This study examined implicit attitudes toward police officers and whether they correlate with other factors. The researchers administered implicit and explicit measures of attitudes toward police, as well as measures of social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, political views, and preferred news sources, to 74 undergraduate students. Surprisingly, those who obtained most of their news from CNN had more negative implicit attitudes toward police officers. However, the hypothesis that conservatives would have more positive police attitudes was not supported. The researchers call for future studies with larger, more diverse samples to better understand media influences on implicit political and authority attitudes.
G219 Nahoko Kitakaze Takehiko Ito Takayo Inoue (2014, September,). GENDER DI...Takehiko Ito
G219 Nahoko Kitakaze Takehiko Ito Takayo Inoue (2014, September,). GENDER DIFFERENCE OF EFFECTS OF RAPE SUPPORTIVE ATTITUDE ON THE JUDGMENT OF GUILT OR INNOCENCE IN A MOCK JURY TRIAL EXPERIMENT. XVI World Congress of Psychiatry. Madrid
When referring to mass media, these studies bear significance in long term exposure to media content and social development. Despite being of minimal usage, the importance of these studies cannot be undermined, both theoretically and socially. These types of study are found more relevant to be used among psychologists and sociologists. With a systematic timely empirical analysis, it becomes easier for them to determine cognitive deviations in parallel with changing lifestyles of the society. Such studies are also common in medicine where diseases are thoroughly studied to identify a predictor.
Running head RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE1RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 1
RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 2
Research Paper Template
Firstname Lastname
Argosy University Online
Research Paper Template
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Instruments
Procedure
Ethical Issues
References
Early Methods Section 2
Early Methods Section
Research Methods | PSY302 A01
Dr. Yvonne Bustamante
Argosy University
Tony Williams
27 May 2015
Good work Tony, Please find your feedback attached. Please open this attachment for very detailed feedback on how you can revise and improve subsequent assignments. Kind regards, Yvonne B.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
1) Explanation and justification of research question.
12/12
2) Presentation of hypothesis and null hypothesis.
11/16
3) Analysis of participants exclusion/inclusion factors.
16/16
4) Explanation of sampling technique and characterization of population that sample generalized.
12/12
5) Identification of study's variables.
7/12
6) Operational definitions for each variable are defined.
6/16
7) Development of methods to measure each variable, and the reliability and validity of these measures are evaluated.
11/16
8) Description of technique(s) used for data collection.
12/12
9) Description of the research design being used.
12/12
10) Identification of the research procedure.
12/12
11) Prediction of POTENTIAL ethical issues; POTENTIAL ethical issues are evaluated in terms of how they would be addressed.
20/20
Organization:
· Introduction
· Thesis
· Transitions
· Conclusion
12/12
Usage and Mechanics:
· Grammar
· Spelling
· Sentence Structure
12/12
APA Elements:
· Attribution
· Paraphrasing
· Quotations
16/16
Style:
· Audience
· Word Choice
4/4
Total:
175/200
Introduction
Aggression among the children and the adult is the primary cause of wrong and unethical activity. Children are getting violent and the peers are victimized by the aggressive behaviour among the peer group. Most of the ill will causes are somehow linked with or related with the level of aggression and therefore it becomes important that the factors impacting the aggression in adult and children are studied and examined, so as to address the related issues. Aggressiveness can be classified in short term or long term run. Short behaviour can also be referred as mimicry and the long term aggressiveness is linked with the problem of the brain and can be dangerous for both short and long term (Nauert, 2008).
Explanation and justification of research question
The topic of research is media’s inf.
Running head LESS THAN LETHAL FORCE IS THERE A BETTER WAY .docxwlynn1
Running head: LESS THAN LETHAL FORCE: IS THERE A BETTER WAY? 1
LESS THAN LETHAL FORCE USED BY POLICE 7
Less than Lethal Force: Is There a Better Way?
Alex Sierra
AMU
June 2nd, 2019
Abstract
Today, debates continue to ensue regarding the adoption of less lethal policies across all police departments in the U.S. Some of the less harmful devices suggested include pepper sprays, chemical sprays, impact projectiles, and electroshock weapons. Even so, several tools are still in the pipeline, and their development would stretch the array of less lethal weapons that police and other law enforcement agencies could use to address numerous situations. Lack of knowledge in the general public regarding the effectiveness of using less lethal modalities is the foundational motivation for this study. Experimental research design with interviews as the primary data collection tool will facilitate the completion of the research.
