Using Guidelines to Better Shape Rape Victims' Impact Statements: Toward Increased Rape Victim Ownership and Inclusion within the New Jersey Criminal Justice Process
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
B6 Shelters for victims of domestic violence: just for living or for empowerm...VSE 2016
(Daniel Cotrim, APAV)
This workshop presents a qualitative analysis of the experiences of living in a shelter for women who have suffered domestic violence. It was analyzed their experiences from five different dimensions: (i) the shelter as an institution ; (ii) the motivations and expectations to be accepted and the first days of sheltering, (iii) feelings of change and prospects for the future; (iv) establishment and quality of interpersonal relationships amongst women and between them and the technical staff; and (v) the importance of organizational empowerment for women in the shelter.
The empowerment and participation of women in shelters, often collides with the need of the organization to maintain order and control. The decision making is only in the hands of the technical staff. It is important to analyze the current models of intervention in these areas and whether they are actually promoting the empowerment and take into account the perceptions of the women who live there.
Juror Perception of Intimate Partner Violence Cases Involving Victims with Di...Amanda Langley
My research lab and I conducted an experimental study looking at the perceptions that mock/potential jurors have of IPV, particularly when the victim has a disability.
Whose is business is it? Violence Against Women at the University of the West...Taitu Heron
A precursory look at the occurence of violence against women students on one University campus in Kingston, Jamaica. The paper also examines the responses, capacity, what prevails on other university campuses and concludes with recommendations.
Testing the Levels of Message Effects and the Hierarchy Model of Responses wi...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study, using a survey-experiment with a sample of 149 students randomly drawn from 102 US college campuses, testes the effects of four versions of a message about the new scientific issue of water-energy-food (WEF) nexus at the level of agenda, knowledge (frame), attitude, and behavioral intention. The study finds subjects’ attitude associated with subjects’ frame on one end and behavioral intention on the other end, and identifies some effects across the groups. The unclear position of subjects’ agenda in the hierarchy of responses that processes the nexus messages is also discussed.
Keywords: Water-Energy-Food Nexus, message effects, the hierarchy of responses
Identifying the traditional principle of medical ethics of autonomy as a major factor that hinders epidemiological investigation and the understanding of a novel virus, this study adopts an ethical framework, consisting of the axes of ethical devotions (local, national, continental, and global) and ethical reasoning approaches (deontological and teleological), to analyze the approaches of communicating global public health crises like the COVID pandemic. The argument is made to endorse a global devotion with teleological reasoning in a large-scale public health crisis that needs global collaboration to cope with.
G219 Nahoko Kitakaze Takehiko Ito Takayo Inoue (2014, September,). GENDER DI...Takehiko Ito
G219 Nahoko Kitakaze Takehiko Ito Takayo Inoue (2014, September,). GENDER DIFFERENCE OF EFFECTS OF RAPE SUPPORTIVE ATTITUDE ON THE JUDGMENT OF GUILT OR INNOCENCE IN A MOCK JURY TRIAL EXPERIMENT. XVI World Congress of Psychiatry. Madrid
Running head RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE1RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 1
RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 2
Research Paper Template
Firstname Lastname
Argosy University Online
Research Paper Template
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Instruments
Procedure
Ethical Issues
References
Early Methods Section 2
Early Methods Section
Research Methods | PSY302 A01
Dr. Yvonne Bustamante
Argosy University
Tony Williams
27 May 2015
Good work Tony, Please find your feedback attached. Please open this attachment for very detailed feedback on how you can revise and improve subsequent assignments. Kind regards, Yvonne B.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
1) Explanation and justification of research question.
12/12
2) Presentation of hypothesis and null hypothesis.
11/16
3) Analysis of participants exclusion/inclusion factors.
16/16
4) Explanation of sampling technique and characterization of population that sample generalized.
12/12
5) Identification of study's variables.
7/12
6) Operational definitions for each variable are defined.
6/16
7) Development of methods to measure each variable, and the reliability and validity of these measures are evaluated.
11/16
8) Description of technique(s) used for data collection.
12/12
9) Description of the research design being used.
12/12
10) Identification of the research procedure.
12/12
11) Prediction of POTENTIAL ethical issues; POTENTIAL ethical issues are evaluated in terms of how they would be addressed.
