The document summarizes the political developments in Europe following the Napoleonic Wars. It discusses the Congress of Vienna which aimed to restore the balance of power and conservative monarchies in Europe. However, liberal and nationalist revolutions spread across Europe in the 1800s challenging this order. The document outlines the rise of liberalism, revolutions in various European countries, and the development of new nation states like Germany and Italy in this tumultuous period after the fall of Napoleon.

1. Chapter 17
Reaction and
Revolution
World History
Mrs. Holland

2. “When France sneezes, all
Europe catches cold.”
The “Cold” is actually the spirit
of revolution. Liberalism,
nationalism, local autonomy
and the longing for
independence stirred the
desire for revolution and
change.

3. Reactionaries were men who
wanted to reverse the trends
begun by the French
Revolution and restore
Europe to its pre-Revolution
condition. This conservative
movement lost momentum to
the liberal forces of
nationalism.

4. The Congress of Vienna
The victorious nations of the Grand
Alliance – Britain, Austria, Prussia,
Russia – were now faced with
restoring order and stability in Europe.
They convened a congress of
European leaders to draw up a
settlement. (They were later called
the Quadruple Alliance-established
by the Congress. When France was
added, it became the Quintuple
Alliance.)

5. Great Britain was the Quintuple
Alliance member that was more
sympathetic to social reform
and strongly opposed the plan
to restore the Spanish colonies to
the monarchy of Spain. These
colonies had previously fought
and won independence during
the Napoleonic Era.

6. Belgium was given to the Dutch
by the Congress of Vienna. The
Belgium people were dissatisfied
and revolted. The Treaty of
London recognized the
independence of Belgium. It also
declared Belgium a perpetually
neutral state.

7. The French constitution of 1848
established “universal human
suffrage,” which means that all
men can vote.
The first major international conflict
after the defeat of Napoleon was
the Crimean War. – It pitted Britain,
France and the Kingdom of
Sardinia against Russia.

8. In the mid nineteenth
century, Italy was still politically
divided into small kingdoms.
Nationalism movement –
Risorgimento (resurgence). A
society called “Young Italy”
wanted unification.
The kingdom of Italy’s first king
was Victor Emmanuel.

10. Spokesmen for the great
powers at the Congress:
Lord Castlereagh – Britain
Czar Alexander I – Russia
Prince Klemens von
Matternich – Austria

11. Matternich was the
leading figure at the
congress. His influence
was so great that the
period from 1815 to
1848 is called the “Age
of Matternich.”

12. Goals of the Congress:
Safeguards against France-
stripped France of her
conquests and reduced her
territory to her 1792
borders/required France to
pay compensations
(indemnities) to the other
nations for war damages.

13. Restoration of legitimate rulers
– Napoleon had deposed
many European rulers and
placed his relatives on their
thrones.
Grants of compensation –
victors of the Napoleonic wars
and those nations that lost
territory were compensated
with additional territory.

14. Balance of Power – The
delegates wanted to
prevent any nation from
becoming so strong that it
could threaten the security
of Europe as France had
done.

15. The Congress of Vienna
was dominated by the idea
of restoring order in Europe
and the conservative ideas
of the monarchy - not
promoting the liberal
rebellions.

16. Reform of the Liberals
Advocated democratic reforms
such as written constitutions that
guarantee rights and freedoms
and limited the power of
autocratic rulers. They promoted
parliamentary government and
increased public participation in
government.

17. The Concert of Europe – the
major powers hoped to work
together to avoid major wars
and suppress nationalism and
liberalism.
After liberal revolutions in 1830
and 1848, France ended up with
the dictatorship.

18. The policy of doing
whatever is necessary to
obtain national goals is
known as realpolitik. (“the
politics of reality”)

19. The Dual Monarchy – made
Austria equal partners with
Hungary. (Austria-Hungary)
Both countries remained under
the Hapsburg monarchy and
co-operated in matters such as
the finances, foreign affairs and
defense, but each had its own
constitution, official language,
flag and parliament.

20. Romanticism was a cultural
movement that gave literary
and artistic expression to the
concepts of “Liberty, Equality,
and Fraternity.”
Major themes of romantic
writers included the love of
freedom, the “noble savage”,
and an emphasis on nature.

21. Important people
Louis XVIII – invited to assume
the throne of France after
Napolean’s defeat.
Monroe – American president
who warned European nations
against establishing colonies in
the Western Hemisphere.

22. Charles X – forced to flee
France in 1830 after the
people of France revolted
against his attempts to restrict
certain freedoms
Napoleon III – French leader
who staged a coup d’etat in
1851 and proclaimed himself
emperor a year later.

23. Nicholas I – Russian czar who
replaced westernization with
“Russification.”
Cavour – Primarily responsible for
unifying Italy.
Louis Philippe – “citizen king” who
replaced Charles X in France.

24. Garibaldi – Italian patriot, his
followers were called “Red
Shirts.”
Bismarck – Architect of
German unification.
Talleyrand – Represented
France at the Congress of
Vienna

25. Alexander II – Russian czar
who abolished serfdom in 1861
but was assassinated in 1881.
Pushkin – great Russian
poet/supported the
Decembrist Revolt in 1825.
Nationalism was a major
theme in his writing.

26. Florence Nightingale –
nurse whose efforts during
the Crimean War made her
a national heroine in Great
Britain/Advised the United
States during the American
Civil War/First woman to
receive the British Order of
Merit.

27. Byron – British poet who
died in a greed war for
Independence.
Coleridge – Wrote poems
describing a Mongol
palace and the voyage of
an old seaman.

28. Cooper – American novelist
who glorified the noble
savage.
Goethe – German author
of Faust.
Grimm brothers – German
Fairy Tales.

29. Hugo – French author of the
Hunchback of Notre Dame.
Poe – American author of
mysterious and emotional
poems and short stories.
Scott – Scottish author of
Ivanhoe.

30. Shelley – British poet who
condemned the tyranny of
Christianity.
Wordsworth – Expressed his
love of nature through his
poetry.

31. Beethoven – bridged the gap
between classical and
romantic music. Increased the
size of the orchestra and
added the trombone and
piccolo.
Brahms – German composer
of chamber music,
symphonies and songs.

32. Constable – British painter
of landscapes
David – Neoclassical
painter
Delacroix – Painted Liberty
Leading the People.

33. Liszt – one of the most
accomplished pianists of that
day.
Tchaikovsky – Nutcracker ballet
and 1812 Overture.
Written about the
commemorate the 1812 Russian
victory over Napoleon.
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=VbxgYlcNxE8

34. Verdi – Great Italian opera
composer associated with
the cause of Italian
unification.
Wagner – Based his operas
on Germanic myths.