This document outlines fair market rents by number of bedrooms for various metropolitan areas in California. It shows the hourly wages needed to afford rents in each area based on working 40 hours per week. Overall, rents are highest in coastal cities like Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Diego, requiring wages of $15-20 per hour or more to be affordable. Interior cities have lower rents but still require full-time wages of $10-15 per hour on average to afford a modest apartment.

1. Chapter 5: Civil Rights
A More Perfect Union 1/e

2. Civil Rights
• The Quest for Equality Under the Law
– Inherent Characteristics
– Suspect Classifications
• Race
• Religion
• National Origin
• Sex
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

3. Civil Rights
• Slavery and Its Aftermath
– Slavery in the United States
• Opposition to Slavery
• The Civil War Era
– Reconstruction and the First Civil Rights Acts
– Backlash: Jim Crow Laws
– Governmental Acceptance of Discrimination
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

4. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

5. Civil Rights
• The Civil Rights Movement
– Fighting Back: Early Civil Rights Organizations
– The End of Separate But Equal
– Rosa Parks’s Civil Disobedience on a
Montgomery Bus
– Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Strategy of
Civil Disobedience
• Nonviolent Civil Disobedience
• The Reaction to Civil Disobedience
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

6. Civil Rights
• The Government’s Response to the Civil
Rights Movement
– The Civil Rights Act of 1964
– Other Civil Rights Legislation in the 1960s
– Impact of the Civil Rights Movement
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6

7. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7

8. Civil Rights
• The Movement for Women’s Civil Rights
– First Wave of the Women’s Rights Movement
• State-Level Rights
• The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution
– Second Wave of the Women’s Rights
Movement
• Federal Legislation and Women’s Rights
• Women’s Rights and the Equal Protection Clause
• The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8

9. Civil Rights
• Other Civil Rights Movements
– Native Americans’ Rights
– Citizens of Latin American Descent
• Early Struggles of Mexican Americans
• The Chicano Movement
• Employment Discrimination and Other Civil Rights
Issues
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

10. Civil Rights
• Other Civil Rights Movements (continued)
– Citizens of Asian Descent
• Internment of Japanese Americans During WWII
• Contemporary Issues for Asian Americans
– Citizens with Disabilities
– Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered
Citizens (LGBT)
• The Gay Pride Movement
• Backlash Against the Movement for LGBT Civil
Rights
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

11. Civil Rights
• Affirmative Action: Is It Constitutional?
– How Affirmative Action Works
– Opposition to Affirmative Action
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11

12. Chapter Seven
Employment, Education, &
Social Services

13. Exhibit 7-1 California Unemployment

14. Exhibit 7-2 Work & Pay
Wages by Occupation in California, 2005
50th
Entry- Percentile Percentage
Level (Median)
Occupational Category of
Hourly Hourly Employment
Wage Wage
State Average $8.88 $15.91
Over $10/hour (38% of all workers)
Management $23.99 $43.28 5.2%
Architecture & Engineering $21.71 $34.18 2.2%
Computer & Mathematical $21.59 $35.31 2.6%
Legal $20.20 $38.60 0.7%
Healthcare Practitioners & Technical $17.79 $30.08 4.1%
Business & Financial Operations $17.71 $27.13 4.3%
Life, Physical, & Social Science $16.92 $28.22 1.0%
Education, Training, & Library $12.27 $22.17 6.2%
Community & Social Services $11.97 $18.92 1.3%
Construction & Extraction $11.94 $19.96 5.1%
Installation, Maintenance, & Repair $11.68 $19.23 3.4%
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, & Media $10.31 $19.18 2.0%

