This presentation deals with the economic theories in correlation with Politics which is the basic idea of Public Choice Theory. It also briefly discuss the Schools of Public Choice theory with the use of it in Law. This presentation explores the real life situations of this theory in India.
This presentation deals with the economic theories in correlation with Politics which is the basic idea of Public Choice Theory. It also briefly discuss the Schools of Public Choice theory with the use of it in Law. This presentation explores the real life situations of this theory in India.
MEANING
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
MEANING
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
MEANING
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
CAUSES FOR THE GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE
As part of its overall mission of promoting the well-being of humanity throughout the world, The Rockefeller Foundation developed the goal of advancing inclusive economies. The framing of this goal is deliberate: the word inclusive stresses the need to overcome disadvantage while the choice of economies versus growth suggests the need to consider all dimensions of economic life. This executive summary outlines efforts to develop a framework to better understand and measure the characteristics of an inclusive economy. It includes:
• The evolution of the concept of an inclusive economy
• Key lessons learned from an analysis of indicator initiatives
related to measuring an inclusive economy
• A recommended indicator framework composed of 5 broad
characteristics, 15 sub-categories, and 57 indicators
• Implications for future work
For more details, a full report is available at:
inclusiveeconomies.org
17
First Last
Guide:
Class:
Date:
SOCIAL PROTECTION
SOCIAL PROTECTION: WHAT IS IT?
Social protection measures have a long history in Europe where the European Social Model is extolled as one that supports “social solidarity” and enables the population as a whole to contribute through taxes to help those in need. Social protection measures have become increasingly popular in Asia, Latin America, and Africa with large scale programs which impacted the futures of millions in India, China, South Africa, Brazil, Russia, Tanzania, Zambia, Mexico, Chile, etc.
In the wake of the Asian Financial Crisis and the global financial crisis, social protection policies provided a means to enable populations “in need” to survive and be prepared to contribute to the society once the economy recovers. It has become particularly important to facilitate peoples’ and states’ recovery from environmental, financial, and other types of crisis. Depending on the risk to be mitigated, social protection can take different forms and approaches which have led to a variety of programs and policies across the globe.
Research on Social protection has increased dramatically with the increase in economic shocks and other types of crisis as well as increase in policies implemented in developing and emerging countries. Such research has provided a wealth of information on the objectives, implementation, approaches and impact of social protection measures. This literature review will first provide an overview of the approaches comprising social protection; and consider some of the challenges inherent to defining this evolving concept. The second part of this review will take a closer look at some of the social protection policies and programs implemented around the globe, especially in BRIC. The final part of this review will consider the quandaries in social protection and research considerations for the future. Social protection is the broadest?, signifying the full range of protective transfers, services, and institutional safeguards supposed to protect the population ‘at risk’ of being ‘in need’.
The graph above provides an overview of various social protection schemes used across the globe. They are often a combination of social services, labor policy and social insurance; and safety nets.
In many countries social protection pie is financed by social contributions of employers, protected persons and general government contribution. The social assistance comes within the social protection in many countries by solidarity basis, selectivity and targeting basis, institutional delusion level and re-integration efforts. The social insurance program was implemented for a unified and integrated social protection process. The institutional participation of social agents favors the transparency and rationalization of the social protection model. Different modifications were made in the past decades for the protection of the social protection pie. The information is coordinate.
This is a presentation , which broadly explains the different strategies of Health Financing, as described and developed by World Health Organisation. Apart from the different strategies, this ppt also includes the report of the National Health Accounts (NHA), GOI, which helps in getting a better understanding of the current scenario, when we may compare what we have to reach upto, as per the new National Health Policy 2017 !!!
This academic output meant for undergraduate students of BBS, BBA, B.Ed, and BA Psychology.
Emotions are biologically-based psychological states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioural responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure.
Observational Learning Theory and Its Application.pdfKhemraj Subedi
Observational learning theory, also known as social learning theory or modeling, is a psychological theory developed by Albert Bandura that explains how people learn new behaviors by observing others. His work was published in 1977 book titled Social Learning Theory. According to this theory, learning can occur through direct experience or through the observation of others' actions, behaviors, and the consequences they experience.
Learning in Psychological Perspectives.pdfKhemraj Subedi
In psychology, "learning" refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, or capability resulting from experience. Learning involves the acquisition of new information, skills, attitudes, or behaviors through various processes. Psychologists study learning to understand how individuals or animals acquire, retain, and apply knowledge or behaviors.
Endogenous rural development refers the development initiated by local people with their own resources, values, aspirations, knowledge, skill and organizations.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
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how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
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#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population aging
Redistribution with growth
1. Rural Development: Approaches,
Discourses and Theories (MARD
511
Lesson : Redistribution with Growth
By
Khemraj Subedi
Associate Professor
Tikapur Multiple Campus
M.Phil
PhD Scholar
Unit 5 : Alternative
Rural Development
Approach
2. What is meant by redistribution?
Redistribution refers to rearranging transfer of economic resources
From well off people to befit worse off people through economic
policy shift on an economy-wide basis.
