This document provides an introduction to basic electrical concepts. It discusses various electrical careers including electricians, residential electricians, industrial/commercial electricians, telecommunications technicians, outside linemen, and electronics technicians. It also describes common electrical components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, switches, fuses, and circuit breakers. Additionally, it covers electrical meters, units of measurement, and engineering notation for representing large and small numbers. Check questions are included to test the reader's understanding.
Chapter 1 Introduction to power Electronic Devices.pdfLiewChiaPing
The document provides an introduction to power electronics. It discusses power electronic systems and various types of electronic converters including AC-DC, DC-DC, DC-AC, and AC-AC converters. It also describes common power semiconductor devices such as power diodes, thyristors, MOSFETs, IGBTs, and IGCTs. Applications of power electronics in areas like power supplies, motor drives, renewable energy and power transmission are also highlighted. Gate drive circuits, switching losses, and heat dissipation in power switches are some other topics covered in the document.
This document provides an overview of meter testing concepts and standards. It begins with an introduction to the goals of the meter school presentation. It then outlines the topics that will be covered over three days, including basic electricity, wiring diagrams, AC circuits, and different types of metering. The document provides explanations and examples of key electrical concepts such as direct current, alternating current, sine waves, phasors, and power. It also discusses meter testing standards including ANSI C12, test switch specifications, and the use of current transformers. Blondel's theorem for polyphase power is also summarized.
A 1 maintain electrical system installation of mechatronics systemSyyed Ali
The document provides information about maintaining electrical systems for mechatronics technicians. It discusses interpreting electrical drawings, identifying the three main electrical quantities of voltage, current and resistance, differentiating alternating and direct current, identifying electrical tools, using test and measuring instruments, calculating electrical quantities in circuits, interpreting electrical component specifications, describing the necessity of earthing systems, identifying characteristics of semiconductor components and circuits, identifying current paths in DC power supplies, and stating characteristics of analog and digital electronic circuits.
The document provides instructions for a Grade 10 General examination on Fundamentals of Electronics. It outlines 4 sections covering electrical circuits, resistors, electronic calculations, and embedded systems. Students must have a blue ink pen, pencil, ruler, and calculator (if required) and are not allowed electronic devices. The exam consists of multiple choice, true/false, short answer, and matching questions worth a total of 50 marks over 35 minutes.
The document provides instructions for a Grade 10 Advanced electronics exam. It outlines the sections and topics that will be covered in the exam, including electrical circuits, resistors, electronic calculations, and embedded systems. Students are instructed to bring specific materials to the exam and are informed that electronic devices are not allowed. The exam will consist of multiple choice questions, true/false statements, short answer questions, diagrams and a matching task testing knowledge over a total time of 35 minutes.
The document provides information about the ESL 130 Electrical and Electronics Workshop course. It outlines the continuous internal evaluation pattern which includes attendance, classwork assessment, and end semester exams. It then lists the various exercises and experiments covered in the course, including familiarization of electronic components, circuit diagram drawing, use of testing instruments, component testing, soldering practices, printed circuit boards, and assembling electronic circuits. Key components discussed include resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, and various connectors.
The document provides information about a lab experiment on determining the power factor of a series RL circuit. It includes the objective, apparatus required, theory, circuit diagram, calculations, observations, learning outcomes, assessment pattern and references. The objective is to demonstrate a series RL circuit and determine the power factor. The required apparatus are an AC supply, variac, wattmeter, ammeter, voltmeter, variable resistive and inductive loads. Calculations involve determining power factor using equations for power, voltage, current and phase angle. Students will learn to make series connections and measure circuit parameters to calculate impedance and power factor.
Chapter 1 Introduction to power Electronic Devices.pdfLiewChiaPing
The document provides an introduction to power electronics. It discusses power electronic systems and various types of electronic converters including AC-DC, DC-DC, DC-AC, and AC-AC converters. It also describes common power semiconductor devices such as power diodes, thyristors, MOSFETs, IGBTs, and IGCTs. Applications of power electronics in areas like power supplies, motor drives, renewable energy and power transmission are also highlighted. Gate drive circuits, switching losses, and heat dissipation in power switches are some other topics covered in the document.
This document provides an overview of meter testing concepts and standards. It begins with an introduction to the goals of the meter school presentation. It then outlines the topics that will be covered over three days, including basic electricity, wiring diagrams, AC circuits, and different types of metering. The document provides explanations and examples of key electrical concepts such as direct current, alternating current, sine waves, phasors, and power. It also discusses meter testing standards including ANSI C12, test switch specifications, and the use of current transformers. Blondel's theorem for polyphase power is also summarized.