15. Exhibit 7-2 Work & Pay
Wages by Occupation in California, 2005
50th
Entry-
Percentile Percentage
Level
Occupational Category (Median) of
Hourly
Hourly Employment
Wage
Wage
State Average $8.88 $15.91
Under $10/hour (62% of all workers)
Office & Administrative Support $9.78 $14.72 18.3%
Protective Service $9.08 $17.79 2.4%
Healthcare Support $8.99 $12.02 2.1%
Sales and Related $8.18 $12.18 10.4%
Production $8.16 $11.49 6.8%
Transportation & Material Moving $8.02 $11.57 7.1%
Building & Grounds Cleaning & Maintenance $7.81 $10.19 3.3%
Personal Care & Service $7.72 $9.55 2.2%
Farming, Fishing, & Forestry $7.71 $8.19 1.2%
Food Preparation and Serving-Related $7.68 $8.36 7.9%

16. Exhibit 7-3 Family Budgets
Hourly Annual Estimated%
Family
wage income below
Basic family budget for a two- 56% of joint-
working-adult, two-child family $15.37 $63,921 return
(2005) taxpayers
Basic family budget for a two-adult, 39% of joint-
two-child family with one adult $21.22 $44,130 return
working (2005) taxpayers
87% of head-of-
Basic family budget for a one-adult,
$25.96 $53,987 household
two-child family (2005)
taxpayers
60% of single
Basic budget for a single adult $12.44 $25,867
taxpayers

17. Exhibit 7-3
Family Budgets, Wages, & Poverty Levels
Hourly Annual Estimated percent
wage income below
California median hourly wage (2004) d $15.06 $31,325 50% of employees
50% of joint-return
California median family income (2004) $58,327
taxpayers
9% of all taxable
California minimum wage (2005) $6.75 $14,040
returns
26% of head-of-
Federal poverty level for a
$7.32 $15,219 household
one-adult, two-child family (2004)
taxpayers
61% of head-of-
Low income: 2 × federal poverty level for
$14.64 $30,438 household
a one-adult, two-child family (2004)
taxpayers
Federal poverty level for a 12% of joint-return
$9.21 $19,157
two-adult, two-child family (2004) taxpayers
Low income: 2 × federal poverty level for 32% of joint-return
$18.42 $38,314
a two-adult, two-child family (2004) taxpayers

18. Exhibit 7-4 Poverty in California

19. Exhibit 7-5 Least Affordable Metropolitan
Areas
Percent
Q1 2006
Homes Median
Median
Metropolitan Area Affordable Family
Sales
for Income
Price
Median (000s)
(000s)
Income
Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA 10.7 75.1 532
Oakland-Fremont-Hayward, CA 9.4 83.8 555
Fresno, CA 9.2 47.0 297
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 8.4 57.5 385
Madera, CA 8.1 48.0 308
Sacramento--Arden-Arcade--Roseville, CA 7.9 65.4 400
San Francisco-San Mateo-Redwood City, CA 7.8 91.2 745
San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA 7.8 63.8 533
Stockton, CA 6.5 57.1 430
Nassau-Suffolk, NY 6.1 91.0 475
New York-White Plains-Wayne, NY-NJ 6.1 59.2 472
Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA 5.9 75.1 672
Napa, CA 5.8 75.0 600
Merced, CA 5.5 46.4 365
San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA 5.2 64.9 491
Salinas, CA 5.0 62.2 600
Modesto, CA 3.9 54.4 380
Santa Barbara-Santa Maria, CA 3.2 65.8 580
Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, CA 2.5 78.3 608
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA 1.9 56.2 500
National 41.3 59.6 250

