This document discusses ARP and RARP protocols. ARP associates IP addresses with physical addresses to allow communication on a LAN. RARP performs the inverse, mapping a physical address to an IP address. The document includes objectives, figures illustrating protocol operations and positions in the TCP/IP stack, examples of ARP and RARP packets, and components of an ARP software package including cache table, queues, and modules.
Overview of RARP, BOOTP, DHCP and PXE protocols for dynamic IP address assignment.
Dynamic IP address assignment to a host (or interface) is a common problem in TCP/IP based networks.
Manual and static assignment of IP addresses does not scale well and becomes a labor intensive task with a growing number of hosts.
An early approach for dynamic IP address assignment was RARP (Reverse ARP) which ran directly on the Ethernet protocol layer.
The many problems of RARP such as the inability to be routed between subnets were solved with BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol).
BOOTP, however, ended to have its own set of limitations like lack of a lease time for IP addresses.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) was therefore defined as an extension to BOOTP.
DHCP is backward compatible with BOOTP thus allowing some degree of interoperability between the 2 protocols.
The state-of-the-art protocol for dynamic IP address assignment is, however, is DHCP.
DHCPv6 is an adaption of DHCP for IPv6 based networks.
Overview of RARP, BOOTP, DHCP and PXE protocols for dynamic IP address assignment.
Dynamic IP address assignment to a host (or interface) is a common problem in TCP/IP based networks.
Manual and static assignment of IP addresses does not scale well and becomes a labor intensive task with a growing number of hosts.
An early approach for dynamic IP address assignment was RARP (Reverse ARP) which ran directly on the Ethernet protocol layer.
The many problems of RARP such as the inability to be routed between subnets were solved with BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol).
BOOTP, however, ended to have its own set of limitations like lack of a lease time for IP addresses.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) was therefore defined as an extension to BOOTP.
DHCP is backward compatible with BOOTP thus allowing some degree of interoperability between the 2 protocols.
The state-of-the-art protocol for dynamic IP address assignment is, however, is DHCP.
DHCPv6 is an adaption of DHCP for IPv6 based networks.
Unicast Routing Protocols:RIP, OSPF, and BGP
Objectives
Upon completion you will be able to:
Distinguish between intra and interdomain routing
Understand distance vector routing and RIP
Understand link state routing and OSPF
Understand path vector routing and BGP
14.1 INTRA- AND INTERDOMAIN ROUTING
Routing inside an autonomous system is referred to as intradomain routing. Routing between autonomous systems is referred to as interdomain routing.
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https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
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In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
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Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
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Chap 07
1. Chapter 7
ARP and RARP
Objectives
Upon completion you will be able to:
• Understand the need for ARP
• Understand the cases in which ARP is used
• Understand the components and interactions in an ARP package
• Understand the need for RARP
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1
2. Figure 7.1 ARP and RARP
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 2
3. Figure 7.2 Position of ARP and RARP in TCP/IP protocol suite
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 3
4. 7.1 ARP
ARP associates an IP address with its physical address. On a typical
physical network, such as a LAN, each device on a link is identified by a
physical or station address that is usually imprinted on the NIC.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Packet Format
Encapsulation
Operation
ARP over ATM
Proxy ARP
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 4
5. Figure 7.3 ARP operation
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 5
7. Figure 7.5 Encapsulation of ARP packet
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 7
8. Figure 7.6 Four cases using ARP
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 8
9. Note:
An ARP request is broadcast;
an ARP reply is unicast.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 9
10. ExamplE 1
A host with IP address 130.23.43.20 and physical
address B2:34:55:10:22:10 has a packet to send to
another host with IP address 130.23.43.25 and
physical address A4:6E:F4:59:83:AB (which is
unknown to the first host). The two hosts are on the
same Ethernet network. Show the ARP request and
reply packets encapsulated in Ethernet frames.
See Next Slide
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 10
11. ExamplE 1 (ContinuEd)
Solution
Figure 7.7 shows the ARP request and reply packets.
Note that the ARP data field in this case is 28 bytes,
and that the individual addresses do not fit in the 4-
byte boundary. That is why we do not show the
regular 4-byte boundaries for these addresses. Also
note that the IP addresses are shown in hexadecimal.
For information on binary or hexadecimal notation
see Appendix B.
See Next Slide
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 11
14. 7.2 ARP PACKAGE
In this section, we give an example of a simplified ARP software
package to show the components and the relationships between the
components. This ARP package involves five modules: a cache table,
queues, an output module, an input module, and a cache-control
module.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Cache Table
Queues
Output Module
Input Module
Cache-Control Module
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 14
15. Figure 7.9 ARP components
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 15
16. Table 7.1 Original cache table used for examples
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 16
17. ExamplE 2
The ARP output module receives an IP datagram
(from the IP layer) with the destination address
114.5.7.89. It checks the cache table and finds that an
entry exists for this destination with the RESOLVED
state (R in the table). It extracts the hardware address,
which is 457342ACAE32, and sends the packet and
the address to the data link layer for transmission.
The cache table remains the same.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 17
18. ExamplE 3
Twenty seconds later, the ARP output module receives
an IP datagram (from the IP layer) with the
destination address 116.1.7.22. It checks the cache
table and does not find this destination in the table.
The module adds an entry to the table with the state
PENDING and the Attempt value 1. It creates a new
queue for this destination and enqueues the packet. It
then sends an ARP request to the data link layer for
this destination. The new cache table is shown in
Table 7.2.
See Next Slide
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 18
19. Table 7.2 Updated cache table for Example 3
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 19
20. ExamplE 4
Fifteen seconds later, the ARP input module receives
an ARP packet with target protocol (IP) address
188.11.8.71. The module checks the table and finds
this address. It changes the state of the entry to
RESOLVED and sets the time-out value to 900. The
module then adds the target hardware address
(E34573242ACA) to the entry. Now it accesses queue
18 and sends all the packets in this queue, one by one,
to the data link layer. The new cache table is shown in
Table 7.3.
See Next Slide
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 20
21. Table 7.3 Updated cache table for Example 4
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 21
22. ExamplE 5
Twenty-five seconds later, the cache-control module
updates every entry. The time-out values for the first
three resolved entries are decremented by 60. The
time-out value for the last resolved entry is
decremented by 25. The state of the next-to-the last
entry is changed to FREE because the time-out is
zero. For each of the three pending entries, the value
of the attempts
See Next Slide
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 22
23. Table 7.4 Updated cache table for Example 5
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 23
24. 7.3 RARP
RARP finds the logical address for a machine that only knows its
physical address.
The topics discussed in this section include:
Packet Format
Encapsulation
RARP Server
Alternative Solutions to RARP
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 24
25. Note:
The RARP request packets are broadcast;
the RARP reply packets are unicast.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 25
26. Figure 7.10 RARP operation
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 26
27. Figure 7.11 RARP packet
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 27
28. Figure 7.12 Encapsulation of RARP packet
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 28