3 Europe under Napoleon. The Restoration
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1) Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in France after the French Revolution, becoming the first consul and later emperor. 2) As emperor, Napoleon conquered much of Western Europe and established governments led by French generals, spreading revolutionary ideals. 3) Napoleon was eventually defeated by a coalition of European powers in 1815. After his defeat, the monarchies were restored but liberal and nationalist ideas continued to spread challenging the old order.
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I. Napoleon rose to power through military victories in Italy and Egypt in the late 18th century. He later seized power in France through a coup d'état in 1799.
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- Major events included the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the abolition of feudalism and establishment of human rights, and the execution of King Louis XVI in 1793 after he conspired against the revolution.
- Figures mentioned include Robespierre, who led the radical Jacobin faction during the Reign of Terror but was later overthrown and guillotined along with his supporters.
2 economic and social changes during the xviii century
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Napoleon
I. Napoleon rose to power through military victories in Italy and Egypt in the late 18th century. He later seized power in France through a coup d'état in 1799.
II. Between 1803-1809, Napoleon dominated much of Europe through further military campaigns. However, his ill-fated invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point, as his army was decimated in its retreat from Moscow.
III. Napoleon's empire went into decline after 1813, as the Wars of Liberation saw European nations rise up against French rule. He was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, sending him into exile and bringing an end to his reign.
Restoration and liberal revolutions
The Congress of Vienna was organized in 1814-1815 after the defeat of Napoleon. It was organized by Metternich of Austria and aimed to restore absolutism in Europe and remodel the map. The key goals were maintaining the balance of power in Europe to prevent any one nation from becoming too powerful, restoring deposed monarchs to power, and weakening France while keeping it intact. The new map of Europe redrew borders and divided or consolidated territories among the great powers. However, the liberal and nationalist movements inspired by the French Revolution could not be suppressed and would eventually challenge this system.
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World War II was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved most nations of the world forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. The war began with Germany's invasion of Poland and ended with the surrender of Nazi Germany and Japan after the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Over 70 million people were killed during the war, making it the deadliest conflict in human history. Key turning points included Germany's defeat on the Eastern Front by the Soviet Union and the Allied invasion of Normandy leading to the collapse of the Axis powers.
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The revolutions of 1848 saw uprisings across Europe seeking liberal reforms and national independence. Revolutions broke out in cities like Paris, Vienna, Berlin and Milan. However, the revolutions ultimately failed due to several factors. They did not attract widespread support from workers and peasants. As revolutions turned more radical, the middle class withdrew support. Nationalist goals divided rather than united in places like Germany and Italy. Where revolutions succeeded temporarily, the old ruling elites were left intact and moved to reassert control. By 1850, the pre-revolutionary political order was largely restored across Europe through direct military intervention or co-optation of liberal gains.
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The document provides a detailed overview of World War 2 from the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945. It describes key events including the Nazi blitzkrieg tactics, Britain and France declaring war on Germany, Germany's rapid conquest of Western Europe in 1940, the Battle of Britain, Operation Barbarossa invading the Soviet Union, the Battle of Stalingrad turning the tide, D-Day in 1944 opening a second front in Europe, and the final defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 with Soviet forces capturing Berlin and Germany's unconditional surrender.
French Revolution
The French Revolution began in 1789 due to various economic and social causes including high debts, an outdated feudal system, and Enlightenment ideas promoting liberty, equality and reason. The Storming of the Bastille on July 14th, 1789 marked the start of the revolution. Key events that followed included the formation of the National Assembly, the abolition of feudal privileges, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen establishing natural rights and liberties. The revolution deeply transformed French society and government.
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The document provides background information on the Russian Revolution between 1905-1924. It discusses the long-term causes of unrest including the role of peasants, the new working class, and the Tsar's poor leadership. Two main groups opposed the Tsar - liberal reformers and revolutionaries led by Vladimir Lenin. In 1917, widespread unrest led the Tsar to abdicate and a provisional government formed, but Lenin seized power in October 1917 beginning communist rule. This sparked a civil war as the Bolsheviks fought opposition groups supported by foreign powers, which the Bolsheviks ultimately won by 1921.
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The document provides background information on key events and figures of the French Revolution:
- La Marseillaise was composed in 1792 as the revolution was underway and France was at war with absolute monarchies.
- Major events included the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the abolition of feudalism and establishment of human rights, and the execution of King Louis XVI in 1793 after he conspired against the revolution.
