
business needs.
 Government also take a large role to develop standards and policies regarding
the advancement of technology

47. REFERENCES
1. Sensor. Online:
https://ielm.ust.hk/dfaculty/ajay/courses/alp/ieem110/lecs/sensors/sensors.html
2. Repeatability of Sensor. Online: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-
693-principles-of- oceanographic-instrument-systems-sensors-and-measurements-13-
998-spring-2004/
3. Classification of actuators. Online URL: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/pumps-
valves-accessories/types- of-actuators
4. “Electric bell”, ЮК/ Wikimedia Commons/, Published date: 18 February 2008, Online:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_Bell_animation.gif
5. “Electric motor”, Abnormaal / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-3.0 Unported/ GFDL/,
Published date: 21 May 2008, Online:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electric_motor.gif
6. “Axial piston pump”, MichaelFrey / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY-SA-4.0 International/,
Published date: 11 August 2017, Online:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Axialkolbenpumpe_-_einfache_Animation.gif
7. “Rigid chain actuator”, Catsquisher/ Wikimedia Commons/, Published date: 11 January
2011, Online: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rigid_Chain_Actuator.gif 31
47

48. REFERENCES
8. Dimension, N. (2015, September 3). NANO DIMENSION.
Retrieved from nano-di: http://www.nano-di.com/blog/how-
can-rfid-tags-cost-1-cent
9. Li, H., & Hung, P. C. (2008). Privacy Issues of Applying RFID in
Retail Industry . Issues in RFID, 9-11.
10. Choperena, M. (2015, November 26). RFID drone really
mobile and completely automated RFID readers. Retrieved from
Pulse Channels: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/rfid-drones-
really-mobile-completely-automated- mikel-choperena
11. Holloway, J. (2013, July 24). RFID be gone: Why you might
soon be 3D printing the Internet of Things. Retrieved from
gizmag: http://www.gizmag.com/infrastructs- internet-of-
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