Keywords: Less lethal devices, lethal devices, law enforcement
Less than Lethal Force Used by Police
Introduction
Police officers handle challenging situations that demand the use of different types of weapons. Regardless of the nature of the situation, police officers have the responsibility to ensure that the issue at hand does not compromise the safety of the law offenders and the general public. Police need to use the most appropriate device depending on the behavior of the law offenders. Most importantly, the concerned officer must use the method that matches the action of the offender. The law only allows the officers to use lethal weapons when law offenders have the potential to endanger their life. In recent years, the high rates of deaths caused by police officers have evoked debates aimed at exploring the possibility of using less lethal weapons.
The fact that these devices are less lethal in comparison to firearms does not imply that they cannot cause physical and emotional harm. Therefore, their use must adhere to all precautionary regulations. The debates over the use of less lethal weapons in various law enforcement agencies and police departments continue to emanate. Most people lack knowledge on the effectiveness of using less lethal weapons as compared to using lethal weapons in maintaining law and order. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a study aimed at comparing the impact of using less lethal weapons and lethal weapons in ensuring adherence to the law. The findings established from the research could be instrumental in persuading police departments that are yet to adopt less lethal force policies to do so. In this light, the study will involve collecting data about the police activities in departments that have already adopted less lethal policies, including Boston, New York, Seattle, and Loss Angeles police departments. The findings will add to a large body of knowledge exploring the effectiveness of weapons by police officers along with fostering unification of policie.
G219 Nahoko Kitakaze Takehiko Ito Takayo Inoue (2014, September,). GENDER DI...Takehiko Ito
G219 Nahoko Kitakaze Takehiko Ito Takayo Inoue (2014, September,). GENDER DIFFERENCE OF EFFECTS OF RAPE SUPPORTIVE ATTITUDE ON THE JUDGMENT OF GUILT OR INNOCENCE IN A MOCK JURY TRIAL EXPERIMENT. XVI World Congress of Psychiatry. Madrid
When referring to mass media, these studies bear significance in long term exposure to media content and social development. Despite being of minimal usage, the importance of these studies cannot be undermined, both theoretically and socially. These types of study are found more relevant to be used among psychologists and sociologists. With a systematic timely empirical analysis, it becomes easier for them to determine cognitive deviations in parallel with changing lifestyles of the society. Such studies are also common in medicine where diseases are thoroughly studied to identify a predictor.
Running head RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE1RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 1
RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 2
Research Paper Template
Firstname Lastname
Argosy University Online
Research Paper Template
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Instruments
Procedure
Ethical Issues
References
Early Methods Section 2
Early Methods Section
Research Methods | PSY302 A01
Dr. Yvonne Bustamante
Argosy University
Tony Williams
27 May 2015
Good work Tony, Please find your feedback attached. Please open this attachment for very detailed feedback on how you can revise and improve subsequent assignments. Kind regards, Yvonne B.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
1) Explanation and justification of research question.
12/12
2) Presentation of hypothesis and null hypothesis.
11/16
3) Analysis of participants exclusion/inclusion factors.
16/16
4) Explanation of sampling technique and characterization of population that sample generalized.
12/12
5) Identification of study's variables.
7/12
6) Operational definitions for each variable are defined.
6/16
7) Development of methods to measure each variable, and the reliability and validity of these measures are evaluated.
11/16
8) Description of technique(s) used for data collection.
12/12
9) Description of the research design being used.
12/12
10) Identification of the research procedure.
12/12
11) Prediction of POTENTIAL ethical issues; POTENTIAL ethical issues are evaluated in terms of how they would be addressed.
20/20
Organization:
· Introduction
· Thesis
· Transitions
· Conclusion
12/12
Usage and Mechanics:
· Grammar
· Spelling
· Sentence Structure
12/12
APA Elements:
· Attribution
· Paraphrasing
· Quotations
16/16
Style:
· Audience
· Word Choice
4/4
Total:
175/200
Introduction
Aggression among the children and the adult is the primary cause of wrong and unethical activity. Children are getting violent and the peers are victimized by the aggressive behaviour among the peer group. Most of the ill will causes are somehow linked with or related with the level of aggression and therefore it becomes important that the factors impacting the aggression in adult and children are studied and examined, so as to address the related issues. Aggressiveness can be classified in short term or long term run. Short behaviour can also be referred as mimicry and the long term aggressiveness is linked with the problem of the brain and can be dangerous for both short and long term (Nauert, 2008).