- Figures mentioned include Robespierre, who led the radical Jacobin faction during the Reign of Terror but was later overthrown and guillotined along with his supporters.
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The document summarizes economic and social changes during the 18th century in Europe. It discusses that the economy was originally based on agriculture under the system of mercantilism. However, improvements in agriculture through new crops from America and machinery led to economic growth. Liberal economic ideas developed by Adam Smith advocating for free markets also became popular. Cottage industries developed where peasants manufactured goods at home. Trade between Europe and the American colonies boomed, though it also included the slave trade from Africa. However, society did not change dramatically, remaining stratified with demands growing for more political power from the emerging bourgeoisie class.
2. The spread of industrialisation
The document summarizes the spread of industrialization in the 19th century. It discusses how countries like France, Belgium, Germany, the United States, and Japan adopted industrialization after Britain. It then describes the social consequences of industrialization, including the rise of the bourgeoisie and poor working conditions for the proletariat. Trade unions and labor movements developed to advocate for better treatment of workers.
1. The start of the industrial revolution.
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Similar to 3 Europe under Napoleon. The Restoration
Napoleón Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power during the French Revolution as a military leader. He was able to gain control of France by overthrowing the Directory government in 1799 and proclaiming himself First Consul. Over the next decade, Napoleon conquered much of Europe and established an empire through brilliant military victories. However, his invasion of Russia in 1812 proved disastrous and marked the beginning of his decline in power. After being defeated by a coalition of European powers, Napoleon was exiled to Elba in 1814, but briefly returned to power in 1815 before being defeated at Waterloo and exiled again, this time to Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.
History notes Napoleon
Napoleon overthrew the French government in 1799, establishing himself as the head of state. He implemented many reforms promoting egalitarianism and meritocracy. Napoleon created the Code Napoleon to standardize French law and established state schools. However, his numerous military campaigns across Europe ultimately led to his downfall. After being defeated by a coalition of European powers in 1813, Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to Elba in 1814.
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in France during the French Revolution. He established himself as the Emperor of France and expanded French territory across Europe through military conquest. At the height of his power, Napoleon controlled a vast empire stretching from France to Russia. However, his invasion of Russia in 1812 proved disastrous and marked the beginning of his decline in power. After being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena, where he died in 1821. His reign significantly influenced the development of nationalism and the modernization of legal codes across Europe.
Napoleon For Web
Napoleon rose to power during the French Revolution. He had a successful early military career leading victories in Italy and Egypt. However, he was defeated in Egypt by the British navy. Returning to France as a hero, Napoleon launched a coup and became the First Consul, consolidating his power over time. He established himself as Emperor and expanded French control over much of Europe through military campaigns, while also instituting reforms like the Napoleonic Code. However, campaigns in Spain and Russia proved difficult and contributed to his eventual defeat.
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power during the French Revolution and became the first emperor of France. He established control over much of Europe through military conquest. While spreading ideas from the French Revolution like legal reforms, he also centralized power under himself. His invasion of Russia in 1812 ended in disastrous defeat, leading to the fall of his empire. Nationalist sentiments in Europe contributed to resistance against French rule.
6 napoleon bonaparte
Napoleon came to power in France after the French Revolution led to chaos. As a military leader, he successfully defended France from foreign invasion. In 1799, he staged a coup and became the ruler of France as First Consul. Napoleon instituted important reforms to improve France's government, economy, and society. However, his attempts to build a European empire through military conquests ultimately failed. After his defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the European monarchies sought to restore the pre-Napoleonic political system at the Congress of Vienna.
Napoleon I
The document provides an overview of Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power in France and his military campaigns across Europe from 1796 to his final defeat at Waterloo in 1815. It discusses his early victories in Italy and Egypt, his coup establishing himself as First Consul of France in 1799, and his subsequent crowning as Emperor in 1804. The summary also outlines Napoleon's major military victories and defeats over several European coalitions, as well as his establishment of important political and educational reforms in France.
Napoleon bonaparte (1769 1821)
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) was a French military leader and emperor. He rose through the ranks of the French army during the French Revolution. As first consul, Napoleon centralized the government, reformed laws and education, and was made consul for life in 1802. He later crowned himself Emperor of France in 1804. Napoleon successfully expanded French territory through military victories but was eventually defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. He was exiled to Saint Helena where he died in 1821.