20/20
Organization:
· Introduction
· Thesis
· Transitions
· Conclusion
12/12
Usage and Mechanics:
· Grammar
· Spelling
· Sentence Structure
12/12
APA Elements:
· Attribution
· Paraphrasing
· Quotations
16/16
Style:
· Audience
· Word Choice
4/4
Total:
175/200
Introduction
Aggression among the children and the adult is the primary cause of wrong and unethical activity. Children are getting violent and the peers are victimized by the aggressive behaviour among the peer group. Most of the ill will causes are somehow linked with or related with the level of aggression and therefore it becomes important that the factors impacting the aggression in adult and children are studied and examined, so as to address the related issues. Aggressiveness can be classified in short term or long term run. Short behaviour can also be referred as mimicry and the long term aggressiveness is linked with the problem of the brain and can be dangerous for both short and long term (Nauert, 2008).
Explanation and justification of research question
The topic of research is media’s inf.
B6 Shelters for victims of domestic violence: just for living or for empowerm...VSE 2016
(Daniel Cotrim, APAV)
This workshop presents a qualitative analysis of the experiences of living in a shelter for women who have suffered domestic violence. It was analyzed their experiences from five different dimensions: (i) the shelter as an institution ; (ii) the motivations and expectations to be accepted and the first days of sheltering, (iii) feelings of change and prospects for the future; (iv) establishment and quality of interpersonal relationships amongst women and between them and the technical staff; and (v) the importance of organizational empowerment for women in the shelter.
The empowerment and participation of women in shelters, often collides with the need of the organization to maintain order and control. The decision making is only in the hands of the technical staff. It is important to analyze the current models of intervention in these areas and whether they are actually promoting the empowerment and take into account the perceptions of the women who live there.
Juror Perception of Intimate Partner Violence Cases Involving Victims with Di...Amanda Langley
My research lab and I conducted an experimental study looking at the perceptions that mock/potential jurors have of IPV, particularly when the victim has a disability.
Whose is business is it? Violence Against Women at the University of the West...Taitu Heron
A precursory look at the occurence of violence against women students on one University campus in Kingston, Jamaica. The paper also examines the responses, capacity, what prevails on other university campuses and concludes with recommendations.
Testing the Levels of Message Effects and the Hierarchy Model of Responses wi...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study, using a survey-experiment with a sample of 149 students randomly drawn from 102 US college campuses, testes the effects of four versions of a message about the new scientific issue of water-energy-food (WEF) nexus at the level of agenda, knowledge (frame), attitude, and behavioral intention. The study finds subjects’ attitude associated with subjects’ frame on one end and behavioral intention on the other end, and identifies some effects across the groups. The unclear position of subjects’ agenda in the hierarchy of responses that processes the nexus messages is also discussed.
Keywords: Water-Energy-Food Nexus, message effects, the hierarchy of responses
Identifying the traditional principle of medical ethics of autonomy as a major factor that hinders epidemiological investigation and the understanding of a novel virus, this study adopts an ethical framework, consisting of the axes of ethical devotions (local, national, continental, and global) and ethical reasoning approaches (deontological and teleological), to analyze the approaches of communicating global public health crises like the COVID pandemic. The argument is made to endorse a global devotion with teleological reasoning in a large-scale public health crisis that needs global collaboration to cope with.
G219 Nahoko Kitakaze Takehiko Ito Takayo Inoue (2014, September,). GENDER DI...Takehiko Ito
G219 Nahoko Kitakaze Takehiko Ito Takayo Inoue (2014, September,). GENDER DIFFERENCE OF EFFECTS OF RAPE SUPPORTIVE ATTITUDE ON THE JUDGMENT OF GUILT OR INNOCENCE IN A MOCK JURY TRIAL EXPERIMENT. XVI World Congress of Psychiatry. Madrid
Similar to Using Guidelines to Better Shape Rape Victims' Impact Statements: Toward Increased Rape Victim Ownership and Inclusion within the New Jersey Criminal Justice Process
Running head RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE1RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 1
RESEARCH PAPER TEMPLATE 2
Research Paper Template
Firstname Lastname
Argosy University Online
Research Paper Template
Introduction
Methods
Participants
Instruments
Procedure
Ethical Issues
References
Early Methods Section 2
Early Methods Section
Research Methods | PSY302 A01
Dr. Yvonne Bustamante
Argosy University
Tony Williams
27 May 2015
Good work Tony, Please find your feedback attached. Please open this attachment for very detailed feedback on how you can revise and improve subsequent assignments. Kind regards, Yvonne B.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
1) Explanation and justification of research question.