Explanation and justification of research question
The topic of research is media’s inf.
Running head LESS THAN LETHAL FORCE IS THERE A BETTER WAY .docxwlynn1
Running head: LESS THAN LETHAL FORCE: IS THERE A BETTER WAY? 1
LESS THAN LETHAL FORCE USED BY POLICE 7
Less than Lethal Force: Is There a Better Way?
Alex Sierra
AMU
June 2nd, 2019
Abstract
Today, debates continue to ensue regarding the adoption of less lethal policies across all police departments in the U.S. Some of the less harmful devices suggested include pepper sprays, chemical sprays, impact projectiles, and electroshock weapons. Even so, several tools are still in the pipeline, and their development would stretch the array of less lethal weapons that police and other law enforcement agencies could use to address numerous situations. Lack of knowledge in the general public regarding the effectiveness of using less lethal modalities is the foundational motivation for this study. Experimental research design with interviews as the primary data collection tool will facilitate the completion of the research.
Keywords: Less lethal devices, lethal devices, law enforcement
Less than Lethal Force Used by Police
Introduction
Police officers handle challenging situations that demand the use of different types of weapons. Regardless of the nature of the situation, police officers have the responsibility to ensure that the issue at hand does not compromise the safety of the law offenders and the general public. Police need to use the most appropriate device depending on the behavior of the law offenders. Most importantly, the concerned officer must use the method that matches the action of the offender. The law only allows the officers to use lethal weapons when law offenders have the potential to endanger their life. In recent years, the high rates of deaths caused by police officers have evoked debates aimed at exploring the possibility of using less lethal weapons.
The fact that these devices are less lethal in comparison to firearms does not imply that they cannot cause physical and emotional harm. Therefore, their use must adhere to all precautionary regulations. The debates over the use of less lethal weapons in various law enforcement agencies and police departments continue to emanate. Most people lack knowledge on the effectiveness of using less lethal weapons as compared to using lethal weapons in maintaining law and order. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a study aimed at comparing the impact of using less lethal weapons and lethal weapons in ensuring adherence to the law. The findings established from the research could be instrumental in persuading police departments that are yet to adopt less lethal force policies to do so. In this light, the study will involve collecting data about the police activities in departments that have already adopted less lethal policies, including Boston, New York, Seattle, and Loss Angeles police departments. The findings will add to a large body of knowledge exploring the effectiveness of weapons by police officers along with fostering unification of policie.
Complete a scientific inquiry research using three credible sources..pdfforwardcom41
Complete a scientific inquiry research using three credible sources. Start by summarizing the
similarities and differences between social inquiry and the everyday assumptions that people
make. In addition, analyze the way claims are made, based on these two different approaches.
Provide at least one example for each.
Solution
Scientific inquiry
Source :Husband and Wife Differences in Response to Undesirable Life Events
In our society today we have so many dynamics to a “family.” Many things factor into these rolls
and they are not things that were seen 10 or even 5 years ago! We have woman’s rights, equality,
Stay at home fathers, gay rights, and single parent homes. The divorce rate is higher than ever
and what was normal for a family last year is not the same today by any means. After reading the
study you realize that the author is testing about how certain stressors in a person’s life can affect
them in different ways depending on what sex they are. The author states that men and woman
deal with things on a different level and each process things in a different manor. Whereas,
something that may affect a man, will not have as much bearing on a woman and vies versa.
Woman tested were more prone to psychological problems like depression and anxiety. Men
tested were more likely to demonstrate other symptoms of distress such as alcohol or drug use.
They believed that men would become more hostile about situations and woman would be
anxious about the same situation
In the present study of 451 married couples living in the rural midwest, gender differences were
examined in reports of exposure and vulnerability to specific types of undesirable life events.
Consistent with expectations derived from either a social structural or identity perspective, the
results demonstrated that men are more likely than women to report exposure to and to be
distressed by work and financial events. Women, on the other hand, are more strongly influenced
by exposure to negative events within the family but not within their network of friends.
