The document provides an overview of basic neuroanatomy, including:
1. It defines the two main divisions of the nervous system as the central nervous system (CNS), comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), comprising nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
2. Within the CNS, it describes locations within the brain in terms of directions like anterior, posterior, dorsal, and ventral. It also defines key structures like the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum.
3. It outlines the main components and functions of the PNS, including 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
The midbrain or mesencephalon extends from the pons to the diencephalon and is about 2.5 cm (1 in.)long.
The cerebral aqueduct passes through the midbrain, connecting the third ventricle above with the fourth ventricle below.
The anterior part of the midbrain contains paired bundles of
axons known as the cerebral peduncles.
The cerebral peduncles consist of axons of Corticospinal, Corticopontine, and Corticobulbar tracts, which conduct nerve impulses from motor areas in the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, pons, and medulla, respectively.
The posterior part of the midbrain, called the tectum, contains four rounded elevations.
Two superior elevations: Superior Colliculi
Two inferior elevations: Inferior Colliculi
The superior colliculi serves as reflex centers for certain visual activities.
Visual activities like, eye movements for tracking moving images (such as a moving car) and scanning stationary images (as you are watching this slide).
The superior colliculi are also responsible for reflexes that govern movements of the head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli.
The inferior colliculi are part of the auditory pathway, relaying impulses from the receptors for hearing in the inner ear to the brain.
These two nuclei are also reflex centers for the startle reflex, sudden movements of the head, eyes, and trunk that occur when you are surprised by a loud noise such as a gunshot.
The midbrain contains several other nuclei, which includes the left and right substantia nigra.
Neurons that release dopamine, extending from the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia, help control subconscious muscle activities.
Loss of these neurons is associated with Parkinson disease.
Parkinson's disease is a brain disorder that leads to Shaking,
Stiffness, Difficulty with walking, Difficulty with balance, Difficulty with coordination.
Also present are the left and right red nuclei, which look reddish due to their rich blood supply and an iron-containing pigment in their neuronal cell bodies.
Axons from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses in the red nuclei, which help control some voluntary movements of the limbs.
The midbrain or mesencephalon extends from the pons to the diencephalon and is about 2.5 cm (1 in.)long.
The cerebral aqueduct passes through the midbrain, connecting the third ventricle above with the fourth ventricle below.
The anterior part of the midbrain contains paired bundles of
axons known as the cerebral peduncles.
The cerebral peduncles consist of axons of Corticospinal, Corticopontine, and Corticobulbar tracts, which conduct nerve impulses from motor areas in the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, pons, and medulla, respectively.
The posterior part of the midbrain, called the tectum, contains four rounded elevations.
Two superior elevations: Superior Colliculi
Two inferior elevations: Inferior Colliculi
The superior colliculi serves as reflex centers for certain visual activities.
Visual activities like, eye movements for tracking moving images (such as a moving car) and scanning stationary images (as you are watching this slide).
The superior colliculi are also responsible for reflexes that govern movements of the head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli.
The inferior colliculi are part of the auditory pathway, relaying impulses from the receptors for hearing in the inner ear to the brain.
These two nuclei are also reflex centers for the startle reflex, sudden movements of the head, eyes, and trunk that occur when you are surprised by a loud noise such as a gunshot.
The midbrain contains several other nuclei, which includes the left and right substantia nigra.
Neurons that release dopamine, extending from the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia, help control subconscious muscle activities.
Loss of these neurons is associated with Parkinson disease.
Parkinson's disease is a brain disorder that leads to Shaking,
Stiffness, Difficulty with walking, Difficulty with balance, Difficulty with coordination.
Also present are the left and right red nuclei, which look reddish due to their rich blood supply and an iron-containing pigment in their neuronal cell bodies.
Axons from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses in the red nuclei, which help control some voluntary movements of the limbs.
at a glance
Introduction
Terminologies used in the nervous system
Division of nervous system
Types of nerves- structure and functions
Brain
Cranial nerves
Spinal cord
Motor and sensory pathways of the spinal cord
Autonomic nervous system
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
3. A few definitions
201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM
A few Definitions
Locations in the Brain
Described relative to neuraxis
- an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord
up to the front of the brain
The front end is anterior
The back end is posterior
The terms rostral (toward the head) and caudal (
toward the tail) are also used when referring to pa
rts of the brain
4. Dorsal (back) refers to the top of the head and
the back
The ventral (front) surface faces the ground.
These directions are somewhat more
complicated in humans because our neuraxis
bends, so that the top of the head is now
perpendicular to the back.
201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM
A few Definitions
Locations in the Brain
6. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM
The Neuraxis
Anterior
Posterial
DorsalVentral
superior
inferior
7. Lateral means to the side (away from the
neuraxis)
Medial (or mesial) means toward the middle
(towards the neuraxis)
Proximal: Areas of the brain that are near to
one another
Distal: Areas that are far from one another
201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM
A few Definitions
Locations in the Brain
8. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM
A few Definitions
Locations in the Brain
Ipsilateral refers to structures on the same
side of the body
E.g. the olfactory bulbs send ipsilateral conne
ctions to the brain - the right bulb connects t
o the right hemisphere, and the left bulb con
nects to the left hemisphere
Contralateral refers to structures on opposite
sides of the body
E.g. the left motor strip connects to the right
side of the body
14. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM
Classification of Neurons
Functional difference
Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
Cell body
Interneurons
Dendrites
Axon
Axon
Sensory (afferent) neuron
Motor (efferent) neuron
Cell body
Axon
(central process)
Axon
(peripheral process)
Sensory
receptor
Effector
(muscle or gland)
Axon
terminal
25. 201403
Cranial Nerve
Ph.D. Jury HAM
CN I Olfactory Olfactory
epithelium
Smell
CN II Optic Retina Vision
CN III Occulomotor Midbrain Eye movement;
accommodation
CN IV Trochlear Midbrain Eye movement
(superior oblique)
CN V Trigeminal Pons Sensation to face;
chewing
CN VI Abducens Pons Eye movement
( lateral rectus)
CN VII Facial Pons Facial expression;
taste to anterior
2/3 of tongue
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Pons Hearing &
balance
CN IX Glossopharyngeal Medulla Salivation;
swallowing; taste
to posterior 1/3
of tongue
CN X Vagus Medulla Digestion; taste
to pharynx
CN XI Accessory Medulla Movement of
trapezius & SCM
CN XII Hypoglossal Medulla Movement of
tongue
31. 201403
QUIZ
Ph.D. Jury HAM
Does a bigger brain mean
you are smarter?
The debate is still on.
It seems that the higher brain
to body mass an animal has,
the smarter it is.
Einstein's overall brain was a
normal size, but the specific
portion known for spatial
intelligence was wider and
had a unique anatomy.
Ha! Ha!