A 1 maintain electrical system installation of mechatronics systemSyyed Ali
The document provides information about maintaining electrical systems for mechatronics technicians. It discusses interpreting electrical drawings, identifying the three main electrical quantities of voltage, current and resistance, differentiating alternating and direct current, identifying electrical tools, using test and measuring instruments, calculating electrical quantities in circuits, interpreting electrical component specifications, describing the necessity of earthing systems, identifying characteristics of semiconductor components and circuits, identifying current paths in DC power supplies, and stating characteristics of analog and digital electronic circuits.
The document provides instructions for a Grade 10 General examination on Fundamentals of Electronics. It outlines 4 sections covering electrical circuits, resistors, electronic calculations, and embedded systems. Students must have a blue ink pen, pencil, ruler, and calculator (if required) and are not allowed electronic devices. The exam consists of multiple choice, true/false, short answer, and matching questions worth a total of 50 marks over 35 minutes.
The document provides instructions for a Grade 10 Advanced electronics exam. It outlines the sections and topics that will be covered in the exam, including electrical circuits, resistors, electronic calculations, and embedded systems. Students are instructed to bring specific materials to the exam and are informed that electronic devices are not allowed. The exam will consist of multiple choice questions, true/false statements, short answer questions, diagrams and a matching task testing knowledge over a total time of 35 minutes.
The document provides information about the ESL 130 Electrical and Electronics Workshop course. It outlines the continuous internal evaluation pattern which includes attendance, classwork assessment, and end semester exams. It then lists the various exercises and experiments covered in the course, including familiarization of electronic components, circuit diagram drawing, use of testing instruments, component testing, soldering practices, printed circuit boards, and assembling electronic circuits. Key components discussed include resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, and various connectors.
The document provides information about a lab experiment on determining the power factor of a series RL circuit. It includes the objective, apparatus required, theory, circuit diagram, calculations, observations, learning outcomes, assessment pattern and references. The objective is to demonstrate a series RL circuit and determine the power factor. The required apparatus are an AC supply, variac, wattmeter, ammeter, voltmeter, variable resistive and inductive loads. Calculations involve determining power factor using equations for power, voltage, current and phase angle. Students will learn to make series connections and measure circuit parameters to calculate impedance and power factor.
This document provides an introduction to classic control components including relays, circuit breakers, contactors, overloads, timers, and counters. It describes the basic components of a classic control system including the control panel. It explains what each component is, including its structure and principles of operation. Methods for selecting, connecting, testing and addressing damages to these components are also covered. The document is an introductory overview of classic control targeted towards technical education students.
This document provides an introduction to power system protection. It discusses the need for protection systems to detect and isolate faults to minimize damage. Short circuits can occur due to insulation failures, contamination, or mechanical issues. Protection systems aim to continue supply to the rest of the system while protecting faulty equipment. The types of protection discussed include fuses, overcurrent, differential, distance, and miscellaneous protections. Design criteria for protection systems include simplicity, economy, speed, reliability, sensitivity and selectivity. System protection components, zones of protection, and fault currents and voltages are also introduced.
This document provides instructions for an experiment to verify Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) using a circuit connected to a breadboard. The experiment uses a regulated DC power supply, digital multimeter, resistors, and connecting wires to build the KCL circuit. Students are asked to take voltage and current readings at different points in the circuit and use KCL calculations to determine if the experiment's observations match the theory. The objectives are to introduce students to KCL, demonstrate a KCL circuit, and have students practice applying KCL calculations.
This document provides an overview of basic electricity and reading schematics for appliance repair. It covers safety, fundamentals of voltage, current and resistance, electrical symbols and terminology. The document outlines key topics like circuit fundamentals for series, parallel and combination circuits. It also discusses electrical components, instruments for measurement, tips for troubleshooting, and the importance of reading schematics. Troubleshooting common versus complex problems is addressed. Sample schematics are provided for appliances like dryers, washers, ranges and refrigerators.
lecture 10 - electrical machines - dc to dc converters 1.pptxJohnkamanda3
The document discusses power electronics and DC-DC converters. It provides background on power electronics interfaces and how DC-DC converters are used to convert unregulated DC voltages from batteries or supplies into regulated lower voltages for electronic devices. It then discusses different types of DC-DC converters in more detail, including linear converters, switch mode converters, and various topologies like buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. The key aspects covered are efficiency, power losses, operating principles of different converter types, and design procedures for buck converters including example calculations.
The document describes a student mini project to create a voltage doubler circuit using a 555 timer IC. It includes sections on the introduction, background, circuit design, testing and results, and conclusions. The circuit works by using the 555 timer to generate a square wave that drives diodes and capacitors, effectively doubling the input voltage. Testing showed the circuit operates as intended by outputting a voltage close to double the input. Further improvements could include adding more stages to create a voltage multiplier circuit.
This document provides study notes for a Grade 11 exam covering materials and fundamentals of electronics. It includes definitions of key terms for different units and sections. The exam will consist of multiple choice questions, true/false statements, short answer questions, diagrams and a matching task across three timed sections totaling 50 marks over 35 minutes. Students must bring a blue ink pen, pencil, ruler and calculator (if required) and electronic devices are not allowed.