Outcomes vary according to the type of emotional distress. Financial stress, for example,
increases hostility among men more than among women, but wives are more likely than
husbands to report somatic complaints in response to the same stressor. The findings demonstrate
the need for future research that more directly investigates the intraindividual and social
mechanisms which account for gender differences in a broad range of emotional and behavioral
responses to varying types of significant life changes.
Inquiry is a natural human activity; that is, people seek a general understanding about the world
around them. We recognize that present circumstances affect future circumstances. We learn that
getting an education will determine the amount of money we earn later in life. The key to inquiry
is observation. We can never understand the way things work without first having something to
understand. Understanding through experienc.
Running Head ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIESANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6.docxhealdkathaleen
Running Head: ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
ANNOTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 6
Annotated Bibliographies
Shanee’ N. Ellington
Liberty University
Tewksbury, R., Dabney, D. A., & Copes, H. (2010). The Prominence of Qualitative Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice Scholarship. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 21(4), 391-411. doi:10.1080/10511253.2010.516557
This article forms the basis of the discussion by explaining the correlation between quantitative research and criminology whereby the relationship favor’s the criminology concept and process since it is inquisitive by nature. The main variables that are used to support the hypothesis are the number of dissertations presented with a different style of research applied to them. The qualitative research forms the largest contribution to the research process by collecting a variety of related information across the research topic. The two main modes of measurement being tested are the qualitative and quantitative methods which are usually the two major measurement scales used in research. The notion is supported by this mode of research because different disciplines normally apply different approaches to quantitative inquiry.
Gergen, K. J. (2014). Pursuing excellence in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Psychology, 1(1), 49-60. doi:10.1037/qup0000002.
The author of this article looks into the various orientations that influence the qualitative inquiries’ success rate by reviewing the history of the criteria that was mainly used in measuring the success rate of a certain qualitative inquiry approach. He then discusses how the traditional criteria have been widely used to evaluate the modern qualitative approaches which he looks at from different types of qualitative approach methods. From the analysis of the various contemporary orientations which lead to the development of various types of inquiries, he is able to consider five proposed mode of qualitative inquiries which include ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory and also case study. This provision sets the basis for the discussion of the various types of inquiries which is then compared to the analysis of their effective use and impact within the criminal justice systems for example in the article below from the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) which looks into the most common types of approaches to qualitative inquiries.
Kleck, G., Tark, J., & Bellows, J. J. (2006). What methods are most frequently used in research in criminology and criminal justice? Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(2), 147-152. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.01.007
The authors of this article attempted to look at the most commonly used approaches to a quantitative inquiry by establishing research into how frequent the modes used in qualitative methods of research in criminal justice-related journals are applied in research. Survey research, which forms one of the elements of phenomenological approaches to a quantitative ...
Effect of item order on self-reported psychological aggression: Exploring the...William Woods
There are a plethora of data indicating that intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs at high rates in college students (Shorey, Cornelius, & Bell, 2008). Although studies have repeatedly demonstrated these high rates of IPV, some researchers have criticized the reliability and validity of the self-report measures commonly used to assess these rates (Follingstad & Ryan, 2013; Ryan, 2013). There is some research to suggest that subtle factors, such as item order, can impact self-reports of violence victimization and perpetration (Ramirez & Straus, 2006). This phenomenon has been most widely studied in the context of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2; Straus, et al., 1996), a widely used measure of IPV, which may not comprehensively assess psychological aggression. Thus, in the current study we examined differences in self-reports of psychological aggression victimization and perpetration using the Multidimensional Measure of Emotional Abuse (MMEA; Murphy & Hoover, 1999) when it was administered in either the standard format or in a format in which question order was randomized. Given that there may be gender differences in victimization and perpetration, we also examined the impact gender would have on item order effects.
Presented at ABCT, Nov. 2015.
Transphobia in Today's Society: Implicit Attitudes and Personal BeliefsStephanie Azzarello
Research presented March 4, 2016 at the Eastern Psychological Association conference In New York City. Research indicates that implicit attitudes of transphobia currently match explicit attitudes, possibly due to low social desirability. Predictors for transphobia are adherence to traditional gender roles, right wing authoritarianism, social dominance, and the belief that gender identity is a choice
Running Head THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE .docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Head: THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE 1
THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE 2
The Influence Media has on Body Image of Adolescent Girls
Michele Jackson
Argosy University
Professor Russo
December 11, 2013
1. Do the media influence adolescent girl’s body images?
2. Null Hypothesis: the media does not have an influence on adolescent girl’s body image. Alternate Hypothesis: the media does influence adolescent girl’s body image.