12/12
2) Presentation of hypothesis and null hypothesis.
11/16
3) Analysis of participants exclusion/inclusion factors.
16/16
4) Explanation of sampling technique and characterization of population that sample generalized.
12/12
5) Identification of study's variables.
7/12
6) Operational definitions for each variable are defined.
6/16
7) Development of methods to measure each variable, and the reliability and validity of these measures are evaluated.
11/16
8) Description of technique(s) used for data collection.
12/12
9) Description of the research design being used.
12/12
10) Identification of the research procedure.
12/12
11) Prediction of POTENTIAL ethical issues; POTENTIAL ethical issues are evaluated in terms of how they would be addressed.
20/20
Organization:
· Introduction
· Thesis
· Transitions
· Conclusion
12/12
Usage and Mechanics:
· Grammar
· Spelling
· Sentence Structure
12/12
APA Elements:
· Attribution
· Paraphrasing
· Quotations
16/16
Style:
· Audience
· Word Choice
4/4
Total:
175/200
Introduction
Aggression among the children and the adult is the primary cause of wrong and unethical activity. Children are getting violent and the peers are victimized by the aggressive behaviour among the peer group. Most of the ill will causes are somehow linked with or related with the level of aggression and therefore it becomes important that the factors impacting the aggression in adult and children are studied and examined, so as to address the related issues. Aggressiveness can be classified in short term or long term run. Short behaviour can also be referred as mimicry and the long term aggressiveness is linked with the problem of the brain and can be dangerous for both short and long term (Nauert, 2008).
Explanation and justification of research question
The topic of research is media’s inf.
FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 1
Factors of Homelessness: An Annotated Bibliography Dedicated to the
Exploration of the Social Problem and Criminal Element
STUDENT NAME
Portland State University
FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 2
Introduction:
The intent of this bibliography was to explore the nature of homelessness with specific
attention to the population that has been involved with the criminal justice system. In the
City of Portland this population can be readily seen as they frequent the University
campus, and sleep unsheltered nearby. This topic became of interest to research because
of the visibility here on campus and the desire to change this behavior and lifestyle that
affects a small proportion of society. Wishing to achieve the greatest synthesis of the
criminal problem associated with homelessness, the research chosen for study provided
insight to the causes and factors of recidivism, and quantitative data from interviews and
surveys. This combination of research was chosen because it examined the reasons this
population enters and sometimes reenters the criminal system, as well as establishing
perspective. This scope does not account for crimes committed by the homeless, even
though it was a recurring topic in related research of the studies themselves. The research
question for this synthesis is what is the criminal problem associated with homelessness
and what factors have been found that influences this behavior?
This synthesis of research developed insight into the aggravating factors of homelessness
in states such as Minnesota, Arizona, Nevada, and also overseas in Milan, Italy. The
Recurring trends in the research suggest that though there is a small proportion of the
population that is actively involved with the court and legal systems, homelessness
provides for an overwhelming factor to recidivism. The community or condition that an
offender released to played a significant role on their desistance in criminal activity.
Further mediated through substance use and victimization, homelessness adds a
significant strain on those that experience it. The type of social interactions with other
homeless was also tested for effect on the topic, and it was found that interactions with
previous offenders also show signs of correlation. Because of the survivability aspect of
the lifestyle, and the frequent inability to secure food or shelter, this population
commonly is charged or arrested with crimes such as trespassing or other property crimes
because of their situation. Further analysis to the kind of crimes committed could further
detail the specific homeless problem for the city or places studied, but would probably be
different because this may be impacted by the resources for the population of the
concerned location.
FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 3
Annotations:
Clark V.A. (2014). Predicting two .
Running head CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICECULTURAL DIV.docxjoellemurphey
Running head: CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2
Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Alternative theory and strategy in the criminal justice system
There is no doubt that restorative justice is one strategy of avoiding the stereotyping of the individuals in the criminal justice system. According to restorative justice is a process through which parties to a particular criminal offense come to a collective resolution of how best to deal with the aftermath of the criminal offense as well as the impact in the near future. The one aspect of restorative justice is the reintegrative shaming theory that refers to the use of shaming as a form of sanction in the criminal justice system that results in strengthening the bond between the criminal offender and the community from which theoffenders comes from. The theory is the best alternative to the labeling theory as itcomprises of two different process namely stigmatic and reitegrative shaming. While the first results in ruined ties between the offender and the society, the latter involves bringing back the offender to the society as a reformed member of the society.