[DOCUMENT]:
This document provides revision notes for a Grade 11 exam covering materials and electronics. It defines important terms across multiple units and sections. The exam consists of various question types across several timed sections totaling 50 marks in 35 minutes. Students must bring specific supplies and electronic
Electrical circuits have basic components like switches, loads, hot and neutral wires. Voltage is electrical pressure that can be alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC), while current is the flow of electrons measured in amps. Resistance is a component's opposition to current flow and is measured in ohms. Common electrical measurements include voltage, current, resistance, frequency, and temperature. Digital multimeters are typically used to measure these components and ensure circuits are functioning properly.
The document discusses solid state relays and compares them to electromechanical relays. Solid state relays were introduced in the 1960s and use static circuits like comparators instead of mechanical components. They have advantages like longer life, less noise, and faster response time compared to electromechanical relays. Solid state relays work by rectifying and measuring quantities like voltage and current and triggering an output when thresholds are reached. They have benefits over electromechanical relays but also limitations related to temperature sensitivity and susceptibility to voltage transients.
Power electronics involves controlling the flow of electrical energy through electronic circuits. Rectifiers and inverters are common examples. Power electronics emphasizes large semiconductor devices, magnetic energy storage, and control methods for nonlinear systems. It plays a central role in energy systems and alternative resources. Power electronic systems efficiently convert electrical energy from one form to another. Power electronics courses cover high voltage switching devices, rectifiers, DC-DC converters, and inverters. Thyristors like SCRs are semiconductor devices that act as open or closed switches for control applications. SCRs are used for power control, backup lighting, and over-voltage protection.
The document provides information about a basic electronics course taught at Matrusri Engineering College. It includes the course objectives, which are to understand the characteristics and design concepts of diodes, transistors, biasing circuits, feedback amplifiers, and oscillators. The course outcomes are also listed, such as the ability to analyze rectifier, regulator, and oscillator circuits. Several sections provide additional details on topics like operational amplifiers, logic gates, and the characteristics and applications of operational amplifiers.
Report on PCB designing and fabrication by Prince RohanRohan Das
This is a report on our printed circuit board training on Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur.
I hope this will help some student. Thank you
This chapter discusses electrical repairs and diagnostics. It covers electrical terminology, types of circuits, diagnostic equipment like multimeters, and electrical components. Common electrical systems are described like starting, charging, and ignition. The chapter explains locating electrical problems, protective devices, batteries, and safety procedures. Electrical diagrams and a multistep process for repairs are also outlined.
This document provides information about an experiment to verify Kirchhoff's current law in a basic electrical and electronics engineering lab course. The objectives are to introduce Kirchhoff's current law and have students measure current and resistance in circuits to verify that the law holds true. The document outlines the required equipment, breadboard and multimeter use, the theory behind Kirchhoff's current law, an example circuit, observations that would be recorded, and expected learning outcomes.
This document provides information about industrial training at Dhanraj Switchgear Pvt. Ltd. It discusses the manufacturer's products which include sheet metal, electrical control panels, HV and MV electric panels, and cable trays. It also describes the components and types of electrical panels like power control center panels and motor control center panels. Finally, it discusses switchgear components like circuit breakers and different meter types used in switchgear systems and electrical panels.
Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I) Engineering for Oil and Gas FacilitiesLiving Online
This document discusses electrical power systems for oil and gas facilities. It explains that power plants are often located in remote areas near fuel sources, and power must be transmitted over long distances to population centers via high-voltage power lines. Almost all commercial power generation and transmission uses alternating current (AC) because AC can easily change voltages and is more economical for power system operations. The document then describes key aspects of AC power including waveforms, single and three-phase systems, and formulas for calculating apparent power, active power, and reactive power.
Power Electronics and Switch Mode Power SupplyLiving Online
Power electronic circuits have revolutionised almost every device that we use today from PC's to TV's, microwave ovens and heavy industrial drives.
Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) have thus become an important part of equipment design in all types of industrial equipment and an understanding of the different types and designs has become essential for reliable operation of complex equipment.
This workshop gives you a fundamental understanding of the basic components that form a SMPS design. You will understand how the selection of components affects the different performance parameters and operation of the SMPS. Typical practical applications of the SMPSs in industry will be discussed.
The concluding section of the workshop gives you the fundamental tools in troubleshooting SMPS designs confidently and effectively.
Even though the focus of the workshop is on the direct application of this technology, you will also gain a thorough understanding of the problems that can be introduced by SMPSs such as harmonics, electrostatic discharge and EMC/EMI problems.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Anyone associated with the use of power electronics and switch mode power supply design techniques in the industrial or automation environment. The workshop will also benefit those working in system design as well as site commissioning, maintenance and troubleshooting.
