Management and Leadership Chapter 2

1. © Hoy 2003
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Chapter 2Chapter 2
Structure In SchoolStructure In School

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Model of BureaucracyModel of Bureaucracy
Max Weber (1947)Max Weber (1947)
Division of LaborDivision of Labor
Division of labor leads to specialization and specialization promotes expertise.Division of labor leads to specialization and specialization promotes expertise.
Impersonal OrientationImpersonal Orientation
Decisions based on facts, not feelings or biasesDecisions based on facts, not feelings or biases..
Hierarchy of AuthorityHierarchy of Authority - Systems of superiors and subordinates- Systems of superiors and subordinates
Hierarchy promotes disciplined compliance and coordination.Hierarchy promotes disciplined compliance and coordination.
Rules and RegulationsRules and Regulations
Formalization ensures stability and uniformity of behavior.Formalization ensures stability and uniformity of behavior.
Career OrientationCareer Orientation
Career orientation-Career orientation-promotion according to seniority, achievement, or bothpromotion according to seniority, achievement, or both
EfficiencyEfficiency
BureaucracyBureaucracy maximizes rational decision-making and administrative efficiencymaximizes rational decision-making and administrative efficiency

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Critique of Weber’s Model
FunctionFunction
ExpertiseExpertise
RationalityRationality
Compliance andCompliance and
CoordinationCoordination
Continuity andContinuity and
StabilityStability
IncentiveIncentive
CharacteristicCharacteristic
Division of LaborDivision of Labor
Impersonal OrientationImpersonal Orientation
Hierarchy of AuthorityHierarchy of Authority
Rules and RegulationsRules and Regulations
Career OrientationCareer Orientation
DysfunctionDysfunction
BoredomBoredom
Lack of moraleLack of morale
CommunicationCommunication
blocksblocks
Rigidity and goalRigidity and goal
displacementdisplacement
Conflict betweenConflict between
achievement andachievement and
seniorityseniority

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Informal Organization
Informal organization is the spontaneous development of a social structure and
culture within a formal organization--it is a ‘shadow organization.”
How does the informal organizations develop?
Activities, interactions, and sentiments form the following:
•Informal structure
•Division into cliques
•Informal norms
•Personal relations
•Informal communication; the grapevine
•Informal leadership

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Formal vs. Informal StructureFormal vs. Informal Structure
Formal SystemFormal System
HierarchyHierarchy
Division of LaborDivision of Labor
FormalizationFormalization
ImpersonalityImpersonality
““Chain of command”Chain of command”
Informal SystemInformal System
Informal structureInformal structure
Division into cliquesDivision into cliques
Informal normsInformal norms
Personal relationsPersonal relations
““Grapevine”Grapevine”

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Other Criticisms of Bureaucracy
1. Dual Structure
Is the guiding principal of bureaucracy-Authority based on
expertise or based on rules and discipline?
2. Feminist Critique
Does bureaucracy perpetuate male values at the expense of
feminine ones?
Hierarchy, impersonality, independence, rationality, competition,
centralized versus decentralized, personalism, dependence,
emotionality, cooperation.

7. © Hoy 2003
Other Criticisms of Bureaucracy
3. Post-Modern Critique
Contemporary society requires a more dynamic,
flexible organization characterized by the
following:
•Decentralization
•Openness
•Personalization of relationships
•Flexibility of roles
•Delegation of authority
•Infusing structure with passion

8. © Hoy 2003
Formal Structure in Schools
High Low
High Weberian Authoritarian
Low Professional Chaotic
Professional Pattern
Bureaucratic
Pattern
Types of School Structures

9. Who are the informal leaders in your school? Why
are these people leaders? How well do they get
along with the principal? Describe the grapevine
in your school. What are the significant cliques?
How do the cliques get along? How would you
describe the informal organization of your school?
Where do you fit into the informal organization?
Discuss.
Tutorial activities

10. Who are the informal leaders in your school? Why
are these people leaders? How well do they get
along with the principal? Describe the grapevine
in your school. What are the significant cliques?
How do the cliques get along? How would you
describe the informal organization of your school?
Where do you fit into the informal organization?
Discuss.
Tutorial activities