An overview of Sacchi et al's cognitive study into doctored photos and their effects on memory. Designed for Edexcel International A level students as a revision resource.
Phenomenology: The Study of Individuals' Lived Experiences of the WorldRyan Bernido
Phenomenological Research is a research design used to study and describe the essence of the lived experiences of individuals within the world. There are two main types of phenomenological research, these are (a) descriptive phenomenological research and (b) interpretive phenomenological research. Many scholars regarded Edmund Husserl as the Father of Phenomenology.
Phenomenology: The Study of Individuals' Lived Experiences of the WorldRyan Bernido
Phenomenological Research is a research design used to study and describe the essence of the lived experiences of individuals within the world. There are two main types of phenomenological research, these are (a) descriptive phenomenological research and (b) interpretive phenomenological research. Many scholars regarded Edmund Husserl as the Father of Phenomenology.
Ranse J. (2013). Phenomenology; paper presented students of the University of Canberra – Professional Doctorate in Nurse Practitioner (Research), Canberra, ACT, 24th February
Conformity involves changing your behaviors in order to "fit in" or "go along" with the people around you. In some cases, this social influence might involve agreeing with or acting like the majority of people in a specific group, or it might involve behaving in a particular way in order to be perceived as "normal" by the group.
The actual title of this presentation is, "I See Your Lips Moving, But I Don’t Understand You – The Multi-Generational Classroom" and it is on Multi-Generations, specifically in the classroom.
Mineral - naturally occurring, inorganic solid with orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.
These are the basic building blocks of rocks.
Linda Papadopolous' report for the Home Office, studying the impact on young people of the representations of gender.
It's important to understand the context and assumptions regarding this report. To do so, search the BBC site, the Guardian site and the Telegraph site to find their reports on this report.
Also, for a critique of this report, visit this site: http://mackle.wordpress.com/2010/03/02/63-of-poll-results-are-entirely-made-up/
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Couples Families and Households Haleema Begum
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revision: associating the picture with the title allows you to fill in the info by your own associations. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
Ranse J. (2013). Phenomenology; paper presented students of the University of Canberra – Professional Doctorate in Nurse Practitioner (Research), Canberra, ACT, 24th February
Conformity involves changing your behaviors in order to "fit in" or "go along" with the people around you. In some cases, this social influence might involve agreeing with or acting like the majority of people in a specific group, or it might involve behaving in a particular way in order to be perceived as "normal" by the group.
The actual title of this presentation is, "I See Your Lips Moving, But I Don’t Understand You – The Multi-Generational Classroom" and it is on Multi-Generations, specifically in the classroom.
Mineral - naturally occurring, inorganic solid with orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.
These are the basic building blocks of rocks.
Linda Papadopolous' report for the Home Office, studying the impact on young people of the representations of gender.
It's important to understand the context and assumptions regarding this report. To do so, search the BBC site, the Guardian site and the Telegraph site to find their reports on this report.
Also, for a critique of this report, visit this site: http://mackle.wordpress.com/2010/03/02/63-of-poll-results-are-entirely-made-up/
GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Couples Families and Households Haleema Begum
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revision: associating the picture with the title allows you to fill in the info by your own associations. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
Physical Attractiveness and its Influence on Perceptions of Criminal Culpabilityrrcampb
Physical attractiveness and its ability to influence perceptions of criminal culpability was examined in the context of an online assignment of guilt task. Two-hundred and fifty participants were surveyed and asked to label photographs of adult males as either criminal or not criminal. A 3 (attractiveness) X 3 (ethnicity) repeated measures statistical analysis found highly significant main effects for physical attractiveness, ethnicity, and the interaction. The results suggest that physical attractiveness serves as a heuristic cue in the assignment of criminal culpability. These findings are highly relevant to those involved in the discretionary processes of the criminal justice system.
In a Snap: The Impact of Taking Photos on Memory RetentionTania_Briggs
The modern world is a visual world. In 2017 alone, people around the globe took an estimated 1.2 trillion digital photos, according to a digital imaging intelligence source, InfoTrends.
Running head RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE1RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 1
RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 2
Research Paper Template
Firstname Lastname
Argosy University Online
Research Paper Template
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Instruments
Procedure
Ethical Issues
References
Early Methods Section 2
Early Methods Section
Research Methods | PSY302 A01
Dr. Yvonne Bustamante
Argosy University
Tony Williams
27 May 2015
Good work Tony, Please find your feedback attached. Please open this attachment for very detailed feedback on how you can revise and improve subsequent assignments. Kind regards, Yvonne B.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
1) Explanation and justification of research question.
12/12
2) Presentation of hypothesis and null hypothesis.
11/16
3) Analysis of participants exclusion/inclusion factors.
16/16
4) Explanation of sampling technique and characterization of population that sample generalized.
12/12
5) Identification of study's variables.
