The document outlines an overview of computer architecture, including topics such as computer evolution, internal and external memory, CPU structure, and instruction sets. It highlights the progression from vacuum tubes to transistors and then to more complex integration techniques, detailing key milestones in the evolution of Intel's x86 architecture. Major concepts discussed include the von Neumann architecture, the function and organization of computer systems, and the evolution of microprocessors from the 8080 to the Core 2 quad.

1. Er. Nawaraj Bhandari
Topic 1
Overview
Computer
Architecture

2. Outline of the Syllabus
 Computer Evolution and Performance
 Computer Interconnection Structures
 Internal Memory
 External Memory
 Input/output
 Operating Systems Support
 Computer Arithmetic
 Instruction Sets

3. Outline of the Syllabus
 CPU Structure and Function
 Reduced Instruction Set Computers
 Parallel Processing

4. Architecture
 In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and
methods that describe the functionality, organization, and
implementation of computer systems
 Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer
 Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms,
addressing techniques.
*Organization is how features are implemented .Eg. Control signals, interfaces,
memory technology

5. Architecture
 All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
 The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture
 This gives code compatibility
 Organization differs between different versions

6. Structure & Function
 Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
 Function is the operation of individual components as part of the
structure

7. Function
 All computer functions are:
 Data processing
 Data storage
 Data movement
 Control

8. ENIAC - background
 Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
 Eckert and Mauchly
 University of Pennsylvania
 Trajectory tables for weapons
 Started 1943
 Finished 1946
 Too late for war effort
 Used until 1955

9. ENIAC - details
 Decimal (not binary)
 20 accumulators of 10 digits
 Programmed manually by switches
 18,000 vacuum tubes
 30 tons
 15,000 square feet
 140 kW power consumption
 5,000 additions per second

10. von Neumann/Turing
 Stored Program concept
 Main memory storing programs and data
 ALU operating on binary data
 Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing
 Input and output equipment operated by control unit
 Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
 IAS
 Completed 1952

11. Structure of von Neumann machine

12. Transistors
 Replaced vacuum tubes
 Smaller
 Cheaper
 Less heat dissipation
 Solid State device
 Made from Silicon (Sand)
 Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
 William Shockley et al.

13. Transistor Based Computers
 Second generation machines
 NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines
 IBM 7000
 DEC - 1957
 Produced PDP-1

14. Generations of Computer

15. Generations of Computer
 Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
 Transistor - 1958-1964
 Small scale integration - 1965 on
 Up to 100 devices on a chip
 Medium scale integration - to 1971
 100-3,000 devices on a chip
 Large scale integration - 1971-1977
 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
 Very large scale integration - 1978 -1991
 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
 Ultra large scale integration – 1991 -
 Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

16. x86 Evolution (1)
 8080
 The world’s first general-purpose microprocessor.
 This was an 8-bit machine, with an 8-bit data path to memory.
 The 8080 was used in the first personal computer, the Altair.
 8086 – 5MHz – 29,000 transistors
 much more powerful
 16 bit
 instruction cache, pre fetch few instructions
 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC

17. x86 Evolution (2)
 80286
 16 Mbyte memory addressable
 up from 1Mb
 80386
 32 bit
 Support for multitasking
 80486
 sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining
 built in maths co-processor

18. x86 Evolution (3)
 Pentium
 Superscalar
 Multiple instructions executed in parallel
 Pentium Pro
 Increased superscalar organization
 Aggressive register renaming
 branch prediction
 data flow analysis
 Pentium II
 graphics, video & audio processing
 Pentium III
 Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics

19. x86 Evolution (4)
 Pentium 4
 Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
 Core
 First x86 with dual core
 Core 2
 64 bit architecture
 Core 2 Quad – 3GHz – 820 million transistors
 Four processors on chip

20. x86 Evolution (4)
 x86 architecture dominant outside embedded systems
 Organization and technology changed dramatically
 Instruction set architecture evolved with backwards compatibility
 ~1 instruction per month added
 500 instructions available

21. ANY QUESTIONS?