skin anatomy and physiology. also known as a integumentary system, largest sense organ. contains different layers any and different types of cells in each layer.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the skin. It describes the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It explains the structure and functions of the epidermis and dermis. The key functions of skin include protection, temperature regulation through sweating and blood flow, and sensory perception. The skin regulates body temperature through mechanisms like sweating, shivering and blood flow to dissipate or conserve heat.
Skin = integument
Skin+ accessory organs = integumentary system.
The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages acting to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside.
It includes hair, glands and nails.
It has a variety of additional functions; it may serve to waterproof, and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate body temperature, and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature,vitamin D synthesis.
skin and its layuer
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis ( subcutaneous layer)
Epidermis
Most superficial layer of the skin
Approx 10 to 30 cells thick ( epithelial)
Cell types
Keratinocytes -90%
Melanocytes
Merkel cells 10%
Langerhens
stratum basale
Stratum germinativum
Deepest epidermal layer
Attaches to basal lamina
Cells bond to dermis via collagen fibres
Finger like projection called dermal papillae in dermis
Helps in stronger connection
Cells- cuboidal shaped keratinocytes
Grows constantly ,mitosis
Pushed up old cells
Applied aspects
Cells – merkel cell – function as receptor- stimulating sensory nerve fibres
Found in hairless skin.
Abundant on surface of hand and feet.
Melanocytes- produces pigment melanin
- gives hair and skin its color
-protect from u rays
Note: skin color influenced by ,melanin and carotene – carrot, oxygenated haemoglobin
Fingerprints-epidermal ridges
Stratum spinosum
Spiny in appearance
Desmosomsis protruding cell
Interlock between cells
Composed of 8to 10 layers of keratinocytes
Applied aspects
Langerhans cell –as a macrophage by engulfing bacteria and foreign body and damaged cell.
Keratinocytes synthesise keratin and prevent water loss
Stratum granulosam
Has a grainy appearance
Cells become flattened,and cell membrane thicken, and generate large amount of protein keratin and keratohyalin
After cell dies , keratin ,keratohyalin and cell membrane forms stratum lucidum
And accessory structures of hair and nail
Stratum lucidum
Smooth translucent layer
It is found only in thick skin of palms ,soles,digits
Cells are densely packed with eleidin , a clear protein rich in lipids,
Transparent appearance
Stratum corneam
Most superficial layer of epidermis
The increased keratinization of cell
It has 15 to 30 layers of cells
Water is lost from skin in 2 ways
Insensible perspiration
water diffuses from stratum corneum and evaporates from skin
-500 ml per day
Sensible perspiration
Water excreted by sweat glands.
clinical application
Some medications are toxic if swallowed, but safe if used topically (applied to surface of skin)
• Certain topical antibiotics are fairly toxic if taken by mouth, butcan be applied to skin with minimal risk of systemic absorption;they are polar molecules that cannot pass through epidermis toreach blood vessels in dermis; allows for local effect only
• Nonpolar substances cross epidermis much more easily;provides a c
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of skin and its appendages. It describes the skin as the body's largest organ, made up of three layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis acts as a protective barrier and regulates temperature. The dermis contains collagen, hair follicles, oil and sweat glands. The bottom hypodermis layer is fatty and cushions muscles and bones. The document also outlines the functions of skin including protection, temperature regulation and sensation. Hair grows from follicles in the dermis layer, while nails protect fingers and toes. Glands like sweat and sebaceous glands are also discussed.
The document provides information about human skin anatomy, organization, histology, function and diagnosis. It discusses the key components and layers of the skin including the epidermis, dermis and skin appendages. The epidermis is composed of the basal, spinous, granular and stratum corneum layers. The dermis contains collagen, elastic and ground substance fibers. The skin has important protective, sensory and temperature regulating functions. Common skin lesions and their characteristics are also defined.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its appendages. The skin is made up of two layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is avascular and composed of stratified squamous epithelium in five layers. The dermis lies below and contains blood vessels, hair follicles, and glands. Functions of the skin include protection, regulation of temperature and moisture, synthesis of vitamin D, and sensation. Sweat glands and sebaceous glands are important appendages that aid temperature regulation and protect the skin surface.