7/12
6) Operational definitions for each variable are defined.
6/16
7) Development of methods to measure each variable, and the reliability and validity of these measures are evaluated.
11/16
8) Description of technique(s) used for data collection.
12/12
9) Description of the research design being used.
12/12
10) Identification of the research procedure.
12/12
11) Prediction of POTENTIAL ethical issues; POTENTIAL ethical issues are evaluated in terms of how they would be addressed.
20/20
Organization:
· Introduction
· Thesis
· Transitions
· Conclusion
12/12
Usage and Mechanics:
· Grammar
· Spelling
· Sentence Structure
12/12
APA Elements:
· Attribution
· Paraphrasing
· Quotations
16/16
Style:
· Audience
· Word Choice
4/4
Total:
175/200
Introduction
Aggression among the children and the adult is the primary cause of wrong and unethical activity. Children are getting violent and the peers are victimized by the aggressive behaviour among the peer group. Most of the ill will causes are somehow linked with or related with the level of aggression and therefore it becomes important that the factors impacting the aggression in adult and children are studied and examined, so as to address the related issues. Aggressiveness can be classified in short term or long term run. Short behaviour can also be referred as mimicry and the long term aggressiveness is linked with the problem of the brain and can be dangerous for both short and long term (Nauert, 2008).
Explanation and justification of research question
The topic of research is media’s inf.
Running Head THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE .docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Head: THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE 1
THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE 2
The Influence Media has on Body Image of Adolescent Girls
Michele Jackson
Argosy University
Professor Russo
December 11, 2013
1. Do the media influence adolescent girl’s body images?
2. Null Hypothesis: the media does not have an influence on adolescent girl’s body image. Alternate Hypothesis: the media does influence adolescent girl’s body image.
3. The correct sample size that will be used in the research is 385 adolescent girls. Determining the right sample size involves the calculation of the margin of error. The estimated margin of error at 95 percent confidence level that is a 5 percent chance that the results will be different is derived by 1/√N. N is the sample size. This means that a sample size of 10 will have a margin of error of 31.6 percent, but a sample size of 100 will have a 10 percent margin of error. This implies that the greater the N, the smaller the margin of error; therefore, the results of the research will useful (White & McBurney, 2013). A sample size of 385 participants is sufficiently large and is representative of the population, and limits extreme observations and the impacts of outliers. The inclusion characteristics include: they must be female, must be aged between 13 and 19 years and must be exposed to different forms of media. The exclusion characteristics are: history of any mental or personality disorder and history of drug use. The sample should be diverse. This is to make the sample representative of all adolescent girls.
4. The sampling technique that will be used in the study is random sampling. Random sampling is choosing a sample from the statistical population so that every sample that could be chosen has a predetermined chance of being chosen. This is the most appropriate sampling technique since it is the least unbiased of all sampling methods (Monsen et al, 2008). Additionally, there is no subjectivity is the technique because each member of the statistical population has an equal chance of being chosen. The sample will generalize to the entire adolescent girls’ population. This is the key advantage of random sampling because it is representative of the population. The only factor that can make the sample unrepresentative of the population is sampling error.
5. There are two variables in my study: the dependent and the independent variable. The dependent variable is the body image of adolescent girls, while the independent variable is the media. The body image of adolescent girls’ is the dependent variable because it is changed by factors such as the media. This is the variable being measured in the study. The independent variable is not affected by other factors or variables. The research is attempting to establish the relationship between media and adolescent girls’ body image. That .
Four different tests of 63 people found that those who kept their intentions private were more likely to achieve them than those who made them public and were acknowledged by others.
Once you've told people of your intentions, it gives you a “premature sense of completeness.”
You have “identity symbols” in your brain that make your self-image. Since both actions and talk create symbols in your brain, talking satisfies the brain enough that it “neglects the pursuit of further symbols.”
Using Guidelines to Better Shape Rape Victims' Impact Statements: Toward Incr...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
When intentions go public - Gollwitzer PM, Sheeran P, Michalski V, Seifert AE.Marcela Fernandez
Based on Lewinian goal theory in general and self-completion theory in particular, four experiments examined the implications of other people taking notice of one's identity-related behavioral intentions.
Running head: Final Project: Early Methods Section 8
Final Project: Early Methods Section
Student’s Name:
Instructor’s name:
Affiliation:
Course:
Date:
Final Project: Early Methods Section
1. What is your research question?
Does Reality TV influence perceive body image in the adolescent child?
2. What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis?
H0: Reality TV does not influence perceived body image in the adolescent child
H1: Reality TV does influence perceived body image in the adolescent child
3. Participants
To qualify as a participant in the study the age should range from eight years to sixteen years. Culturally, the study will use African American, Caucasian, and other racial backgrounds. I intend to use adolescents from the same socio-economic levels to attain reliability and validity with the current data analysis and collection for the study. I will use an audit trail and reflective journal to achieve a high degree of dependability.