In other words, redistribution of income and wealth is the transfer
of income and wealth (including physical property) from some
individuals to others by means of a social mechanism such as taxation,
charity, welfare, public services, land reform, fiscal policy, monetary
policy, and confiscation.
The term typically refers to redistribution on an economy-wide basis
rather than between selected individuals.
3. What is growth (economic growth)?
Economic growth is an increase in the production of
economic goods and services, compared from one
period of time to another.
It can be measured in nominal or real (adjusted for
inflation) terms.
Traditionally, aggregate economic growth is
measured in terms of Gross Domestic Product
(GNP) although alternative metrics are sometimes
used.
4. Economic growth cont….
In simplest terms, economic growth refers to an increase in
aggregate production in an economy.
That leads to an increase in incomes, inspiring consumers to
open up their wallets and buy more, which means a higher
material quality of life or standard of living.
5.
6. Redistribution With Growth
Trickle -down theory: increase increase in growth rates enables
enables the poor to derive maximum benefits.
Growth is good for the poor (Dollar & Kraay, 2000)
Yet in rare cases the economic growth might increase inequality and
offset gains of the poor from the economic growth (Esanov, 2006).
Kuznet’s (1955) inverted-U predicts rise in inequality at early periods
of high and rising growth rates and fall in inequality during later
periods.
Okun’s (1975) treatise on equality and efficiency argue that greater
income inequality is an incentive for work and investment.
7. Practice of Redistribution
Redistributive policies attempt to take wealth, income, and
other resources from the "haves" and give them to the "have-
nots",
Different types of economic system feature varying degrees of
interventionism aimed at redistributing income, depending on
how unequal their initial distributions of income are.
Free-market capitalist economies tend to feature high degrees
of income redistribution.
The socialist planned economies do not allow to own private
property and non existence of inequality problem.
8. Forms of redistribution
The redistribution of wealth and its practical application are bound to change with
the continuous evolution of social norms, politics, and culture.
Governmental redistribution of income may include a direct benefit program
involving either cash transfers or the purchase of specific services for an individual.
Developed countries income inequality has become a widely popular issue that has
dominated the debate stage for the past few years.
Redistributing wealth comes from the implementation of a carefully thought out
well described system of taxation.
The implementation of such a system would aid in achieving the desired social and
economic objective of diminishing social inequality and maximizing social welfare.
Progressive system of taxation to achieve a certain level of income redistribution.
9. Forms of Redistribution cont…
Progressive-rate income tax policy as redistributive, because some of the tax
revenue goes to social programs such as welfare and Medicare.
Other common types of governmental redistribution of income
are subsidies and vouchers.
Medicare is a government-run health insurance program that covers people
age 65 or older, certain younger people with disabilities.
Wealth redistribution can be implemented through land reform that transfers
ownership of land from one category of people to another, or through
inheritances taxes or direct wealth tax.
Economies also implement unemployment benefits as redistribution measure.
Legislation of minimum wage fixation program.
10. Measures of Redistribution
Redistributive fiscal policies (pprogressive taxation and transfer payments),
Improving access and quality of education,
Providing better and wider access to health and nutrition,
Improve access to credit markets through financial inclusion policies;
Better access to public goods like the internet, mobile telephones, clean
water and sewerage, electricity, and so forth (through broader provision of
such goods by the government).
Land reform to ensuring ownership of land as means of livelihood,
Ownership of housing to poor and destitute,
11. Conclusions
Scholars are not in consensus on whether redistribution promotes growth.
Redistribution via direct transfer may ensure social justice but stagnates growth.
Redistribution via improvement in land ownership(land reform) may increase land productivity and ensure
social justice.
Redistribution via improving in access and quality of education will upgrade labour productivity and
eventually promotes growth.
Redistribution via public finance will increase productivity and growth.
Redistribution through monetary policy will ensure better access to money market and capital market thereby
increasing investment and growth.
Redistribution through better healthcare, nutrition, drinking water, housing will upgrade productivity of
human capital thereby increase growth.
Redistribution through better provision of public goods like public transportation, electricity, communication
service, judicial system, defence, law and order and security reduce cost and promote growth.
Public policies that potentially have redistributing effects may facilitate growth by publicly providing for
insurances against risks such as unemployment, disabilities, and old age that markets cannot (efficiently)
provide for.
12. Okun, A.M. (1975). Equality and Efficiency: the Big Trade-Off
(Washington: Brookings Institution Press).
Dollar, D., T. Kleineberg, and Kraay, A.(2000). “Growth Is Still Good for
the Poor,” Policy Research Working Paper No. 6568 (Washington: World
Bank).
Kuznets, S. (1955) Economic Growth and Income Inequality, Anzrican
Economic Review 45(1):1-28.
Thanks