The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of epithelial tissue in 5 layers (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum) and contains four main cell types. The dermis is made of connective tissue and contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nerves. The skin provides protection from external factors, regulates body temperature, and serves important sensory functions.
This document discusses the layers of skin, its functions, and appendages. It defines fascia as the deep connective tissue layer beneath the skin, and differentiates between superficial and deep fascia. Superficial fascia is a loose layer of adipose and connective tissue that connects the skin to underlying structures. Deep fascia is a dense layer of collagen that forms membranes and sheaths around muscles.
The document discusses the structure and function of skin and fascia. It describes the layers of the skin - epidermis and dermis, and structures in the skin like hair, sweat glands, and nails. It also discusses the superficial fascia below the skin and deep fascia beneath it. The superficial fascia contains fat and the deep fascia invests muscles and other structures. The document ends with some clinical correlations and sample questions.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the skin. It describes the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It explains the structure and functions of the epidermis and dermis. The key functions of skin include protection, temperature regulation through sweating and blood flow, and sensory perception. The skin regulates body temperature through mechanisms like sweating, shivering and blood flow to dissipate or conserve heat.
Skin = integument
Skin+ accessory organs = integumentary system.
The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages acting to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside.
It includes hair, glands and nails.
It has a variety of additional functions; it may serve to waterproof, and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate body temperature, and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature,vitamin D synthesis.
skin and its layuer
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis ( subcutaneous layer)
Epidermis
Most superficial layer of the skin
Approx 10 to 30 cells thick ( epithelial)
Cell types
Keratinocytes -90%
Melanocytes
Merkel cells 10%
Langerhens
stratum basale
Stratum germinativum
Deepest epidermal layer
Attaches to basal lamina
Cells bond to dermis via collagen fibres
Finger like projection called dermal papillae in dermis
Helps in stronger connection
Cells- cuboidal shaped keratinocytes
Grows constantly ,mitosis
Pushed up old cells
Applied aspects
Cells – merkel cell – function as receptor- stimulating sensory nerve fibres
Found in hairless skin.
Abundant on surface of hand and feet.
Melanocytes- produces pigment melanin
- gives hair and skin its color
-protect from u rays
Note: skin color influenced by ,melanin and carotene – carrot, oxygenated haemoglobin
Fingerprints-epidermal ridges
Stratum spinosum
Spiny in appearance
Desmosomsis protruding cell
Interlock between cells
Composed of 8to 10 layers of keratinocytes
Applied aspects
Langerhans cell –as a macrophage by engulfing bacteria and foreign body and damaged cell.
Keratinocytes synthesise keratin and prevent water loss
Stratum granulosam
Has a grainy appearance
Cells become flattened,and cell membrane thicken, and generate large amount of protein keratin and keratohyalin
After cell dies , keratin ,keratohyalin and cell membrane forms stratum lucidum
And accessory structures of hair and nail
Stratum lucidum
Smooth translucent layer
It is found only in thick skin of palms ,soles,digits
Cells are densely packed with eleidin , a clear protein rich in lipids,
Transparent appearance
Stratum corneam
Most superficial layer of epidermis
The increased keratinization of cell
It has 15 to 30 layers of cells
Water is lost from skin in 2 ways
Insensible perspiration
water diffuses from stratum corneum and evaporates from skin
-500 ml per day
Sensible perspiration
Water excreted by sweat glands.
clinical application
Some medications are toxic if swallowed, but safe if used topically (applied to surface of skin)
• Certain topical antibiotics are fairly toxic if taken by mouth, butcan be applied to skin with minimal risk of systemic absorption;they are polar molecules that cannot pass through epidermis toreach blood vessels in dermis; allows for local effect only
• Nonpolar substances cross epidermis much more easily;provides a c
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of skin and its appendages. It describes the skin as the body's largest organ, made up of three layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis acts as a protective barrier and regulates temperature. The dermis contains collagen, hair follicles, oil and sweat glands. The bottom hypodermis layer is fatty and cushions muscles and bones. The document also outlines the functions of skin including protection, temperature regulation and sensation. Hair grows from follicles in the dermis layer, while nails protect fingers and toes. Glands like sweat and sebaceous glands are also discussed.