3. The correct sample size that will be used in the research is 385 adolescent girls. Determining the right sample size involves the calculation of the margin of error. The estimated margin of error at 95 percent confidence level that is a 5 percent chance that the results will be different is derived by 1/√N. N is the sample size. This means that a sample size of 10 will have a margin of error of 31.6 percent, but a sample size of 100 will have a 10 percent margin of error. This implies that the greater the N, the smaller the margin of error; therefore, the results of the research will useful (White & McBurney, 2013). A sample size of 385 participants is sufficiently large and is representative of the population, and limits extreme observations and the impacts of outliers. The inclusion characteristics include: they must be female, must be aged between 13 and 19 years and must be exposed to different forms of media. The exclusion characteristics are: history of any mental or personality disorder and history of drug use. The sample should be diverse. This is to make the sample representative of all adolescent girls.
4. The sampling technique that will be used in the study is random sampling. Random sampling is choosing a sample from the statistical population so that every sample that could be chosen has a predetermined chance of being chosen. This is the most appropriate sampling technique since it is the least unbiased of all sampling methods (Monsen et al, 2008). Additionally, there is no subjectivity is the technique because each member of the statistical population has an equal chance of being chosen. The sample will generalize to the entire adolescent girls’ population. This is the key advantage of random sampling because it is representative of the population. The only factor that can make the sample unrepresentative of the population is sampling error.
5. There are two variables in my study: the dependent and the independent variable. The dependent variable is the body image of adolescent girls, while the independent variable is the media. The body image of adolescent girls’ is the dependent variable because it is changed by factors such as the media. This is the variable being measured in the study. The independent variable is not affected by other factors or variables. The research is attempting to establish the relationship between media and adolescent girls’ body image. That .
Running Head Operationalizing VariableRunning head Methods P.docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: Operationalizing Variable
Running head: Methods Paper 7
Methods Paper
Learning Team A
Alexander Wenceslao, Edith Zamora, Briahna Pitts, Elbert Johnson, Shaina M. Clasberry
PSY 335
25 Jan 2016
Nancy Lees
Abstract
Is it possible to prevent suicidal influences by taking preemptive measures? According to last week’s research learning team A was able to identify mental illness, socioeconomic pressures, marital status, family history of suicide, and media influences as major contributions to our nation’s suicide rates. If preemptive measures are taken to minimize or address these influences then national suicide rates will decrease. Our groups hypotheses is as follows: If preemptive measures are implemented to minimize or address the following suicidal influences; mental illness, socioeconomic pressures, discontentment with marital status and family history of suicide then the national suicide rate will decrease. This paper will explain in detail the method by which we plan to conduct a study to prove our hypothesis.
Sampling Method
In psychology, the purpose for sampling is to collect data from a target population. A target population is a portion of the total population that is in possession of something of interest. For the research project of this group, the target population consists of individuals of all age’s races and classes who are associated with suicide: those who are undergoing the mentality of suicide, those who have a history of exhibiting suicidal behaviors and those who have attempted suicide. With this research’s sampling method, it is important to stray away from sampling bias. The sampling method that would be ideal versus convenient would be the following: volunteer sampling versus opportunity sampling. Sampling bias happens when the data does not reflect the target population (McLeod, 2014). An example of this would be of psychology studies where universities used an opportunity sampling method that only comprises of their students. Opportunity sampling would be selecting individuals who are available at that particular moment in time (McLeod, 2014). This method, though convenient and quick, will not correctly represent the target population.
The ideal sampling method that this research project would use is volunteer sampling. According to McLeod (2014), this method occurs when individuals choose themselves to be involved with a study. This sampling method would advertise for individuals of any and all demographics, later categorizing the demographics by age and by race for reaching more specified data. This advertisement would consist of a survey that is available nationwide all hours of the day— convenient to the target population, having different work hours or hours of operation. The reason why this method would be ideal is that this method, though convenient, is also ethical for it having informed consent.
Def.
