Chapter 12 Homeostasis Lesson 2 - Examples of Homeostasis in Man
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1) The document discusses various examples of homeostasis in humans, including blood glucose concentration regulation by the liver and pancreas, blood water potential regulation by the kidney and pituitary gland, and temperature regulation. 2) It describes how temperature regulation works, with the hypothalamus detecting high or low body temperatures and initiating responses like vasoconstriction, vasodilation, sweating, and shivering to restore normal temperature. 3) The skin, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair erector muscles, and other structures all play roles in temperature regulation through mechanisms like insulation, sweating, blood flow control, and shivering.
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The skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system and plays an important role in homeostasis. It has a total surface area of 1.8 m2 and acts as a barrier protecting the body from external factors while also regulating temperature and water balance. The skin is made up of three layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis - which contain structures like hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands that carry out key homeostatic functions. The skin works together with other organ systems like the kidneys, lungs, liver and endocrine system to maintain stable internal conditions.
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Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite changes in the external environment. It allows cells to function properly through regulatory processes like negative feedback. The skin, kidneys, liver, endocrine and nervous systems all work to keep conditions like temperature, pH, water concentration, and glucose levels within narrow limits. When deviations occur, feedback mechanisms activate processes like sweating or vasoconstriction to return the internal environment to its optimal range for cellular activity.
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Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a constant internal environment despite changing external conditions. The document discusses various mechanisms that help regulate body temperature, including negative feedback loops, sweating, vasodilation, shivering, and changes in metabolism. When the body gets too hot, sweating and increased blood flow to the skin help cool it down. When cold, vasoconstriction and shivering generate heat while decreasing blood flow to the skin. Together these processes help keep the internal temperature within a narrow range to allow for optimal chemical reactions in cells.
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Genetic engineering is a technique used to transfer genes between organisms. It involves identifying the desired gene, using restriction enzymes to cut it from donor DNA, and inserting it into a vector like a plasmid. This vector is then inserted into a host cell like E. coli bacteria. For insulin production, the human insulin gene is inserted into bacterial DNA. The engineered bacteria are grown in large fermenters under controlled conditions to produce large quantities of human insulin. While genetic engineering has benefits like producing affordable insulin, it also raises social and ethical concerns regarding environmental impacts, economic issues, and potential health risks.
Chapter 20 Molecular Genetics Lesson 1 - Structure of DNA
This document provides an overview of molecular genetics content including:
(1) The structure of DNA and how it is organized in cells, with DNA made up of nucleotides containing bases, sugar, and phosphate that form two parallel strands twisted into a double helix.
(2) How genes and DNA are related, with each gene made up of a sequence of nucleotides that can vary, leading to different genes, and DNA containing the genetic information for cellular functions.
(3) The rules of complementary base pairing between nucleotides, with adenine binding thymine and cytosine binding guanine.
Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 4 - Gene chromosome mutations_natural selection
Mutations are permanent changes in DNA that can be caused by environmental factors like radiation or random chance during replication. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations, which cause conditions like albinism and sickle cell anemia, and chromosome mutations like Down syndrome. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation that results in abnormal hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to take on a sickle shape and leading to various health problems. While normally harmful, the sickle cell gene provides resistance to malaria, giving carriers an advantage in malaria-prone areas and allowing the mutation to persist.
Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 3 - Complete and Incomplete Dominance_Multiple all...
This document discusses different concepts related to genetics including complete and incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and sex determination.
It provides snapdragons with red, white, and pink flowers as an example of codominance, where the alleles for red (R) and white (r) both influence the phenotype and result in pink (Rr) flowers. It also gives human blood types as an example of multiple alleles, where the IA, IB, and Io alleles determine blood type A, B, AB, or O.
The document then provides a genetics problem asking for the possible blood groups of children from a mother with blood type A and a father with blood type B. It works through the
Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 4 - Examples of Gene and Chromosome Mutations and ...
Mutations are permanent changes in DNA that can be caused by environmental factors like radiation or random chance during DNA replication. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations, which cause conditions like albinism and sickle cell anemia, and chromosome mutations, such as Down syndrome. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation that results in abnormal hemoglobin, causing red blood cells to take on a sickle shape and leading to health issues. While normally harmful, the sickle cell mutation provides resistance to malaria, giving carriers an advantage in malaria-prone regions.
Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 2 - Present day understanding on heredity based on...
This document summarizes key concepts in genetics and heredity based on Mendel's findings:
1. DNA is organized into chromosomes that are found in the nucleus and carry genetic information. Humans have 46 chromosomes that come in 23 homologous pairs, with one chromosome from each parent.
2. Genes are segments of DNA that control traits and are located on chromosomes. Alleles are different forms of the same gene that can result in different phenotypes.
3. Mendel's theory of segregation explains how alleles separate during gamete formation and fertilization, resulting in different genotypes and phenotypes in offspring according to the combination of alleles inherited from each parent.
Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 1 - Monohybrid Cross and Test Cross
This document provides background information on Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants that formed the basis of genetics. It defines key genetic terms like phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous. It then explains Mendel's monohybrid cross experiments, showing how a single trait is passed from parents to offspring in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio. An example monohybrid cross is shown using punnett squares to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
Chapter 19 Heredity Lesson 5 - Discontinuous and Continuous Variation
There are two types of variation: discontinuous and continuous. Discontinuous variation results in distinct phenotypes controlled by one or a few genes, like pea plant height. Continuous variation produces a spectrum of intermediate phenotypes controlled additively by many genes, such as human skin color. Continuous traits can also be influenced by the environment, unlike discontinuous traits. Both natural and artificial selection can act on variations to influence evolution over generations.
Chapter 18 Cell Division Lesson 3 - Stages of mitosis
The document describes the stages of mitosis:
1) Interphase is the resting stage where the cell grows and the DNA duplicates.
2) Prophase is when the nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes form.
3) Metaphase is when chromosomes line up along the center of the cell.
4) Anaphase is when the chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cell.
5) Telophase is when new nuclear envelopes form around the separated chromosomes.
6) Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division into two daughter cells.
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- 3. 2) Regulation of blood water potential (water Φ) Kidney tubules Pituitary gland (receptor) Kidney tubules Pituitary gland (receptor) water Φ increases water Φ decreases Normal water Φ (norm) secretes more ADH secretes less ADH reabsorb less water reabsorb more water negative feedback negative feedback hypothalamus hypothalamus stimulates stimulates causes causes
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- 16. Label the parts below:
- 17. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
- 20. A. Epidermis
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