The document provides information about human skin anatomy, organization, histology, function and diagnosis. It discusses the key components and layers of the skin including the epidermis, dermis and skin appendages. The epidermis is composed of the basal, spinous, granular and stratum corneum layers. The dermis contains collagen, elastic and ground substance fibers. The skin has important protective, sensory and temperature regulating functions. Common skin lesions and their characteristics are also defined.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its appendages. The skin is made up of two layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is avascular and composed of stratified squamous epithelium in five layers. The dermis lies below and contains blood vessels, hair follicles, and glands. Functions of the skin include protection, regulation of temperature and moisture, synthesis of vitamin D, and sensation. Sweat glands and sebaceous glands are important appendages that aid temperature regulation and protect the skin surface.
The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of epithelial tissue in 5 layers (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum) and contains four main cell types. The dermis is made of connective tissue and contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nerves. The skin provides protection from external factors, regulates body temperature, and serves important sensory functions.
This document discusses the layers of skin, its functions, and appendages. It defines fascia as the deep connective tissue layer beneath the skin, and differentiates between superficial and deep fascia. Superficial fascia is a loose layer of adipose and connective tissue that connects the skin to underlying structures. Deep fascia is a dense layer of collagen that forms membranes and sheaths around muscles.
The document discusses the structure and function of skin and fascia. It describes the layers of the skin - epidermis and dermis, and structures in the skin like hair, sweat glands, and nails. It also discusses the superficial fascia below the skin and deep fascia beneath it. The superficial fascia contains fat and the deep fascia invests muscles and other structures. The document ends with some clinical correlations and sample questions.
Skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and prevents water loss. Its layers include the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale. The dermis contains collagen, elastic and reticular fibers that give skin strength and elasticity. It has two layers - papillary and reticular. Sweat glands and hair follicles are found in the dermis. Sweating is important for thermoregulation as sweat evaporates and cools the body. Eccrine sweat glands cover most of the body while apocrine glands are in armpits and genital regions.
The document provides information on the integumentary system, skeletal system, and joints. It includes sections on the structure and functions of skin, as well as the structure of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and types of bones. Key points covered are the layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis), structures in the skin (sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands), functions of skin (protection, temperature regulation, sensation), and divisions of the skeletal system into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. The integumentary system
2. A system
3. An organ system
4. Albinism
5. The dermis
6. Langerhans cells
7. Melanin
8. Dermatology
9. Pacinian corpuscles
10. The papillary region
11. Jaundice
12. Tattooing
13. Calcitriol
14. Merkel cells
15. Keratinocytes
The document discusses the integumentary system, which includes the skin and its appendages. It describes the skin as the largest organ that protects the body and regulates temperature. The skin is made of multiple layers, including the epidermis and dermis. It also discusses the functions of skin like protection, sensation, heat regulation, and storage. Glands and hair are described as important appendages. In summary, the document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the integumentary system with a focus on the skin and its layers, appendages, and role in homeostasis.
Integumentary system
-The organs of the integumentary system include the skin and its accessory structures including hair, nails, and glands, as well as blood vessels, muscles and nerves.
-Dermatology is the medical specialty for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the integumentary system.
Structure Of The Skin
The skin (cutaneous membrane) covers the body and is the largest organ of the body by surface area and weight.
Its area is about 2 square meters (22 square feet) and weighs 4.5-5kg (10-11 lb), about 7% of body weight.
It is 0.5 – 4 mm thick, thinnest on the eyelids, thickest on the heels, the average thickness is 1 – 2 mm.