Napoleon
A high school World History presentation of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor, Grand Army, France, Austerlitz, Waterloo, Elba, St. Helena, Congress of Vienna
The napoleonic era upload
Napoleon rose to power in France after his failed Egyptian campaign. He crowned himself Emperor and established control over much of Europe through military campaigns. However, his invasion of Russia proved disastrous and led to the formation of coalitions against him. After his defeat at Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna was held to restore the European monarchies and balance of power.
Napoleon - THE GREAT
Napoleon rose to power through his military successes in Italy and Egypt in the late 18th century. After returning to France, he launched a coup in 1799 and became the First Consul. He later proclaimed himself Emperor in 1804. As leader, Napoleon reformed many French institutions, established the Napoleonic Code, and expanded French territory across Europe through military campaigns. However, his invasion of Russia in 1812 proved disastrous, leading to the collapse of his empire and his eventual exile on St. Helena, where he died in 1821.
Chapter 18 b the french revolution and napoleon
This document summarizes Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power during the French Revolution and his subsequent rule as emperor of France. It discusses his early military victories that elevated his status, his coup in 1799 to become the leader of France, and his domestic reforms under the Napoleonic Code. It then covers Napoleon crowning himself emperor in 1804 and his expansion of French territory and influence through numerous military victories across Europe. However, his failed invasion of Russia in 1811 marked the beginning of his decline as new militaries emerged to oppose French domination of the continent. Napoleon was eventually defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, ending his rule and ambitions of a new French empire.
Napoleon i
Napoleon rose to power through his military successes in Italy and Egypt in the late 18th century. He launched a coup in 1799 and became the First Consul of France, later crowning himself Emperor in 1804. As Emperor, Napoleon reformed the legal and educational systems, established the Bank of France, and expanded French territorial control through military campaigns across Europe. However, his invasion of Russia in 1812 proved disastrous and led to the formation of a coalition that eventually defeated Napoleon, forcing his second abdication in 1815 after his brief return from exile on Elba during the "Hundred Days."
Napoleon Bonaparte Presentation.pptx
Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Corsica in 1768 and rose to power in France during the Revolutionary period, becoming a general and later Emperor. As Emperor, he established the Napoleonic Code and consolidated power over France and much of Europe, creating a large empire through military conquest. However, his invasion of Russia in 1812 proved disastrous as his army was decimated by Russian winter warfare tactics. After being defeated by a coalition of European powers, Napoleon was exiled to Elba in 1815, though he briefly retook power in France for 100 days before his final defeat at Waterloo, sending him to exile on St. Helena, where he died in 1821.
Napoleon texto
Napoleon was a contradictory historical figure who supported the French Revolution but also crowned himself Emperor, concentrating power. He granted new rights to citizens with the Napoleonic Code but suppressed freedoms. Militarily, he scored major victories across Europe but overextended his forces, leading to devastating defeats in Spain and Russia. By 1815 his empire was defeated at Waterloo, and he died in exile on Saint Helena. His rule helped spread revolutionary ideals and nationalism while confirming France's break from its royal past.
The Congress Of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was convened in 1815 following Napoleon's defeat to establish a long-term peace plan for Europe and restore the pre-French Revolutionary monarchical order. The four great powers of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain sought to create a balance of power to prevent future domination by one state and legitimate old rulers. They agreed to restore monarchies, return France's borders to their 1792 lines, and intervene to suppress revolution through the Concert of Europe alliance system. However, the ideas of nationalism and liberalism spread by France could not be eliminated and resurfaced in the 1848 revolutions.
Napoleon
Napoleon was born in Corsica to a poor family and showed early traits from the Enlightenment such as being creative, scientific, and liberal. He rose to power in France by defending the country from its enemies and seizing control of the government. As the French leader, Napoleon established the Napoleonic Code to unify laws and limit individual rights, crowned himself Emperor, and expanded French territory through military campaigns. However, his invasion of Russia proved disastrous and the defeat led to his eventual abdication and exile, bringing his reign to an end.
The Napoleonic Era
Napoleon seized power in France in a coup and established himself as the dictator of France, taking the title of First Consul. He reorganized the French government and legal system, establishing the Napoleonic Code. Napoleon later declared himself emperor after a plebiscite and expanded French control over much of Europe through military conquest. However, his invasion of Russia in 1812 ended in disaster and led to the collapse of his empire as European nations allied against France. Napoleon's final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 marked the end of his rule.