4. Sampling technique
I will use a purposeful sample with the adequate number of adolescents to facilitate efficient and effective saturation of categories. Any negative case enhances validity since it demonstrates that the aspects of the analysis are less than obvious. Top improve transferability in the study I will use moderate populated schools in the samples that attract adolescents from multiple cultures, histories, and comparable socio-economic levels across the city.
5. What are the variables in your study?
Demographic data, race, body dissatisfaction, body image, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, media pressure, awareness, self-confidence, and internalization
6. Provide operational definitions for each variable.
The race will mention the cultural background of each participant. The awareness of body image and self-image begins to form at a young age. It is not clear whether the desire or pressure to become thin affects all adolescents equally. At the age of six, girls desire a thin body and use some types of diet to obtain low weight and thin body. Girls spend a lot of time watching television or magazines to focus on the appearance and use thin models.
Ethnically blacks interpret media influences from white or Hispanics. A majority of white participants indicate a desire to look at thin models shown in advertisements.
The media pressure will present one’s effect of media portrayal. There seems to be a consensus that the mass media does tend to influence one's perception of body image. Exposure of commercials that use thin models leads to higher levels of dissatisfaction with overall body image.
7Measuirng of variables
I will use a Body Dissatisfaction Subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory to measure specific bodies such as waist and thighs. Additionally, A Multidimensional Media Influence Scale (MMIS) will measure five dimensions of media influence that include awareness of media thin ideal, media pu.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. People who witness car accidents and later receive misleading information about what
they saw, will recall details incorrectly (Loftus, 1977)
4. People will remember false events from childhood- Participants in this study
were presented with a narrative describing a false event from their childhood.
25% of participants ‘remember’ being lost in a shopping mall even though this
5. Participants believed they had experienced unusual or traumatic events such as
nearly drowning and being saved by a lifeguard (Heaps and Nash, 2001)
6. Particpants were led to believe they had witnessed a demonic possession
(Mazzoni, Loftus and Kirsch, 2001)
7. Aims of the Study (Sacchi et al,
2007
To investigate whether doctored photographs
of two well know events could change a
person’s memories of an event.
To find out if viewing doctored images would
change the attitudes a person has towards a
past event.
To investigate if viewing doctored images of a
past event could change behavioural
intentions in the future.
12. Sample
Sample: 187 participants
(31 male and 156 female) who were
undergraduates (92% Psychology, 8% other)
enrolled at the University of Padua or at the
University of Udine, in Italy.
The age range was 19–39 (mean age 22.3
years).
Participants did not receive any compensation
for involvement.
13. Event 1: Beijing
To represent the Beijing event, a well-known
image of a student standing in front of tanks in
Tiananmen Square was used.
For the Beijing event, a conspicuous crowd
was added on both sides of the line of tanks.
14.
15. Event 2: Rome
For the Rome event, a photograph depicting
peaceful demonstrators marching in front of the
Coliseum was used.
In the photograph for the Rome event, police
officers and aggressive-looking demonstrators
were placed among the peaceful crowds
To ensure the doctored Rome photo conveyed
violence, two versions were presented to eight
independent judges, who rated each image on a
peaceful–violent scale. The version rated more
violent was selected for the experiment.
16.
17. Experimental Design
Participants viewed one combination of the
photographs for the Beijing event and the
Rome event, either the original or doctored
version.
Two original photos (N=48)
Two doctored photos (N=44)
The doctored Beijing photo and original Rome
photo (N=43)
The original Beijing photo and doctored Rome
photo (N=52)
18. Experimental Design
Three sets of multiple-choice questions were
used: manipulation check questions, critical
questions and attitude questions.
Photographs and questions were presented in
a printed questionnaire that participants
completed in large groups in classroom
settings.
No information about the experiment was
given.
19. Experimental Design
Critical questions addressed aspects of
participant memories that could be biased by
the content of the doctored photographs.
Attitude questions tested whether the doctored
material could affect attitudes towards the
events, for example rating violence.
Finally, a blank page was left for participants to
add their comments or to point out aspects of
the event that they had found particularly
striking
20. Manipulation Check Questions
Manipulation check questions were meant to
ascertain whether our digitally doctored material
was believable and to assess the participants’
familiarity with the events. First, participants
indicated whether they had already seen the
photograph. In this case, three options were
available: ‘Yes’, ‘No’, ‘I’m not sure’. If the false
images were plausible, then we expected the
participants who viewed the doctored version of a
photo to answer similarly to those who viewed its
original version. A second question asked
participants to rate how familiar they were with the
event on a 7-point scale in which 1 =
completely unfamiliar and 7 = completely
familiar.