The major tenets of concern under the reintegrative theory include the tolerance of the fact that crime worsens things, disrespectful, and outlasting shaming of crime worsens the crime and reintegrative shaming, or disapproval of the act within a continuum of respect for the offender, disapproval terminated by rituals of forgiveness, prevents crime.That means that the failure by parenting that is permissive to disapprove and confront the children’s misconduct as well as authoritarian parentingbothresults in delinquency. Therefore, restorative justice mainly makes things easy since it provides the moral rezoning for the families concerning the nextcourse of action concerning the crime being an alternative punishment from the state.
The good thing about the restorative justice is that there are conferenceswhere both the offender and the victims are invited together with the closealleys for discussion concerning the consequences of the crime. The discussion culminates in both parties drawing out the feelings of the harmed persons aswellas how best to repair the harm andthe step0s necessary in preventing reoffending. Particularly, reintegrative theory would focus on the shame of the most respected and trusted personsinvolved in the crime. That means that the conference structure comprises of the discussion of the consequences of the crime to the victims and thosein support of the offender structures’ reintegration into the society.
There are various scholarly studies attest to the fact that reintegrative theory results in the offenders experiencing more remorse and more forgiveness as compared to the court process. The reformed “offenders” have another leaf tomingle with the society andcarry out meaningful development having been taught the ...
To Switch or Not To Switch Understanding Social Influence i.docxjuliennehar
To Switch or Not To Switch: Understanding Social
Influence in Online Choices
Haiyi Zhu*, Bernardo A. Huberman, Yarun Luon
Social Computing Lab
Hewlett Packard Labs
Palo Alto, California, USA
[email protected]; {bernardo.huberman, yarun.luon}@hp.com
ABSTRACT
We designed and ran an experiment to measure social
influence in online recommender systems, specifically how
often people’s choices are changed by others’
recommendations when facing different levels of
confirmation and conformity pressures. In our experiment
participants were first asked to provide their preferences
between pairs of items. They were then asked to make
second choices about the same pairs with knowledge of
others’ preferences. Our results show that others people’s
opinions significantly sway people’s own choices. The
influence is stronger when people are required to make their
second decision sometime later (22.4%) than immediately
(14.1%). Moreover, people seem to be most likely to
reverse their choices when facing a moderate, as opposed to
large, number of opposing opinions. Finally, the time
people spend making the first decision significantly predicts
whether they will reverse their decisions later on, while
demographics such as age and gender do not. These results
have implications for consumer behavior research as well as
online marketing strategies.
Author Keywords
Social influence, online choices, recommender systems.
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.3 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: Group and
Organization Interfaces – Collaborative computing, Web-
based interaction; K.4.4 [Computers and Society]:
Electronic Commerce – Distributed commercial
transactions.
General Terms
Experimentation.
INTRODUCTION
Picture yourself shopping online. You already have an idea
about what product you are looking for. After navigating
through the website you find that particular item, as well as
several similar items, and other people’s opinions and
preferences about them provided by the recommendation
system. Will other people’ preferences reverse your own?
Notice that in this scenario there are two contradictory
psychological processes at play. On one hand, when
learning of other’s opinions people tend to select those
aspects that confirm their own existing ones. A large
literature suggests that once one has taken a position on an
issue, one’s primary purpose becomes defending or
justifying that position [21]. From this point of view, if
others’ recommendations contradict their own opinion,
people will not take this information into account and stick
to their own choices. On the other hand, social influence
and conformity theory [8] suggest that even when not
directly, personally, or publicly chosen as the target of
others’ disapproval, individuals may choose to conform to
others and reverse their own opinion in order to restore their
sense of belonging and ...
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docxtodd581
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc.