Typical personnel who would benefit are:
Application engineers
Component suppliers
Electrical and electronic maintenance
Instrument for control engineers
Product designers
Product managers
Sales engineers
Service technicians
Supervisors
Technicians
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/power-electronics-and-switch-mode-power-supply-38
A multimeter is a device used to measure voltage, resistance, and current in electrical equipment. It has two types of displays: analog with a needle and digital with an LCD screen. A multimeter uses its probes and tips to make connections to circuits and uses dial settings and a display to show measurement values for functions like voltage, current, resistance, continuity and more. It works by using a moving coil galvanometer circuit that is converted for different measurement modes.
MB2208A- Business Analytics- unit-4.pptxssuser28b150
This document provides an overview of predictive analytics, including:
- Predictive analytics uses historical data and machine learning techniques to predict future outcomes. It focuses on forecasting rather than just describing past events.
- Common predictive analytics applications include customer churn prediction, demand forecasting, risk assessment, and equipment maintenance scheduling.
- There are two main types of predictive models: logic-driven models based on known relationships between variables, and data-driven models using statistics and machine learning.
- The predictive analytics process involves collecting and cleaning data, selecting a modeling technique, building and validating the model, and deploying it to make predictions.
Power point presentation on strategy managementssuser28b150
This document provides an overview of strategic management concepts including:
- The concept of strategy, strategic intent, and the strategic planning process which involves environmental scanning, strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation.
- It defines strategy and discusses the different levels of strategy - corporate, business, and functional.
- Key aspects of strategy formulation are discussed including defining the mission, objectives, and developing strategies.
- Environmental scanning and SWOT analysis are presented as important inputs to the strategic planning process.
This document provides an introduction to classic control components including relays, circuit breakers, contactors, overloads, timers, and counters. It describes the basic components of a classic control system including the control panel. It explains what each component is, including its structure and principles of operation. Methods for selecting, connecting, testing and addressing damages to these components are also covered. The document is an introductory overview of classic control targeted towards technical education students.
This document provides an introduction to power system protection. It discusses the need for protection systems to detect and isolate faults to minimize damage. Short circuits can occur due to insulation failures, contamination, or mechanical issues. Protection systems aim to continue supply to the rest of the system while protecting faulty equipment. The types of protection discussed include fuses, overcurrent, differential, distance, and miscellaneous protections. Design criteria for protection systems include simplicity, economy, speed, reliability, sensitivity and selectivity. System protection components, zones of protection, and fault currents and voltages are also introduced.
This document provides instructions for an experiment to verify Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) using a circuit connected to a breadboard. The experiment uses a regulated DC power supply, digital multimeter, resistors, and connecting wires to build the KCL circuit. Students are asked to take voltage and current readings at different points in the circuit and use KCL calculations to determine if the experiment's observations match the theory. The objectives are to introduce students to KCL, demonstrate a KCL circuit, and have students practice applying KCL calculations.
This document provides an overview of basic electricity and reading schematics for appliance repair. It covers safety, fundamentals of voltage, current and resistance, electrical symbols and terminology. The document outlines key topics like circuit fundamentals for series, parallel and combination circuits. It also discusses electrical components, instruments for measurement, tips for troubleshooting, and the importance of reading schematics. Troubleshooting common versus complex problems is addressed. Sample schematics are provided for appliances like dryers, washers, ranges and refrigerators.
lecture 10 - electrical machines - dc to dc converters 1.pptxJohnkamanda3
The document discusses power electronics and DC-DC converters. It provides background on power electronics interfaces and how DC-DC converters are used to convert unregulated DC voltages from batteries or supplies into regulated lower voltages for electronic devices. It then discusses different types of DC-DC converters in more detail, including linear converters, switch mode converters, and various topologies like buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. The key aspects covered are efficiency, power losses, operating principles of different converter types, and design procedures for buck converters including example calculations.
The document describes a student mini project to create a voltage doubler circuit using a 555 timer IC. It includes sections on the introduction, background, circuit design, testing and results, and conclusions. The circuit works by using the 555 timer to generate a square wave that drives diodes and capacitors, effectively doubling the input voltage. Testing showed the circuit operates as intended by outputting a voltage close to double the input. Further improvements could include adding more stages to create a voltage multiplier circuit.
This document provides study notes for a Grade 11 exam covering materials and fundamentals of electronics. It includes definitions of key terms for different units and sections. The exam will consist of multiple choice questions, true/false statements, short answer questions, diagrams and a matching task across three timed sections totaling 50 marks over 35 minutes. Students must bring a blue ink pen, pencil, ruler and calculator (if required) and electronic devices are not allowed.
[DOCUMENT]:
This document provides revision notes for a Grade 11 exam covering materials and electronics. It defines important terms across multiple units and sections. The exam consists of various question types across several timed sections totaling 50 marks in 35 minutes. Students must bring specific supplies and electronic
Electrical circuits have basic components like switches, loads, hot and neutral wires. Voltage is electrical pressure that can be alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC), while current is the flow of electrons measured in amps. Resistance is a component's opposition to current flow and is measured in ohms. Common electrical measurements include voltage, current, resistance, frequency, and temperature. Digital multimeters are typically used to measure these components and ensure circuits are functioning properly.