It consists of two major layers:
Outer, thinner layer called the epidermis, consists of epithelial tissue. Inner, thicker layer called the dermis.
Beneath the dermis is a subcutaneous layer (also called hypodermis) which attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs.
1. EPIDERMIS
-Covers, protects and waterproofs.
Contains five main layers:
- Stratum Basale
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
The epidermis has a number of important characteristics:
The epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
-It contains four major types of cells:
Keratinocytes (90% of the cells): It produce keratin which is a tough fibrous protein that provides protection.
-Melanocytes: which produce the pigment melanin that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation.
-Langerhans cells: involved in immune responses, arise from red bone marrow.
-Merkel cells: which function in the sensation of touch along with the adjacent tactile discs.
2. DERMIS
-It is a deeper layer of skin, composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.
-It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands.
-The epidermis is avascular and cells of this layer get their oxygen and nutrients from capillaries in the dermis.
-The dermis can be divided into papillary layer and reticular layer.
Hypodermis :
- The hypodermis (also called the subcutaneous layer) is a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles.
--Two types of glands are present in the skin over most of the body
These are sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
--Function Of Skin
Protection:
Sensation:
Heat regulation:
Storage and synthesis:
Synthesis of vitamin D:
Excretion and homeostasis:
Secretion:
Absorption:
Water resistance:
Colour :
Healing of wounds:
Aids in the diagnosis:
The document discusses the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of epithelial tissue and provides protection. Beneath it, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and sensory receptors. The deepest layer is the subcutaneous tissue. The skin acts as a barrier and regulates temperature and moisture. It also synthesizes vitamin D from sunlight and acts as a sensory organ.
The document provides information about the integumentary system, specifically the skin. It discusses the functions of skin including protection, homeostasis, vitamin D synthesis, and cosmesis. It describes the layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. It outlines the various skin appendages like hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. It also discusses the different sensory nerve endings and cutaneous nerves in the skin. The document provides details about the pathways for sensory conduction and characteristics of different skin types.
The skin is the largest organ of the body and has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and provides a protective barrier. It has five layers including the stratum corneum. The dermis contains collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves and skin appendages. The hypodermis is a subcutaneous layer containing fat and lobules. Skin has several functions like protection, sensation, temperature regulation and immunity. It also contains appendages like hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands.
The skin is the largest organ of the body and has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains collagen, elastic fibers, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. The skin acts as a protective, sensory, synthetic and temperature regulating organ.
The integumentary system is the physical system that forms the barrier between the external environment and the internal systems of the body. In humans, this system consists of skin, hair, nails, and related glands.
Altogether, the integumentary system forms the largest organ in the body. The main function of this system is to protect bones, organs, and other internal structures from harm. In addition, the integumentary system performs important immune functions, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, body temperature regulation, and detection of stimuli.
F. Y. B. Pharm Sem I: Unit II: 1. Integumentary Systemshraddhaparab530
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system including the skin, hair, and nails. It discusses the three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis - and describes their structures and functions. Hair and nails are also summarized, outlining their roles in protection, sensation, and other integumentary functions. The integumentary system works together with other body systems to regulate temperature, protect the body, and detect sensations.
The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin and contains four main cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Keratinocytes make up 90% of epidermal cells and produce keratin to protect the skin. Melanocytes produce melanin which contributes to skin color and protects against UV rays. The epidermis has multiple layers with keratinocytes forming the layers. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands. The hypodermis is made of adipose and connective tissue and stabilizes the skin. The skin helps regulate body temperature through sweating and blood vessel dilation and
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its appendages. The skin protects the body from damage, regulates temperature, and detects sensations. It is composed of two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes that produce keratin and melanocytes that produce melanin pigment. The dermis contains blood vessels, hair follicles, and glands. Diseases of the skin include acne, albinism, blisters, herpes, rashes, impetigo, psoriasis, rubella, and skin cancer.
