Chapter 5 Trait Theory
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This chapter discusses trait theory and its biological and psychological approaches to explaining criminality. [1] Trait theory views criminality as stemming from abnormal biological or psychological traits. [2] The chapter covers various biological trait theories including biochemical conditions, neurophysiological conditions, genetics and evolutionary views. [3] It also examines psychological trait views such as psychodynamic, social learning, cognitive and personality perspectives, and discusses the relationship between intelligence, mental disorders and crime.
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This document summarizes trait theory and biological and psychological trait theories of criminology. Trait theory views criminality as produced by abnormal biological or psychological traits. Contemporary trait theory sees an interaction between personal traits and environmental factors, with some traits making individuals more susceptible to environmental influences. The document then examines biological trait theories focusing on conditions like biochemistry, neurophysiology, genetics and evolution. It also reviews psychological trait views including psychodynamic, social learning, cognitive and intelligence perspectives. It evaluates and discusses the social policy implications of trait theory.
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Chapter 3: Individual
Views of Delinquency:
Choice and Trait
Choice Theory
• Classical criminology
• Cesare Beccaria & Jeremy Bentham
• Choice Theory
• Argues that people weigh and consider
the consequences prior to the
commission of their behaviors
• Holds that the decision to violate the law
comes after a careful weighing of the
benefits
• Assumes that people have “free will” to
choose their behavior
The Rational Delinquent
The view that delinquents choose to violate the law
remains a popular approach to the study of delinquents
In reality, many youths from affluent families choose to
break the law
Delinquent motives include:
Economic need/opportunity
Problem solving
False expectations
Opportunity
Routine Activities Theory
Developed by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson
The view that crime is a normal function of the routine activities of
modern living
Predatory crimes
Violent crimes against persons and crimes in which an offender
attempts to steal an object from its holder are influenced by three
variables:
① The availability of suitable targets
② The absence of capable guardians
③ The presence of motivated offenders
FIGURE 3.1 Routine Activities Theory Helps Explain Fluctuations
in the Delinquency Rate
Choice Theory and
Delinquency Prevention
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The severity of the punishment
The certainty of the punishment
The swiftness of the punishment
There is evidence that adolescents who perceive they will be
arrested and punished for a crime will often forego delinquent acts
Choice Theory and
Delinquency Prevention
• Specific Deterrence
• If young offenders are punished severely they will not repeat their
illegal acts
• “Learn from their own mistakes”
• For example, sending convicted offenders to secure
incarceration facilities; punishment is severe enough to
convince them not to repeat their criminal activity
• However, in some cases experiencing punishment may
actually increase the likelihood of reoffending
Choice Theory and
Delinquency Prevention
• Problems with a strict deterrence strategy:
• Minors are not “rational”
• Experienced offenders do not fear the legal consequences
• high-risk offenders may not fear getting arrested
• Many juveniles are under influence of drugs/alcohol
• Juveniles often commit crimes in groups – “co-offending”
• Most serious delinquents are not able to comprehend
consequences
• Punishment may produce defiance, rather than deterrence
Choice Theory and
Delinquency Prevention
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characteristics of sites and situations that are at risk to crime
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Chapter 5 Trait Theory
- 1. Larry J. Siegel www.cengage.com/cj/siegel Chapter Five Trait Theory Valerie Bell • University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
- 2. Trait Theory • Development of Trait Theory – Trait Theory • The view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits. – Sociobiology • The view that human behavior is motivated by inborn biological urges to survive and preserve the species. – Contemporary Trait Theory
- 3. Trait Theory • Biological Trait Theories – Biochemical Conditions and Crime • Diet • Hypoglycemia • Hormonal influences – Androgen – Testosterone • Premenstrual syndrome • Lead exposure • Environmental contaminants
- 4. Trait Theory • Biological Trait Theories – Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime • Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • Brain Chemistry – Neurotransmitters • Arousal Theory
- 5. Trait Theory • Biological Trait Theories – Genetics and Crime • Parental deviance • Adoption studies • Twin Behavior – Monozygotic twins – Dizygotic twins
- 6. Trait Theory • Evolutionary Views of Crime – The Evolution of Gender and Crime • Survival of the gene pool
- 7. Trait Theory • Evaluation of the Biological Branch of Trait Theory – Problems • Explaining geographic, social, and temporal patterns in the crime rate • Explaining existence of crime across differing individuals
- 8. Trait Theory • The Psychological Trait View – The Psychodynamic Perspective • Id • Ego • Superego – Attachment Theory
- 9. Trait Theory • The Behavioral Perspective: Social Learning Theory – Behavior Modeling • Family interactions • Environmental experiences • Mass media – Social learning
- 10. Trait Theory • Cognitive Theory – Information Processing Theory • Mental perception • Faulty reasoning
- 11. Trait Theory • Personality and Crime – Hans Eysenck • Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism • Extreme extroverts or introverts at risk for antisocial behavior – Psychopathic Personality • Antisocial personality
- 12. Trait Theory • Intelligence and Crime – Nature Theory – Nurture Theory – IQ and Criminality
- 13. Trait Theory • Mental Disorders and Crime – Crime and Mental Illness • Mood disorder • Oppositional defiant disorder • Schizophrenia • Bipolar disorder
- 14. Trait Theory • Social Policy and Trait Theory – Primary Prevention Programs • Seek to treat personal problems before they manifest as crime – Secondary Prevention Programs • Provide treatment to youths and adults after they have violated the law
Editor's Notes
- Learning Objective 1. Be familiar with the development of trait theory.
- Learning Objective 2. Discuss some of the biochemical conditions that have been associated with crime.
- Learning Objective 3. Understand the linkage between aggression and neurophysiological makeup.
- Learning Objective 4. Link genetics to crime.
- Learning Objective 5. Explain the evolutionary view of crime.
- Learning Objective 5. Explain the evolutionary view of crime.
- Learning Objective 6. Discuss the elements of the psychodynamic perspective.
- Learning Objective 7. Link behavioral theory to crime.
- Learning Objective 8. Show why aggressive behavior may reflect cognitive processes.
- Learning Objective 9. Discuss the elements of personality that are related to crime.
- Learning Objective 10. Be aware of the controversy over the association between intelligence and crime.
- Learning Objective 11. Discuss the association between mental disorders and crime.