21. Critical Questions
Critical questions addressed specific aspects
of participants’ memories for each event that
we anticipated would be biased by the content
of the doctored photographs. For the Beijing
event, the focus of the critical questions was
the number of demonstrators; for the Rome
event, the focus was violent action.
23. Attitude Questions
Attitude questions were developed to test the
hypothesis that the misleading doctored
material could affect attitudes towards the
events. Participants rated the importance of
each event on a 7-point scale (1 ¼
insignificant, 7 ¼ important). They also rated
how violent (1 ¼ peaceful, 7 ¼ violent), and
how positive or negative (1 ¼ positive, 7 ¼
negative) the events were, according to their
memory.
24. Procedure
On the first page participants saw both
photographs then answered the question ‘Can
you tell what major public event of the past 15
years is depicted in each of the following
photos?’ in a blank space next to each image.
On the next page, one of the two photographs
appeared again, this time accompanied by a
caption indicating the event and when it took
place. On this page, participants also found the
manipulation check questions and two short filler
exercises.
25. Procedure
Manipulation check questions assessed if
photographs were believable and participant’s
familiarity with the events. They indicated
whether they had already seen the photograph
and rated how familiar they were with the
event.
26. Procedure
On the next page, participants responded
based on their memories of the event (being
asked not to look back at the photograph).
They were then presented with the critical
questions specific for that event and the
attitude questions
27. Procedure
Critical questions addressed aspects of
participant memories that could be biased by
the content of the doctored photographs.
Attitude questions tested whether the doctored
material could affect attitudes towards the
events, for example rating violence.
Finally, a blank page was left for participants to
add their comments or to point out aspects of
the event that they had found particularly
striking
28. Procedure
During the debriefing, participants saw both
the original and the doctored version of each
photograph, and the real purpose of the study
was revealed.
33. Evaluation
Validity
How familiar are participants with these original
events? 35% of participants were ‘completely
unfamiliar’ with the 1989 Tiananmen Square
protest. Participants were instructed to answer
the critical and attitude questions according to
their memory, but how could they comply with
this instruction if they did not know or remember
the event at all? Perhaps they simply gave
fabricated answers.
34. Non-Invasive Procedure- We do not know
whether the participants responded on the
basis of a modified memory or simply based
their answers on the photograph they were
shown
Age of participants (M=22.3) is young. They
would not have witnessed these events
directly and would have fragmented memories
of reading/hearing about them if at all
35. If the manipulation led participants to rate an
event more violent and more negative, would
they also be less likely to say they would
participate in a similar event in the future?
This inspired a second study
37. Study 2- Aims
To test the hypothesis that the exposure to a
doctored photograph of a past public event
could affect people’s behavioural intentions a
second study was conducted.
38. Study 2- Sample
A total of 112 participants (35 male, 73
females, 4 did not specify gender) enrolled at
University in Italy. The age range was 50–84
(mean age 64.9). About 56% of the
participants were retired, 20% were still
working and the remaining 24% did not
indicate their occupation. Participants did not
receive any kind of compensation for
involvement.
39. Study 2- Procedure
The same photographs from Experiment 1
were used as stimulus material and
participants viewed only 1of 4 possible
combinations (as in the first experiment). The
questions were the same, however one
question was added for the Rome event to
rate how likely they would be to take part in
a similar demonstration.
40. Study 2- Results
When asked if they would take part in a similar
demonstration those who saw the doctored
photograph gave significantly lower ratings
compared to participants in the original
condition.
41.
42.
43.
44. Conclusions
Viewing modified images affects the way people remember past public
events and also their attitudes and behavioural intentions.
The effect was similar for younger and older adults, regardless of
whether the specific events were recent enough to be remembered
first hand.
The authenticity of doctored images may have led participants to engage in
the
reconstructive process of remembering and to retrieve bits of information
that were
consistent with the misleading suggestion.
According to these findings, anybody intending to deceive people and
affect their opinion by circulating such material would have a good
chance of being successful.
If viewing false pictures during the retrieval stage
affects recollection of well-known events, what happens when we are
exposed to
45. General Evaluation
Applications to Real life- ‘Anybody intending
to deceive people and affect their opinion by
circulating such material would have a good
chance of being successful’.
Powerful and potentially significant effect of
doctored photographs through the media
46. General Evaluation
Ethics
Participants had the right to withdraw and had
informed consent.
They were deceived as to the true nature of
the study but were informed during their
debriefing
Photographs were not necessarily distressing
in themselves, although consideration can be
given to context (e.g. are participants from
those countries or knew people affected by
those events for example)
47. General Evaluation
Reliability
Study can be reasonably well replicated with
the source material
Various replication studies have been done
since then, with similar findings
e.g. Slate Magazine
48. Full Article Link
https://webfiles.uci.edu/eloftus/Sacchi_Agnoli_
Loftus_ACP07.pdf