EVA KIPTOO DENTAL PRESENTATION - Copy.pptxboaznabiswa
The document provides information about the integumentary system (skin). It discusses the key components of the skin including the three layers (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis), the main cell types found in each layer (keratinocytes, melanocytes, etc.), and the functions of the skin layers and cells. It also describes the appendages of the skin like hair, nails, and glands. In summary, the document outlines the structure and functions of the integumentary system with a focus on its layers, cells, and appendages.
The skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and provides a protective barrier. It has five layers including the stratum corneum. The dermis lies beneath and contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It consists of two layers - the papillary and reticular layers. Skin appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands develop at the epidermal-dermal junction. Hair has a root that goes deep in the dermis and a shaft that projects out. Sweat glands secrete sweat which helps cool the body and remove waste.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It provides protection from injury and infection through physical and chemical barriers. The skin regulates body temperature through vasodilation and sweating. It also senses touch and pressure through nerve endings. The skin synthesizes vitamin D and excretes wastes. The epidermis and dermis layers contain cells and fibers that give the skin strength and flexibility.
This document contains notes on the anatomy and physiology of several human sensory systems and organs, including the integumentary system, tongue, nose, and skin. It describes the layers of the skin, hair and nail structure, and skin glands and receptors. It also details the structure and function of taste buds on the tongue and olfactory receptors in the nose. The notes provide an overview of the key components and functions of several important sensory systems in the human body.
This document provides an overview of the integumentary system, also known as the skin. It discusses the main layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis - and describes the cells and tissues found in each layer. The epidermis is the outermost layer and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and other cells. Its five sublayers provide protection and regulate hydration. The dermis below contains collagen, blood vessels and glands. The deepest layer, the hypodermis, comprises fat tissue that insulates the body. Important appendages like hair and nails are also introduced.
Body membranes line body cavities and surfaces, and fall into two groups: epithelial and connective tissue membranes. Epithelial membranes include the cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes which contain an epithelial sheet and underlying connective tissue. The skin is the cutaneous membrane and functions to protect the body, regulate temperature, and synthesize vitamin D. The skin has an outer epidermis and deeper dermis layer. Skin appendages like hair, nails, and glands aid homeostasis. Imbalances can include infections and allergies of the skin.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and prevents water loss. Its layers include the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale. The dermis contains collagen, elastic and reticular fibers that give skin strength and elasticity. It has two layers - papillary and reticular. Sweat glands and hair follicles are found in the dermis. Sweating is important for thermoregulation as sweat evaporates and cools the body. Eccrine sweat glands cover most of the body while apocrine glands are in armpits and genital regions.
The document provides information on the integumentary system, skeletal system, and joints. It includes sections on the structure and functions of skin, as well as the structure of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and types of bones. Key points covered are the layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis), structures in the skin (sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands), functions of skin (protection, temperature regulation, sensation), and divisions of the skeletal system into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. The integumentary system
2. A system
3. An organ system
4. Albinism
5. The dermis
6. Langerhans cells
7. Melanin
8. Dermatology
9. Pacinian corpuscles
10. The papillary region
11. Jaundice
12. Tattooing
13. Calcitriol
14. Merkel cells
15. Keratinocytes
The document discusses the integumentary system, which includes the skin and its appendages. It describes the skin as the largest organ that protects the body and regulates temperature. The skin is made of multiple layers, including the epidermis and dermis. It also discusses the functions of skin like protection, sensation, heat regulation, and storage. Glands and hair are described as important appendages. In summary, the document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the integumentary system with a focus on the skin and its layers, appendages, and role in homeostasis.
Integumentary system
-The organs of the integumentary system include the skin and its accessory structures including hair, nails, and glands, as well as blood vessels, muscles and nerves.
-Dermatology is the medical specialty for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the integumentary system.
Structure Of The Skin
The skin (cutaneous membrane) covers the body and is the largest organ of the body by surface area and weight.
Its area is about 2 square meters (22 square feet) and weighs 4.5-5kg (10-11 lb), about 7% of body weight.