Running head QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE .docxjeanettehully
Running head: QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Student’s Name
Institution Name
Use of Qualitative Inquiry Methods in Criminal Justice
Introduction
The criminal justice field deals with people and their actions and that is why the best approach to use in studying criminal justice is a qualitative approach. A qualitative inquiry makes it possible for a researcher to understand criminals as well as those charged with the responsibility of ensuring that justice prevails. Qualitative inquiries are ideal for studying criminal justice because they are scientific methods of observation that are used to collect non-numerical data. There are numerous qualitative inquiry methods; however, there are four that are ideal for the study of the criminal justice field. The four methods are ethnography, narrative, phenomenological, and case study.
Ethnography
Ethnography is the most common qualitative research method. The method involves researchers immersing themselves in the target participant’s environment. The main focus of ethnography is for a researcher to understand the challenges, culture, goals, and themes that emerge in a participant’s environment. In the case of criminal justice, researchers get to understand the factors that make crime possible as well as the factors that make administering justice difficult.
Rios, V. M., Carney, N., & Kelekay, J. (2017). Ethnographies of race, crime, and justice: Toward a sociological double-consciousness. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 493-513.
The publication looks at how the ethnography qualitative research method is useful at revealing, explaining as well as offering solutions for issues that revolve around justice, crime, and race. According to the article, ethnography helps to shed light on the day to day contexts in which law, crimes, and punishment are produced. The article details how effective the ethnography method is useful in crime, justice and law enforcement. The article is appropriate as it captures how ethnography works. It as well details the pros and cons of the qualitative inquiry method. The article is appropriate considering its less than three years old and that it touches on the subject that its of concern.
Doll, A., & Walby, K. (2019). Institutional ethnography as a method of inquiry for criminal justice and socio-legal studies. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(1), 147.
The article focuses on the use of institutional ethnography to help understand activities and the organization of criminal justice. According to the article, the inquiry method was invented by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist. The article focuses on the analysis of texts and the mapping of textual work in legal and criminal justice organizations. The article reveals how people are governed and ruled by proc ...
Running head JUVENILE JUSTICE REFORMS1JUVENILE JUSTICE RE.docxcowinhelen
Running head: JUVENILE JUSTICE REFORMS
1
JUVENILE JUSTICE REFORMS
9
The Juvenile System Reforms
Stephanie Rincon
Professor: Captain W. Michael Koval
Criminal Justice Capstone
February 7, 2018
Introduction
A criminal activity committed by an adult is normally considered as a crime and is punishable by law but when the same crime is committed by a child, it is not considered a crime but a juvenile delinquency. The American juvenile system has been focusing on a rehabilitation model which means that the primary goal entails rehabilitating the offenders as opposed to punishing them (Goswami & Mehra, 2014). However, it is imperative to point out that the United States is slowly shifting from the rehabilitation model and getting utterly tougher on the juveniles. This has seen rising opposition and support in equal measure. Individuals opposing shifting from the rehabilitation model view children or adolescents as persons who needs assistance and hence should not be subjected to destructive punishments. On the other hand, individuals in support of the shift argue that children and adolescents are more likely to commit heinous crimes such as murder when they know they can easily get free after committing a crime. The following section evaluates whether juvenile justice systems should shift from the rehabilitation model as a deterrence to juvenile delinquency.
Discussion
In more than a century ago, a separate juvenile system was established in the U.S. with the aim of diverting young offenders from the destructive punishments in the criminal courts so as to encourage the much needed rehabilitation (Leve & Chamberlain, 2005). This system was to focus on a child as a person in need of assistance. Actually, the proceedings were informal where discretion was left to the judge handling the case. It is imperative to point out that the judge was supposed to act in the best interests of the child but an offender was denied procedural safeguards such as right to a jury, right to an attorney and right to confront an accuser among others (Maschi, Hatcher, Schwalbe & Rosato, 2008). Further, the proceedings were supposed to be confidential so as not to interfere with a child’s ability to reintegrate into the society.
After the establishment of the separate system, there was a rising tension between social welfare and social control. This means that focus on the best interests of the offenders as opposed to focus on punishments and protecting the society from certain offenses. Various occurrences followed such as increasing violent crime in the 1980s which called for reforms in dealing with serious offenses and concern for public safety (Huizinga, Schumann, Ehret & Elliott, 2003). 17 states redefined purpose of the Juvenile courts to emphasize public safety and offender accountability. In the U.S., 51 states and District of Columbia have different juvenile justice systems. In majority of the states, there are legal reforms and policy changes that focus on mor ...