The document discusses solid state relays and compares them to electromechanical relays. Solid state relays were introduced in the 1960s and use static circuits like comparators instead of mechanical components. They have advantages like longer life, less noise, and faster response time compared to electromechanical relays. Solid state relays work by rectifying and measuring quantities like voltage and current and triggering an output when thresholds are reached. They have benefits over electromechanical relays but also limitations related to temperature sensitivity and susceptibility to voltage transients.
Power electronics involves controlling the flow of electrical energy through electronic circuits. Rectifiers and inverters are common examples. Power electronics emphasizes large semiconductor devices, magnetic energy storage, and control methods for nonlinear systems. It plays a central role in energy systems and alternative resources. Power electronic systems efficiently convert electrical energy from one form to another. Power electronics courses cover high voltage switching devices, rectifiers, DC-DC converters, and inverters. Thyristors like SCRs are semiconductor devices that act as open or closed switches for control applications. SCRs are used for power control, backup lighting, and over-voltage protection.
The document provides information about a basic electronics course taught at Matrusri Engineering College. It includes the course objectives, which are to understand the characteristics and design concepts of diodes, transistors, biasing circuits, feedback amplifiers, and oscillators. The course outcomes are also listed, such as the ability to analyze rectifier, regulator, and oscillator circuits. Several sections provide additional details on topics like operational amplifiers, logic gates, and the characteristics and applications of operational amplifiers.
Report on PCB designing and fabrication by Prince RohanRohan Das
This is a report on our printed circuit board training on Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur.
I hope this will help some student. Thank you
This chapter discusses electrical repairs and diagnostics. It covers electrical terminology, types of circuits, diagnostic equipment like multimeters, and electrical components. Common electrical systems are described like starting, charging, and ignition. The chapter explains locating electrical problems, protective devices, batteries, and safety procedures. Electrical diagrams and a multistep process for repairs are also outlined.
This document provides information about an experiment to verify Kirchhoff's current law in a basic electrical and electronics engineering lab course. The objectives are to introduce Kirchhoff's current law and have students measure current and resistance in circuits to verify that the law holds true. The document outlines the required equipment, breadboard and multimeter use, the theory behind Kirchhoff's current law, an example circuit, observations that would be recorded, and expected learning outcomes.
This document provides information about industrial training at Dhanraj Switchgear Pvt. Ltd. It discusses the manufacturer's products which include sheet metal, electrical control panels, HV and MV electric panels, and cable trays. It also describes the components and types of electrical panels like power control center panels and motor control center panels. Finally, it discusses switchgear components like circuit breakers and different meter types used in switchgear systems and electrical panels.
Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I) Engineering for Oil and Gas FacilitiesLiving Online
This document discusses electrical power systems for oil and gas facilities. It explains that power plants are often located in remote areas near fuel sources, and power must be transmitted over long distances to population centers via high-voltage power lines. Almost all commercial power generation and transmission uses alternating current (AC) because AC can easily change voltages and is more economical for power system operations. The document then describes key aspects of AC power including waveforms, single and three-phase systems, and formulas for calculating apparent power, active power, and reactive power.
Power Electronics and Switch Mode Power SupplyLiving Online
Power electronic circuits have revolutionised almost every device that we use today from PC's to TV's, microwave ovens and heavy industrial drives.
Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) have thus become an important part of equipment design in all types of industrial equipment and an understanding of the different types and designs has become essential for reliable operation of complex equipment.
This workshop gives you a fundamental understanding of the basic components that form a SMPS design. You will understand how the selection of components affects the different performance parameters and operation of the SMPS. Typical practical applications of the SMPSs in industry will be discussed.
The concluding section of the workshop gives you the fundamental tools in troubleshooting SMPS designs confidently and effectively.
Even though the focus of the workshop is on the direct application of this technology, you will also gain a thorough understanding of the problems that can be introduced by SMPSs such as harmonics, electrostatic discharge and EMC/EMI problems.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Anyone associated with the use of power electronics and switch mode power supply design techniques in the industrial or automation environment. The workshop will also benefit those working in system design as well as site commissioning, maintenance and troubleshooting.
Typical personnel who would benefit are:
Application engineers
Component suppliers
Electrical and electronic maintenance
Instrument for control engineers
Product designers
Product managers
Sales engineers
Service technicians
Supervisors
Technicians
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/power-electronics-and-switch-mode-power-supply-38
A multimeter is a device used to measure voltage, resistance, and current in electrical equipment. It has two types of displays: analog with a needle and digital with an LCD screen. A multimeter uses its probes and tips to make connections to circuits and uses dial settings and a display to show measurement values for functions like voltage, current, resistance, continuity and more. It works by using a moving coil galvanometer circuit that is converted for different measurement modes.