It is 0.5 – 4 mm thick, thinnest on the eyelids, thickest on the heels, the average thickness is 1 – 2 mm.
It consists of two major layers:
Outer, thinner layer called the epidermis, consists of epithelial tissue. Inner, thicker layer called the dermis.
Beneath the dermis is a subcutaneous layer (also called hypodermis) which attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs.
1. EPIDERMIS
-Covers, protects and waterproofs.
Contains five main layers:
- Stratum Basale
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
The epidermis has a number of important characteristics:
The epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
-It contains four major types of cells:
Keratinocytes (90% of the cells): It produce keratin which is a tough fibrous protein that provides protection.
-Melanocytes: which produce the pigment melanin that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation.
-Langerhans cells: involved in immune responses, arise from red bone marrow.
-Merkel cells: which function in the sensation of touch along with the adjacent tactile discs.
2. DERMIS
-It is a deeper layer of skin, composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.
-It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands.
-The epidermis is avascular and cells of this layer get their oxygen and nutrients from capillaries in the dermis.
-The dermis can be divided into papillary layer and reticular layer.
Hypodermis :
- The hypodermis (also called the subcutaneous layer) is a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles.
--Two types of glands are present in the skin over most of the body
These are sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
--Function Of Skin
Protection:
Sensation:
Heat regulation:
Storage and synthesis:
Synthesis of vitamin D:
Excretion and homeostasis:
Secretion:
Absorption:
Water resistance:
Colour :
Healing of wounds:
Aids in the diagnosis:
The document discusses the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of epithelial tissue and provides protection. Beneath it, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and sensory receptors. The deepest layer is the subcutaneous tissue. The skin acts as a barrier and regulates temperature and moisture. It also synthesizes vitamin D from sunlight and acts as a sensory organ.
The document provides information about the integumentary system, specifically the skin. It discusses the functions of skin including protection, homeostasis, vitamin D synthesis, and cosmesis. It describes the layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. It outlines the various skin appendages like hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. It also discusses the different sensory nerve endings and cutaneous nerves in the skin. The document provides details about the pathways for sensory conduction and characteristics of different skin types.
The skin is the largest organ of the body and has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and provides a protective barrier. It has five layers including the stratum corneum. The dermis contains collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves and skin appendages. The hypodermis is a subcutaneous layer containing fat and lobules. Skin has several functions like protection, sensation, temperature regulation and immunity. It also contains appendages like hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands.
The skin is the largest organ of the body and has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains collagen, elastic fibers, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. The skin acts as a protective, sensory, synthetic and temperature regulating organ.
The integumentary system is the physical system that forms the barrier between the external environment and the internal systems of the body. In humans, this system consists of skin, hair, nails, and related glands.
Altogether, the integumentary system forms the largest organ in the body. The main function of this system is to protect bones, organs, and other internal structures from harm. In addition, the integumentary system performs important immune functions, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, body temperature regulation, and detection of stimuli.
F. Y. B. Pharm Sem I: Unit II: 1. Integumentary Systemshraddhaparab530
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system including the skin, hair, and nails. It discusses the three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis - and describes their structures and functions. Hair and nails are also summarized, outlining their roles in protection, sensation, and other integumentary functions. The integumentary system works together with other body systems to regulate temperature, protect the body, and detect sensations.
The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin and contains four main cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Keratinocytes make up 90% of epidermal cells and produce keratin to protect the skin. Melanocytes produce melanin which contributes to skin color and protects against UV rays. The epidermis has multiple layers with keratinocytes forming the layers. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands. The hypodermis is made of adipose and connective tissue and stabilizes the skin. The skin helps regulate body temperature through sweating and blood vessel dilation and
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its appendages. The skin protects the body from damage, regulates temperature, and detects sensations. It is composed of two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes that produce keratin and melanocytes that produce melanin pigment. The dermis contains blood vessels, hair follicles, and glands. Diseases of the skin include acne, albinism, blisters, herpes, rashes, impetigo, psoriasis, rubella, and skin cancer.