20. Exhibit 7-6 Fair Market Rents in California
Fair Market Rents (FMR) by Number of Hourly Wage (at 40 hours per week) Needed to
Metropolitan Area Bedrooms Afford FMR
Zero One Two Three Four Zero One Two Three Four
California $805 $942 $1,149 $1,598 $1,864 $15.48 $18.11 $22.09 $30.72 $35.85
Bakersfield $485 $524 $624 $902 $1,081 $9.33 $10.08 $12.00 $17.35 $20.79
Chico $473 $562 $678 $956 $1,141 $9.10 $10.81 $13.04 $18.38 $21.94
El Centro $471 $533 $657 $904 $1,152 $9.06 $10.25 $12.63 $17.38 $22.15
Fresno $540 $595 $702 $1,021 $1,100 $10.38 $11.44 $13.50 $19.63 $21.15
Hanford-Corcoran $495 $527 $612 $892 $1,075 $9.52 $10.13 $11.77 $17.15 $20.67
Los Angeles-Long Beach $789 $952 $1,189 $1,597 $1,921 $15.17 $18.31 $22.87 $30.71 $36.94
Madera $496 $521 $664 $965 $995 $9.54 $10.02 $12.77 $18.56 $19.13
Merced $458 $523 $635 $906 $1,057 $8.81 $10.06 $12.21 $17.42 $20.33
Modesto $564 $623 $734 $1,053 $1,216 $10.85 $11.98 $14.12 $20.25 $23.38
Napa $754 $845 $1,098 $1,519 $1,725 $14.50 $16.25 $21.12 $29.21 $33.17
Oakland-Fremont $943 $1,130 $1,339 $1,865 $2,288 $18.13 $21.73 $25.75 $35.87 $44.00
Orange County $1,034 $1,161 $1,392 $1,992 $2,288 $19.88 $22.33 $26.77 $38.31 $44.00
Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura $1,042 $1,156 $1,462 $2,127 $2,453 $20.04 $22.23 $28.12 $40.90 $47.17
Redding $464 $540 $657 $959 $1,155 $8.92 $10.38 $12.63 $18.44 $22.21
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario $715 $781 $911 $1,294 $1,512 $13.75 $15.02 $17.52 $24.88 $29.08
Sacramento--Roseville $742 $846 $1,008 $1,469 $1,712 $14.27 $16.27 $19.38 $28.25 $32.92
Salinas $827 $931 $1,069 $1,510 $1,582 $15.90 $17.90 $20.56 $29.04 $30.42
San Benito County $588 $796 $885 $1,254 $1,552 $11.31 $15.31 $17.02 $24.12 $29.85
San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos $836 $954 $1,158 $1,688 $2,036 $16.08 $18.35 $22.27 $32.46 $39.15
San Francisco $998 $1,227 $1,536 $2,051 $2,167 $19.19 $23.60 $29.54 $39.44 $41.67
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara $939 $1,103 $1,302 $1,870 $2,051 $18.06 $21.21 $25.04 $35.96 $39.44
San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles $641 $758 $923 $1,345 $1,384 $12.33 $14.58 $17.75 $25.87 $26.62
Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta $828 $924 $1,037 $1,366 $1,559 $15.92 $17.77 $19.94 $26.27 $29.98
Santa Cruz-Watsonville $873 $1,030 $1,343 $1,933 $1,992 $16.79 $19.81 $25.83 $37.17 $38.31
Santa Rosa-Petaluma $749 $912 $1,151 $1,633 $1,910 $14.40 $17.54 $22.13 $31.40 $36.73
Stockton $602 $686 $846 $1,162 $1,463 $11.58 $13.19 $16.27 $22.35 $28.13
Vallejo-Fairfield $796 $857 $983 $1,378 $1,698 $15.31 $16.48 $18.90 $26.50 $32.65
Visalia-Porterville $481 $538 $625 $894 $918 $9.25 $10.35 $12.02 $17.19 $17.65
Yolo $679 $719 $879 $1,281 $1,362 $13.06 $13.83 $16.90 $24.63 $26.19
Yuba City $437 $493 $606 $882 $944 $8.40 $9.48 $11.65 $16.96 $18.15

21. Nation’s Report Card:
Exhibit 7-7
Comparing California

22. Nation’s Report Card:
Exhibit 7-7
Comparing California

23. Nation’s Report Card:
Exhibit 7-7
Comparing California

24. Students enrolled per teacher
Exhibit 7-8
and average teacher salary in
public K-12 schools