MB2208A- Business Analytics- unit-4.pptxssuser28b150
This document provides an overview of predictive analytics, including:
- Predictive analytics uses historical data and machine learning techniques to predict future outcomes. It focuses on forecasting rather than just describing past events.
- Common predictive analytics applications include customer churn prediction, demand forecasting, risk assessment, and equipment maintenance scheduling.
- There are two main types of predictive models: logic-driven models based on known relationships between variables, and data-driven models using statistics and machine learning.
- The predictive analytics process involves collecting and cleaning data, selecting a modeling technique, building and validating the model, and deploying it to make predictions.
Power point presentation on strategy managementssuser28b150
This document provides an overview of strategic management concepts including:
- The concept of strategy, strategic intent, and the strategic planning process which involves environmental scanning, strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation.
- It defines strategy and discusses the different levels of strategy - corporate, business, and functional.
- Key aspects of strategy formulation are discussed including defining the mission, objectives, and developing strategies.
- Environmental scanning and SWOT analysis are presented as important inputs to the strategic planning process.
1) Direct current circuits containing batteries, resistors, and capacitors are analyzed using techniques like Kirchhoff's rules. Kirchhoff's junction rule states the sum of currents at a junction is zero, based on charge conservation. Kirchhoff's loop rule states the sum of potential differences around a closed loop is zero, based on energy conservation.
2) Resistors can be in series or parallel. Series resistors have the same current and added potentials, yielding a higher total resistance. Parallel resistors have the same potential and varying currents, yielding a lower total resistance.
3) RC circuits contain resistors and capacitors. A charging capacitor draws current that decays exponentially with the time constant RC. A discharging capacitor supplies
The document discusses Unit IV on non-parametric tests. It repeats the title "UNIT IV NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS" multiple times and ends by noting this marks the end of the third week of instruction, from November 14th to November 19th, and thanks the reader.
The document discusses key concepts in organizational behavior and management. It defines organizational behavior as the academic study of how people interact within groups, with the goal of making businesses more effective. It also covers motivation theories, job characteristics models, managerial functions and roles, and the evolution of management theories.
This document provides an overview of a session on business intelligence, data science, and data mining. The goals of the class are to understand how to solve business problems using data analytics, various tools and methods for implementing solutions, and how to store and access large amounts of data. The focus areas include data warehousing, data mining, simulation, and deriving profitable business actions from databases. Popular tools mentioned include RapidMiner, R, Excel, SQL, Python, Weka, KNIME, Hadoop, SAS, and Microsoft SQL Server. Benefits of business intelligence include increased profitability, decreased costs and risks, and improved customer relationship management.
The document discusses Unit IV on non-parametric tests. It repeats the title "UNIT IV NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS" multiple times and ends by noting this marks the end of the third week of instruction, from November 14th to November 19th, and thanks the reader.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 08 Doors and Windows.pdf
CHAPTER 1 ELEC TP.ppt
1. 1
Chapter 1
Getting Started
Getting Started
ELPT 1311 Basic Electrical Theory
Chapter 01_Getting Started
Introduction to Electricity by Paynter & Boydell and Pearson Illustrations
WHAT ABOUT EXP CALCULATOR BUTTON FOR ENGINEERING UNITS???
CHECK TO SEE IF ANOTHER METHODE
2. 2
Outline
• Electrical Careers
• Components and Symbols
• Electrical Meters
• Electrical Units of Measure
• Engineering Notation
Getting Started
3. 3
Electricians
• A person who has been trained to install, operate,
maintain and repair of:
- power circuits
- control circuits
- security circuits
- voice and video systems
- industrial motors and controls
• Must have a working knowledge of:
- basic principles of electricity and electronics
- reading and interpreting blueprints
- wiring techniques
- safe working practices
- the National Electric Code (NEC® )
- first aid
- hazardous materials
Electrical Careers
4. 4
Residential Electricians
• Install, maintain, and repair electrical circuits found in
houses apartments and condominiums
- power receptacles
- service panels
- junction boxes
- inside and outside lighting
- appliance power circuits
• Qualifications generally require:
- two or more years of classroom training plus on-the-job
training
- demonstrated knowledge and use of the National Electrical
Code (NEC® )
- installing, terminating and splicing high-voltage cables
Electrical Careers
6. 6
Industrial and Commercial Electricians
• Install, maintain, and repair electrical circuits found in
industrial and commercial buildings including:
- power distribution circuits
- motor and environmental power and control circuits