EVA KIPTOO DENTAL PRESENTATION - Copy.pptxboaznabiswa
The document provides information about the integumentary system (skin). It discusses the key components of the skin including the three layers (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis), the main cell types found in each layer (keratinocytes, melanocytes, etc.), and the functions of the skin layers and cells. It also describes the appendages of the skin like hair, nails, and glands. In summary, the document outlines the structure and functions of the integumentary system with a focus on its layers, cells, and appendages.
The skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and provides a protective barrier. It has five layers including the stratum corneum. The dermis lies beneath and contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It consists of two layers - the papillary and reticular layers. Skin appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands develop at the epidermal-dermal junction. Hair has a root that goes deep in the dermis and a shaft that projects out. Sweat glands secrete sweat which helps cool the body and remove waste.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It provides protection from injury and infection through physical and chemical barriers. The skin regulates body temperature through vasodilation and sweating. It also senses touch and pressure through nerve endings. The skin synthesizes vitamin D and excretes wastes. The epidermis and dermis layers contain cells and fibers that give the skin strength and flexibility.
This document contains notes on the anatomy and physiology of several human sensory systems and organs, including the integumentary system, tongue, nose, and skin. It describes the layers of the skin, hair and nail structure, and skin glands and receptors. It also details the structure and function of taste buds on the tongue and olfactory receptors in the nose. The notes provide an overview of the key components and functions of several important sensory systems in the human body.
This document provides an overview of the integumentary system, also known as the skin. It discusses the main layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis - and describes the cells and tissues found in each layer. The epidermis is the outermost layer and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and other cells. Its five sublayers provide protection and regulate hydration. The dermis below contains collagen, blood vessels and glands. The deepest layer, the hypodermis, comprises fat tissue that insulates the body. Important appendages like hair and nails are also introduced.
Body membranes line body cavities and surfaces, and fall into two groups: epithelial and connective tissue membranes. Epithelial membranes include the cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes which contain an epithelial sheet and underlying connective tissue. The skin is the cutaneous membrane and functions to protect the body, regulate temperature, and synthesize vitamin D. The skin has an outer epidermis and deeper dermis layer. Skin appendages like hair, nails, and glands aid homeostasis. Imbalances can include infections and allergies of the skin.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
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2. INTRODUCTION
The skin also known as cutaneous membrane or integument,
covers the external surface of the body and protects the
interior of the body.
It is a sensory organ which is a largest organ of the body in
both surface area and weight.
It is continuous with mucous membrane of body orifices.
It has an average thickness of 1 to 2 mm.
with a pH range of 4 to 5.6.
The renewal of skin takes place in 28 to 50 days.
3. STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN There
are two major classes of the skin:
1. Hirsute – thin, hairy skin
which covers grater part of the
body.
2. Glabrous – which covers the
surfaces of palms, soles and flexor
surfaces of the digits.
3 layers of skin
a. epidermis
b. dermis
c. hypodermis
4.
5. EPIDERMIS
-superficial , thinner layer -epithelial tissue
-no blood vessels or nerve endings
-but its deeper layers ->interstitial fluid from the dermis
-supply oxygen and drains away as lymph.
DERMIS
-deeper, thicker -connective tissue -vascular -nutritive
HYPODERMIS
-deep to dermis -not skin -thin layer of areolar and
adipose tissue -attatches to underlying fascia (muscle&bone)
-stores fat -large blood vessls -nerve endings
=>pacinian (lamellated)corposc. => senses pressure
6. EPIDERMIS – keratinised stratified squamous
a. Stratum corneum = many layers of flat, dead, scale like cells full of
keratin
b.Stratum lucidum = one or two layers of dying cells
c. Stratum Granulosum = Three or four layers of skin; actively
synthesizing protein keratin
d. Stratum spinosum = three or four layers of cells with some cell
division
e. Stratum Basale = Single row of dividing cells (strt. germinativum)
7. • 90% of epiderm. , 4
to 5 layers
• Produce keratin &
• Lamellar granules
keratinocytes
• Melanin pigment
• Protect nuclear DNA
of keratinocytes from
damage by UV
melanocytes
• From red bone marr.