The Napoleonic Era
Napoleon rose to power through a coup d'état and established himself as the dictator of France, taking the title of First Consul. He reorganized the French government and legal system, establishing the Napoleonic Code. Through military victories across Europe, he expanded French control over neighboring lands and eventually crowned himself emperor in 1804. However, Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 proved disastrous and led to the collapse of his empire as European nations allied against France. After briefly reclaiming power during the "Hundred Days" period in 1815, Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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3 Europe under Napoleon. The Restoration
- 1. Europe under Napoleon. The Restoration
- 2. Napoleon Bonaparte was a military genius. He defeated the Ottoman turks in When Napoleon returned to France, he became very popular. He was one of the three consuls during the Consulate
- 3. The Consulate (made up of 3 consuls, 1799-1804) Napoleon held the title of First Consul. While he was first consul, Napoleon: - controlled the radical jacobins. - helped the nobles who had exiled to return to France. - signed an agreement with the Vatican (the Holy See). He also: - established a Civil Code that guaranteed equality under the law, liberty and the separation of the State and the Church. - established a free economy - promoted education and public health.
- 4. Also, Napoleon defeated Austria in the battle of Marengo (1800) Napoleon crossing the Alps, by David
- 5. His good government made Napoleon very popular. He became first consul for life. Later, Napoleon became emperor of France (1804)
- 6. Napoleon Bonaparte was an ambitious militar. He decided to expand the revolution outside France From 1805 to 1810, the Grande Armée (the French army) defeated his enemies in several battles: Wagram, Austerlitz, Jena...
- 7. These victories led France to control most of Western Europe, thus creating a vast empire. Napoleon set up governments made up of members of his family, and French generals They all spread the ideas of the French revolution, abolished feudalism and established constitutions.
- 8. However, Great Britain was not conquered. In the battle of Trafalgar (a cape offshore Cádiz), France and Spain were defeated by a British fleet of ships commanded by Nelson After Trafalgar, France established an economic blockade in 1806, but the UK resisted.
- 9. The fall of Napoleon - French domination was not accepted in many countries (including Spain), and groups of patriots attacked the French. - In 1812, Napoleon decided to invade Russia with 700,000 soldiers. He conquered Moscow, but all the Russians had left the city before Napoleon arrived. Napoleon decided to return to France. Only 58,000 soldiers managed to arrive safely back home due to the lack of food and the harsh winter.
- 10. In 1814, a large coallition of European powers entered Paris. Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba in the Mediterranean. Members of the coallition: UK Austria Prussia Russia
- 11. The monarchy of the Bourbons was restored in France. Louis XVIII was proclaimed king
- 12. However, Napoleon managed to escape from Elba! Napoleon created an army in France, and took power for 100 days The allies were determined to defeat Napoleon again The Duke of Wellington led the European coallition against Napoleon
- 13. Napoleon was defeated by the allies in Waterloo, Belgium (1815)
- 14. Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic. There he died in 1821 Napoleon’s tomb in Paris
- 15. The Restoration After Napoleon was defeated, there was a short period when absolutism is going to be restored. That period is know as The Restoration (La Restauración). However, it was no longer possible to return to the Old Regime, and liberalism was going to be triumphant in Western Europe.
- 16. The Congress of Vienna (1815) The United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia and Russia met at Vienna with three objectives: a) Restoring the Old Regime, and restoring the monarchs who had been overthrowned by Napoleon (the Bourbons in Spain and France, for example). b) To establish new borders in Europe. France should return the territories conquered since 1791 (Savoy, Nice, The Netherlands, Belgium). c) To control the spread of liberalism and the ideals of the French revolutionnaries.
- 17. The powers agreed to: - hold periodical congresses in order to solve disputes among countries. - intervene in any country threatened by revolution: The Holy Alliance (Austria, Prussia, and Russia) and the Quadruple Alliance (Austria, Prussia, Russia and the UK) were military alliances that would help any absolute monarch whose power was threatened by revolutionnaries to stay in power.
- 18. However, the new ideas spread all over Europe Liberalism: a) In economy, liberals wanted a free market (as Adam Smith had defended). b) They also defended: - individual liberty, and the rights of citizens. - national sovereignty and separation of powers. - a government limited by a Parliament elected by censitary suffrage.
- 19. Nationalism: Nationalists defended that a territory with a common history, a common language and common traditions and culture should be free from any imperial power, and shoul constitute and independent state. During the 19th century, nationalism was especially important in the Austrian empire (composed of very different nationalities) and the Ottoman Empire (which at that time included territories like Greece, Bulgaria, Bosnia, etc.)