- lighting circuits and fixtures
- service panels and junction boxes
- fire alarm systems
• Qualifications may require:
- five years training, classroom and including on-the-job training
- thorough knowledge of (NEC® )
- installing, terminating and splicing high-voltage cables
• Qualifications are demanding, but pay, benefits and job
stability are generally better
Electrical Careers
8. 8
Telecommunications Technician
• Install, maintain, troubleshoot and repair residential and
commercial data, audio, video, and security circuits that
include:
- low-voltage networks
- voice data transmission circuits
- local area networks (LANs)
- audio and video distribution systems
- security and access control systems
• Qualifications may include:
- three years classroom and on-the-job-training
Electrical Careers
10. 10
Outside Linemen
• Install and repair power and distribution lines including:
- overhead high-voltage lines
- distribution lines and circuits
- transformers and connectors
- power substations
- underground residential power systems
• Qualifications may include 3 ½ years of classroom and
on-the-job training including:
- proper use of rigging equipment
- operating a bucket truck
Electrical Careers
12. 12
Electronics Technicians
• A person who locates and repairs faults in electronic
systems and circuits including:
- using electronic test equipment
- performing periodic maintenance
- install new systems
• Qualifications generally require
- 2-year Associate Degree at a Community College
or equivalent
- military training and experience
Electrical Careers
14. 14
Resistors
• A resistor is a component that is used to
restrict the flow of current in an electrical
circuit
- somewhat analogous to a valve in a water line
Components & Symbols
variable
resistor
R
fixed
resistor
R
potentiometer
R
SCHEMATIC
SYMBOLS
15. 15
Capacitors
• Capacitors are components that
store energy in an electrostatic field
• They may be called condensers in
older manuals
•Capacitors oppose a change in voltage polarized
capacitor
C
+
-
variable
capacitor
C
C
un-polarized
capacitor
SCHEMATIC
SYMBOLS
Ceramic Capacitors Polarized Capacitors
Components & Symbols
16. 16
Inductors
• Inductors are components that store energy in a
magnetic field
• They may be referred to as coils or chokes
SCHEMATIC
SYMBOLS
variable
coil
Components & Symbols
• Inductors oppose a
change in current flow
17. 17
Transformers
• Transformers are components that
contain one or more inductors in a
single structure
• Transformers are used to:
- change one voltage to another
- transfer electrical energy from
one circuit to another
Pole
Transformer
Power
Transformer
Transformer
SCHEMATIC
SYMBOLS
tapped
transformer
Components & Symbols
18. 18
Switches
• Switches are components used to make or break an
electrical circuit
SPST
SPDT
DPST
SCHEMATIC
SYMBOLS
Components & Symbols
19. 19
Fuses and Circuit Breakers
• A fuse is a component that automatically
breaks an electrical connection if the current increases
beyond a certain value
- circuit fuses “burn open” in the case of an overcurrent
condition and thereby protects the circuit
• A circuit breaker also operates on an
overcurrent condition to protect
a circuit, but they can be reset
and be used again
- circuit breakers “trip”
open to break the
current path of the
circuit
FUSES
THREE
PHASE
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
SINGLE PHASE
BREAKER
Components & Symbols
20. 20
Check Your Understanding
• What do all circuits have in common?
a) capacitors
b) transformers
c) current
d) switches
e) resistors
Getting Started
21. 21
Check Your Understanding
• What do all circuits have in common?
a) capacitors
b) transformers
c) current
d) switches
e) resistors
Getting Started
22. 22
Check Your Understanding
• What components are used to limit current?
a) voltages
b) resistors
c) conductors
Getting Started
23. 23
Check Your Understanding
• What components are used to limit current?
a) voltages
b) resistors
c) conductors
Getting Started
24. 24
Check Your Understanding
• A capacitor stores energy in a/n __________ field
a) electro-resistive
b) capacitive
c) inductive
d) electro-magnetic
e) electric
f) dynamic
Getting Started
25. 25
Check Your Understanding
• A capacitor stores energy in a/n __________ field
a) electro-resistive
b) capacitive
c) inductive
d) electro-magnetic
e) electric
f) dynamic
Getting Started
26. 26
Check Your Understanding
• An inductor stores energy in a/n __________ field
The best answer/response is:
a) resistive
b) capacitive
c) inductive
d) magnetic
e) electric
f) dynamic
Getting Started
27. 27
Check Your Understanding
• An inductor stores energy in a/n __________ field
The best answer/response is:
a) resistive
b) capacitive
c) inductive
d) magnetic
e) electric
f) dynamic
Getting Started
28. 28
Check Your Understanding
• What component is used to make or break an electrical
connection?
The best answer/response is:
a) capacitors
b) inductors
c) transformers
d) switches
e) resistors
Getting Started
29. 29
Check Your Understanding
• What component is used to make or break an electrical
connection?
The best answer/response is:
a) capacitors
b) inductors
c) transformers
d) switches
e) resistors
Getting Started
30. 30
Check Your Understanding
• What component must be replaced after it protects a
circuit from a high-current condition?
The best answer/response is:
a) capacitors
b) resistors
c) fuses
d) conductors
e) inductors
Getting Started
31. 31
Check Your Understanding
• What component must be replaced after it protects a
circuit from a high-current condition?