• Pariciptn. In immune
response
• Helps other cells of
immunity to recognise
Langerhans
cells/ epidermal
dendritic cells
• Least num. of epiderm.
• Deepest layer in
epidermis
• Contact with merkel
disc
Merkel cells
4 principle types of cells of epidermis
keratin
Lamellar
granules
Tough, fibrous,
protectn.
Release water repellant
sealant
- entry of
foriegn part.
Merkel disc =>flattened
process of a sensory neuron
Merkel
disc
Merkel
cells
Sense of touch
(tactile)
8. (ii) DERMIS
• Contains many types of sensory receptors for touch ,
pressure, vibration, pain , temperature etc ..
• Papillary layer is folded into ridges which extend into upper
epidermal layer. The exposed ridges form congenital
patterns called finger prints and foot prints
-dermal papillae => contains capillary loops( bld.ves.)
=> also messiner corpuscles=> tactile sense
=> free nerve endings => warm, cool,
pain,tickiling,itching
• Reticular layer contains collagen Elastic ,reticular
fibers,hair follicles, nerve endings and macrophages
=> provide extensibility and elasticity
Dermatoglyphics = study of patern of fingerprints
14. 2. Excretion & absorption
-small role in excrt. & abs.
-SWEAT => water &heat , also elim. ofsalts, co2, ammonia & urea
Though abs.=>negligible, certain lipid solubles penetrate skin.
eg: vit- A, D, E, K
•certain drugs through adhesive patches
•Gases –o2 , co2
•Toxic mater. –acetone, ccl4
•Heavy metals- lead, mercury, arsenic
•Poison ivy, poison oak
3.Cutaneous sensation
Tactile through sensory recep.
Thermal
pain
Nerve ending,
corpusc. , hair
root plexus
Cerebral cortex
15. 4. Blood-nutrient reservoir
dermis – extensive bood flow (8-10% of total bl.flow) – blood
reservoir
more blood=> more nutrient supply and storage
hypodermis=> adipose tissue => fat storage
5. Formation of vit-D
7-dehydrocholestrol u.v from vit-D precursor
(in skin) sunlight enzymes in liver
& kidney
vit-D
boost immunity &reduce inflamation formation
& maintanence
of bone
16. 6. Thermo regulation
homeostatic reg. – Helps to maintain homeostasis through
fluid and electrolyte balance
2 ways a. liberation of sweat
b. adjust. Blood flow
a) envi. temp. rise or heat by exercise sweat prod.(eccrine )
evaporation of sweat frm skin lowering of body temp.
b) B.V in dermis dilate increses bld.fl promotes heat
loss
17. Addt.note:
hypothermia (low body temp.):
present when core temp. is <35°c
If <32°c ve feed bck will fail.
shivering replaced by muscle rigidity &
cramps
vasoconstriction
B.P, pulse, resp. decreases
Mental conf. &disorientatn.
Death temp. <25°c
Extreme aged indivi. more prone
19. • List the different sense organs and explain the
anatomy and physiology of eye-5
• List the different sense organs and explain the
anatomy and physiology of ear-5
• Describe the anatomical features of tongue-5
• Discuss the structure and functions of skin in brief.5
• Draw a neat labeled diagram of section of eye. And
add a note on physiology of vision.
• Write about the functions of skin 2
20. • Anatomy of Eye-5
• List the different types of taste buds with functions-2
• Explain the anatomy and physiology of Ear -5+5
• Describe the anatomical features of ear with a neat
labeled diagram and discuss the physiology of hearing.
-5+5
• Mention different muscles of eye and their functions-2
• Describe the anatomy and physiology of tongue with
labelled diagrams -5
21. • List out the bones of orbit.-2
• Write about functions of skin-5