Chapter 4 focuses on decision-making in public policy and governance, defining it as the selection of policy options and discussing various actors involved. It outlines decision-making models, the decision-making process, and challenges faced, along with strategies for effective decision-making. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of sound decisions for improved implementation and outcomes in public policy.

1. Chapter 4
DECISION-MAKING
Public Policy and Governance
(950701)

2. INTRODUCTION
▪ DEFINITION
▪ ACTORS IN DECISION-MAKING
▪ DECISION-MAKING MODELS
▪ THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
▪ CHALLENGES IN DECISION-MAKING
▪ STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE DECISION-MAKING
▪ CONCLUSION

3. Definition
• It involves selecting from among a range
of possible policy options, including
simply maintaining the status quo.
• In many cases decision are “negative” and
involve allowing existing arrangements to
stand either unaltered or in only slightly
modified form (Howlett 2007).
• Positive decisions may involve major
overhauls of existing arrangements,
institutions, rules, and laws or may affect
these only at the margins or
“incrementally” (Lindblom 1959.
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4. FRActors in Decision-Making
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▪ Elite members
▪ Public managers
▪ Professional analysts
▪ Issue-specific experts
▪ Consultant
▪ Lobbyists.

5. FR
Decision-making models
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Rational decision model
Incremental decision model
“Garbage can” decision model

6. FRThe Decision-making process
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1. Analysis for decision-making
1. Aim of identifying a
maximizing choice
2. Standardized
decision aid techniques
3. Provide various
options
(alternative)
4. Reports &
recommendation from
policy managers at the
highest level
5. Decision points
must accurate
and appropriately
summarized

7. FR
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1. Groupthink : a process in which groups pressures for conformity
undermine systematic consideration of alternatives and disconfirming
evidence;
2. a bias toward
criteria for which
quantitative measures
are available.
3. a bias toward
positive impacts
4. a bias toward the study
of impacts along a
particular dimension that
is closely associated with
the identity of the
organizations conducting
the assessment.
Potential bias that can affect decision-making

8. FR
2. Policy Selection
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▪ Choose and officially sanctioning one or more of the
alternatives developed in policy formulation.
▪ Involve one or multiple decision-makers.
▪ These actors operate in very different venues, with
different resources and purposes and very different
attitudes towards criteria.
▪ There is also issue of the timing of decision.

9. FR
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Challenges in
decision-making
Short time
horizons
Lack of reliable
information
Lack of expertise in
policy analysis

10. FR
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Strategies for effective decision-making
Integrating
political, technical,
and organizational
considerations
Basing decisions
on systematic
analysis
Assessing
economic, social,
and environmental
impacts of policy
options
Strengthen
analytical
capacity
Improving intra-
agency and
interagency linkage
in decision-making

11. conclusion
• Better decision help improve implementation and
outcomes.
• Policy decisions cap the “front-end” process of policy-
making.
• Rise to the challenges if public policies are not to falter
at the “back-end” stage of policy implementation.

12. Thank you