This document defines 35 terms related to joints and movement. It discusses the three main types of joints: synarthroses which are immovable, amphiarthroses which are slightly movable, and diarthroses or synovial joints which are freely movable. Diarthroses have six types - pivot, gliding, condyloid, ball and socket, saddle - and allow various movements like flexion, extension, and rotation. It also outlines the three anatomical planes used to describe body positioning.

1. Chapter 14 Vocabulary
1. Abduction- movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body
2. Adduction-movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body
3. Amphiarthroses- slightly movable joints connected by fibrocartilage
4. Arthrology- the study of joints
5. Axial plane- a horizontal flat surface dividing the body into upper and lower parts,
also called the transverse plane
6. Ball and socket joint- freely movable joints in which a rounded end of one bone
fits into an indented end of another bone; allows the widest range of motion
7. Cirumduction- circular movement of the limbs around an axis
8. Condyloid joint- freely movable joints that allow bones to move about one
another in many different directions, but not to rotate
9. Coronal plane- a vertical flat surface running from side to side of the body, also
known as the frontal plane
10. Diarthroses- freely movable joints also known as synovial joints
11. Dorsiflexion- movement that flexes the foot
12. Eversion- movement of the sole of the foot outward
13. Extension- movement that increases the angle between two bones
14. Fibrocartilage- specialized connective tissue with thick collagen fibers
15. Flexion- movement that decreases the angle between two bones
16. Gliding joint- a freely movable joint that allows bones to make a sliding motion
17. Gomphosis- an immovable joint in which a conical process fits into a socket held
in place by ligaments
18. Hinge joint- a freely movable join that allows flexion and extension
19. Hyperextension- movement beyond the natural range of motion
20. Inversion- movement of the sole of the foot inward
21. Joint articulation – the connecting pointy of two bones
22. Kinesiology- the multidisciplinary study of physical activity or movement,
encompasses anatomy, biomechanics, physiology, psychomotor behavior, and
social and cultural factors
23. Opposition- movement of the thumb to touch each finger
24. Pivot joint- a freely movable joint in which a bone moves around a central axis,
creating rotational movement
25. Plantar flexion- movement that extends the foot
26. Pronation- movement of the radius and ulna posterior or inferior
27. Rotation- movement of a bone on an axis toward or away from the body
28. Saddle joint- a freely movable joint between two complementary shapes, allows a
wide range of motion
29. Sagittal plane- a vertical flat surface running from front to back of the body
30. Supination- movement of the radius and ulna anterior or superior
31. Sutures- joints where a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites the
bones of the skull
32. Synarthoses- immovable joints that lack a synovial cavity and are held together by
fibrous connective tissue
33. Syndesmoses-slightly movable joints where bones are connected by ligaments

2. 34. Synovial fluid- a lubricating substance found in joint cavities
35. Synovial joint- freely movable joint, also known as a diarthroses
Notes:
- Joints system = articular system
1) Synarthoses – immovable joints
- Example is a suture
- Syndesmoses- tibia + fibula – ligaments attached to bones also the ulna
and radius
- Gomphosis – tooth – socket is the gum, cone in socket
2) Amphiarthroses – slightly movable joints
- The connection of the ribs to the sternum is an example
- Fibrocartilage
- Syphysis pubis and joints between the vertebrae are also examples
3) Diarthroses
- Also called synovial joints
- Has synovial fluids –lubes joints + allow bones to slide smoothly
- Joints move freely
- Most commonly injured
- Has six types
• Pivot joint – stays in one location and rotates, ex. – Joint bet/ the
radius and ulna
• Gliding joint – allows bone to slide, ex. – Carpals of the wrist
and the tarsales of the ankle also found bet/ the vertebrae in the
spine
• Condyloid joint – bones move in many directions but not rotate,
ex. – Metacarpals, phalanges (toes and fingers) and bet/ the
metatarsals of the foot
• Ball in socket joint – most movable, ex. - Hips and shoulders
• Saddle joint – only in thumb
- Has different types of movements
 Flexion –limbs, curling upward, decrease angle
 Extension- limbs, increase angle and goes downward
 Abduction- move away from midline of body
 Adduction- moves toward midline of body
 Rotation- turning of the neck
 Cirumduction- turn arm around in circle
 Supination- limbs, palm and feet going outward
 Pronation- limbs, palm and feet going inward
 Planter flexion- feet – up
 Dorsiflexion- feet – down
 Inversion- sole of foot goes inward
 Eversion- sole of foot goes outward
4) Anatomical planes

3. - Anatomical position – position of body when referenced to medical terms
- Axial/ transverse – cut body in half
- Sagittal plane – cuts body up the midline – left and right
- Coronal / frontal plane – cuts in front and back