The best answer/response is:
a) capacitors
b) resistors
c) fuses
d) conductors
e) inductors
Getting Started
32. 32
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
• A digital multimeter (DMM) is a meter that allows the
measurement of most basic electrical properties
- voltage in AC or DC
- current in AC or DC
- resistance in ohms
• A direct current (DC) voltage
measurement is the actual
voltage value
• Alternating current (AC)
measurements are in
"root mean square values"
(rms) not peak values
Electrical Meters
33. 33
DC Voltage & Current
AC continually changes in
value
Household voltage =
120 volts rms
Household peak voltage =
155.16 volts peak
Household peak to peak voltage =
310.32 volts peak to peak
Electrical Meters
AC Voltage & Current
Amplitude of DC
DC (such as from a battery) does
not change in value from one
point in time to another point in
time
0 VOLTS
1.5 VOLTS
TIME
Amplitude of AC (AC SINE WAVE)
TIME
34. 34
Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter (VOM)
• The Volt-Ohm-Milliamp meter (VOM) is an analog
electrical measuring instrument that allows the
measurement of many
electrical properties
• The VOM also measures rms
values, not peak values
• Often not preferred over the
DMM because the DMM has
an easier read out and is
more accurate
Electrical Meters
35. 35
Quantity Symbol Definition Unit of Unit
measure Symbol
Current I Measure of electron flow Ampere A
Voltage E or V Force that causes electrons to flow Volts V
Resistance R Opposition to flow of electrons Ohms Ω
Power P Heat dissipated in a circuit Watts W
Capacitance C Storage capacity of a capacitor Farads f
Inductance L Storage capacity of an inductor Henries H
Reactance X Opposition to current by L or C Ohms Ω
Impedance Z Opposition to AC circuit current Ohms Ω
Frequency f Number of cycles per second Hertz Hz
Time t Time elapsed or between pulses Seconds s
Electrical Units of Measure
36. 36
Engineering Notation
• Engineering Notation is a shorthand method of
representing large and small numbers
• Examples: 1,000 meters = 1 kilometer
12,000 meters = 12 kilometers
28,400,000 Hz = 28.4 MHz (megahertz)
0.00025 A = 25 milliamps
0.0000025 f = 2.5 microfarads
0.095 s = 95 milliseconds
Engineering Notation
38. To convert a number "to" engineering notation
Divide the number by the conversion factor for desired prefix
Convert 5860 Hz to kHz
Use Calculator to Convert
Kilo = 1,000 or 103
39. To convert a number "to" engineering notation
Divide the number by the conversion factor for desired prefix
Convert 84,450,000 W to MW
Use Calculator to Convert
mega = 1,000,000 or 106
40. To convert a number "to" engineering notation
Divide the number by the conversion factor for desired prefix
Convert 0.00346 A to mA
Use Calculator to Convert
milli = 0.001 or 10-3
41. To convert a number "from" engineering notation
Multiply the number by the conversion factor indicated
Convert 5.86 kHz to Hz
5.860 kHz = 5860 Hz
Use Calculator to Convert
Kilo = 1,000 or 103
Hz
42. (84.5) MW (x) (6) (10X ) (=) 84,450,000 W
84.5 MW x 1,000,000 = 84,450,000 W
To convert a number "from" engineering notation
Multiply the number by the conversion factor indicated
Convert 84.45 MW to W
84.5 MW = 84,450,000 W
Use Calculator to Convert
mega = 1,000,000 or 106
43. (3.45) mA (x) (-3) (10X ) (=) .00346 A
3.45 mA x 0.001 = .00346 A
To convert a number "from" engineering notation
Multiply the number by the conversion factor indicated
Convert 3.46 mA to A
3.45 mA= .00346 A
Use Calculator to Convert
milli = 0.001 or 10-3
44. 44
Check Your Understanding
• Complete the following
- 0.750 A = ________________ mA
- 0.20 mA = ________________ A
- 1,550 W = ________________ kW
- 330 kV = ________________ V
- 112 μF = ________________ F
- 12,550,000 Ω = _________________ M Ω
- 0.000000456 F = _________________ nF
- 222 kΩ = _________________ Ω
Engineering Notation
45. 45
Check Your Understanding
• Complete the following
- 0.750 A = ________________ mA
- 0.20 mA = ________________ A
- 1,550 W = ________________ kW
- 330 kV = ________________ V
- 112 μF = ________________ F
- 12,550,000 Ω = _________________ M Ω
- 0.000000456 F = _________________ nF
- 222 kΩ = _________________ Ω
750
0.0002
1.55
330,000
0.000,112
12.55
456
222,000
÷ .001
÷ 1,000
÷ 1,000,000
÷ .000,000,001
x .001
x 1,000
x .000,000
x 1,000
Engineering Notation