1. The document provides an overview of early medieval art in Europe after the fall of Rome, summarizing artistic traditions of the Merovingians, Saxons, Vikings, Hiberno-Saxons, Carolingians, and Ottonians.
2. It examines architectural forms and illuminated manuscripts produced during these periods, noting the adaptation of indigenous styles to Christianity. Manuscripts from the Book of Kells and Lindisfarne Gospels are highlighted.
3. Sculpture from the Ottonian period is discussed, including works from Hildesheim commissioned by Bishop Bernward.
An intro to early medieval art: Christianity, Barbarians, Vikings, illuminated manuscripts, Carolingian era art and architecture, Charlemagne, Sutton Hoo, and more!
GUIDE 8
UNIT 3
MEDIEVAL ART
o
Early Medieval Art
o
Romanesque Art
o
Gothic Art
Middle Ages
… When we hear these words, we think about the castles, knights, and magnificent cathedrals. Since the early 19
th
century the artists have been in love with this romantic time and would most often choose it to illustrate the fairy tales. Yet, historically speaking, the Middle Ages had started long before the knights’ époque and lasted all together for 1,000 years. Traditionally the historians divide this millennium into three major periods.
MEDIEVAL
ART
400 - 1400
EARLY MEDEIVAL art
ROMANESQUE art
GOTHIC art
5 - 11
th
centuries
11 – 12
th
centuries
12 – 13
th
centuries
Migrations
Carolingian
art
Ottonian
art
==========================================================================
We are entering yet another 1,000 year long period – the Middle Ages.
Art and culture of this period are called Medieval.
There will be a lot of information in this chapter – prepare yourself for a serious work. But when you finish this guide, you will know much more about architecture that you know at this moment. I can promise you that!
After you observe the Graph above, you may want to switch to the
Normal View
– click on the first button in the lower left corner
.
Why the
Middle Ages
are also called
Dark Ages
?
- *
EARLY MIDDLE AGES
I.
Barbarian art [
Period of Migrations
]
II.
Carolingian art
III. Ottonian art
Barbarian Period of Migrations
Early Middle Ages
Animal style
–
*
[Why such name?]
Scythian Plaque with Animal Interlace
Found in
- *
Material:
- *
Size
:
- *
[It is small plaque.
Can you envision it?]
Describe the object and its decorative pattern.
Do you believe it is an object of art?
What makes it such?
- *
Page from
*
Date:
*
How would you describe it? -
*
Carolingian Period
Early Middle Ages
www.traditioninaction.org
Charles the Great
- legendary Frankish king.
*…
. – King’s French name,
[Pronounced ; both L and N soft]
“Charlemagne is the first great man of action to emerge
from the darkness since the collapse of the Roman world.
He became a subject of myths and legend.
“A magnificent reliquary, made about five hundred years
after his death to hold a piece of his skull, expresses what
the High Middle Ages felt about him in terms that he
himself would have appreciated – gold and jewels.
“He was a commanding figure, over six feet tall,
with piercing blue eyes” … tireless warrior and administrator…
“…in year 800 the Pope in Rome crowned him as
the head of a new
Holy Roman Empire
…”
(Northern Europe)
“…it was through him that the Atlantic world re-established
contact with the ancient culture of the Mediterranean world.
~
Kenneth Clark
, Civilization, 1969, (p 18).
They say about Charlemagne that he has saved the
Western civilization by savingthe classical culture.
Reliquary in the form of the head of the Emperor Char ...
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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7. Know the different types of art and the respective cultures associated with the Merovingians, Anglo-Saxons, and Vikings.
8.
9.
10. 7 Figure 11-2 Purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial in Suffolk, England, ca. 625. Gold, glass, and enamel cloisonné with garnets and emeralds, 7 1/2” long. British Museum, London.
11.
12. 10 Figure 11-4 Wooden portal of the stave church at Urnes, Norway, ca. 1050–1070.
13. 11 Figure 11-5 Man (symbol of Saint Matthew), folio 21 verso of the Book of Durrow, possibly from Iona, Scotland, ca. 660–680. Ink and tempera on parchment, 9 5/8” X 6 1/8”. Trinity College Library, Dublin.
14. 12 Figure 11-6 Cross and carpet page, folio 26 verso of the Lindisfarne Gospels, from Northumbria, England, ca. 698–721. Tempera on vellum, 1’ 1 1/2” X 9 1/4”. British Library, London.
15.
16. Understand the early influence of Christianity and the ways in which indigenous art forms serve the cause of Christianity.
17.
18.
19. 16 Figure 11-8 Chi-rho-iota page, folio 34 recto of the Book of Kells, probably from Iona, Scotland, late eighth or early ninth century. Tempera on vellum, 1’ 1” X 9 1/2”. Trinity College Library, Dublin.
20.
21. 19 Figure 11-11 Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne or Charles the Bald, from Metz, France, ninth century. Bronze, originally gilt, 9 1/2” high. Louvre, Paris.
22.
23. Understand the ‘revival of learning’ and the art of the book as a result of Charlemagne’s interests.
27. 24 Figure 11-13 Saint Matthew, folio 18 verso of the Ebbo Gospels (Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims), from Hautvillers (near Reims), France, ca. 816–835. Ink and tempera on vellum, 10 1/4” X 8 3/4”. Bibliothèque Municipale, Épernay.
36. Understand the cultural impetus for art in the Ottonian period, particularly in contrast to the Carolingian period.
37.
38. 36 Figure 11-23 Longitudinal section (top) and plan (bottom) of the abbey church of Saint Michael’s, Hildesheim, Germany, 1001–1031.
39. 37 Figure 11-24 Doors with relief panels (Genesis, left door; life of Christ, right door), commissioned by Bishop Bernward for Saint Michael’s, Hildesheim, Germany, 1015. Bronze, 16’ 6” high. Saint Michael’s, Hildesheim.
41. 39 Figure 11-25 Column with reliefs illustrating the life of Christ, commissioned by Bishop Bernward for Saint Michael’s, Hildesheim, Germany, ca. 1015–1022. Bronze, 12’ 6” tall. Saint Michael’s, Hildesheim.
42. 40 Figure 11-26 Crucifix commissioned by Archbishop Gero for Cologne Cathedral, Germany, ca. 970. Painted wood, height of figure 6’ 2”.
43.
44.
45.
46. 44 Figure 11-29 Otto III enthroned, folio 24 recto of the Gospel Book of Otto III, from Reichenau, Germany, 997–1000. Tempera on vellum, 1’ 1” x 9 3/8”. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich.
47.
48. Compare the three major manuscript styles that developed in the middle ages.