Gang Membership, Violence, and Psychiatric Morbidityjeremy coid
Gang members engage in many high-risk activities associated with psychiatric morbidity, particularly violence related ones. The authors investigated associations between gang membership, violent behavior, psychiatric morbidity, and
use of mental health services. The study concluded that gang members show inordinately high levels of psychiatric morbidity,
placing a heavy burden on mental health services. Traumatization and fear of further violence, exceptionally prevalent in gang members, are associated with service use. Gang membership should be routinely assessed in individuals presenting to health care services in areas with high levels of violence and gang activity. Health care professionals may have an important role in promoting desistence from gang activity.
1. Introduction Methods Results
Conclusion
Previous research has examined the factors
that influence perceptions toward the use of
force by police officers (Zabel, et al. 2016).
Our purpose for this study was to uncover
participants’ implicit attitudes towards
police officers and test whether any
correlations exist through the use of
specific measures.
Variables that predict support toward
officer use of lethal force include social
dominance orientation, blind patriotism,
and right-wing authoritarianism (Perkins &
Bourgeois, 2006).
Social dominance orientation (SDO)
describes one’s degree of preference for
inequality among social groups (Pratto, et
al. 1994).
Right-wing authoritarianism is a measure
that includes: authoritarian submission
(uncritical subjection to authority),
authoritarian aggression (feeling of
aggression towards norm violators) and
conventionalism (strict adherence to
conventional norms and values) (Rattazzi
2007).
Hypothesis
Implicit Attitudes Towards Police, Politics, and the Media
Paige Bernard, Erin Law, and Kevin Zabel
PARTICIPANTS:
For this study we utilized 74 undergraduates at a small, private university
Male: 28; Female: 45 (one participant did not indicate); 88% White
PROCEDURE:
Self constructed 12-item measure on which news outlet participants prefer; 1
(not often) to 7 (most often)
How often do you obtain news from CNN?
Social Dominance Orientation: 15 item questionnaire; scaled 1 (extremely
negative) to 7 (extremely positive)
Some people are just inferior to others.
Right Wing Authoritarianism: 16 item questionnaire; scaled 1 (very strongly
disagree) to 9 (very strongly agree)
“Old-fashion ways” and “old-fashion values” still show the best ways to live.
Political Affiliation: 3 item questionnaire; scaled 1 (very liberal) to 7 (very
conservative)
Foreign policy issues Economic issues Social issues
Participants completed a single-category personalized implicit attitude test (P-
IAT; Olson & Fazio, 2004) in which they categorized images and words on the
computer. Participants completed trials in which either a picture of a police
officer, a positively-valenced word (e.g., likeable), or a negatively-
valenced word (e.g., disgusting) were presented.
In version 1 of the task, participants categorized words and images as
belonging to one of two categories: “Police Officer or I Like” or “I Dislike.”
In version 2 of the task, participants categorized words and images differently.
Specifically, participants categorized stimuli as belonging to one of two
categories: “I like” or “Police Officer or I dislike.” In each version, participants
pressed designated keys on their keyboards to make their judgments. Across all
trials, participants’ response latencies to categorize the words and whether or
not each categorization was correct was recorded.
We subtracted participants’ average response times to version 2 of the task
from those of version 1 of the task to calculate implicit prejudice, controlling
for the variability in response times for each participant (Greenwald, Nosek,
& Banaji, 2003). Higher scores indicated more negative implicit attitudes
toward substance abusers.
Surprisingly people who utilize CNN most for a news source tend to have more
negative implicit attitude towards police officers. The hypothesis regarding
Conservatives eliciting more positive attitudes towards the police could not be
supported.
Limitations to this study include:
Small sample size Lack of minority presence
Self-report data Correlational in nature
There are few studies in the literature that focus on implicit attitudes toward the
police. Future research begs the question—how much influence does the media
have over an individual’s implicit attitudes towards specific politics and
authority figures? A larger and more varied sample size will produce more
reliable results for what influences individuals.
AP PA RWA SDO NS M SD α
AP - .05 .24 -
PA .00 - 3.72 1.40 .82
RWA -.13 .53* - 4.25 .87 .71
SDO -.06 .32* .31 - 2.23 .93 .88
NS -.26* -.01 -.05 -.14 - 2.68 1.57 -
AP- Automatic Prejudice PA- Political Affiliation RWA- Right Wing Authoritarian NS- News
Source
SDO- Social Dominance Orientation *- Numeric value shows statistical significance (p<.05)