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Using Guidelines to Better Shape Rape Victims' Impact Statements: Toward Increased Rape Victim Ownership and Inclusion within the New Jersey Criminal Justice Process
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 4 Issue 5 || May. 2015 || PP.49-51
www.ijhssi.org 49 | Page
Using Guidelines to Better Shape Rape Victims’ Impact
Statements: Toward Increased Rape Victim Ownership and
Inclusion within the New Jersey Criminal Justice Process
Renee A. Pistone
ABSTRACT.Rape victims share their stories and life changing reactions to the sexual violence perpetrated
upon them by offenders at sentencing. For many victims, this is one part of the process that they can
control.These women, like any victim of a violent act, struggle to be included and to have a voice in a complex
system that overshadows them. It is through the victim impact statement that rape victims are given the
opportunity to exert control, over a process that uses them, for an end result: the conviction or plea
arrangement. This article seeks to highlight this problem within the criminal justice system and to call for more
research with this proposed research plan.
KEYWORDS.rape victims, impact statements, guidelines, control
I. INTRODUCTION
Rape victims, in particular, tend to experience frustration with the criminal justice system in New
Jersey due, in part to the nature of the crime itself. Rape is a crime of extreme anger, resulting in a lasting loss of
control, by the victim. Many victims experience increased fear and uncertainty along with a life altering pain
that persists long after the physical bruising heals. This research asks: To what extent do New Jersey criminal
procedural rules exist thathinder the rapevictim who tries to create a unique and personal victim impact
statement.It is posited that rape victim impact statements are adversely influenced by the state’s cumbersome
rules and strict standards. The state appears to have created stringent guidelines, in order to lessen the degree of
retribution, within its criminal justice system. And, as a result, the victim impact statement is less satisfactory
and cathartic, for the victim, and the guidelines need to be re-examined and changed.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Researchers suggested that we may be defined by our traditional and communal responses to societal
harms (Achilles, 2006). Therefore, societies are influenced by the sufferings that it will emphasize and choose
not to ignore (Acker, 2006). And our criminal justice system provides for a system of redress as wrongdoers
stand trial and the guilty are punished. The state prosecutes and works with the victim to ensure swift justice.
Victims may become marginalized in the system as they are forced to give up some ownership of the process so
the state can bring about resolution by way of trial and ultimately prosecution (Brink, 2009).
Study One: On Victim Impact Statements
There have been three major studies conducted about the impact of violence on victims and the necessity
for victims to make impact statements for the sentencing hearings. First, Ashworth (2009) conducted a
qualitative study and the average length of time between the crime and the interview was one year. The study
had fifty participants and was weakened by a marked lack of racial and ethnic diversity. One strength to be
noted was that it featured many open ended questions that were designed to get the participants talking. They
began with questions that were not threatening. Another major strength of this study was its follow up of victims
eight years later, when it asked them if they would now write the same victim impact statement, as they had
previously written, when the crime first happened (Ashworth, 2009). The results showed that the victims would
have written the same victim impact statement eight years later (Ashworth, 2009).
The findings also indicated that some family members were panelists on victim impact panels as well.
And many of them had to stop their participation because it made them uneasy or exhausted. The study appeared
to be up to date but it was not clear who funded the research. The study was limited in scope to fifty people who
wrote victim impact statements or served as victim impact panelists. At times, some of the responses were
unclear and it was not always easy to tell whether the subjects were relaying information from their lives or
from their participation on victim impact panels.
Study Two: Victim Impact & Effects From Participation
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Second, another qualitative study looked at the effects of these other forms of participation on victims
since were reliving horrific events that involved acute bouts of suffering coupled with physical injuries. Burns
(2006) reports that this type of recount by victims may have negative consequences. The prolific involvement of
victims in the criminal justice system can add to the problems that were already mounting. It was found that
victims were hard to deal with when they were disappointed with the criminal justice system (Burns, 2006). The
close proximity to the process intensified the failings of the system and many victims clearly were not satisfied
with the system. The study concluded that victims were helped when the focus was shifted away from the
criminal justice system and moved toward individual care giving for victims (Burns, 2006). The victims were
searching for healing and felt that they would never achieve some form of closure (Burns, 2006). One major
strength of this research was its ability to build upon the prior study as criminologists gained greater insight into
how a victim felt in order to help him or her even more. A criticism of the study was that it placed too much
emphasis on feelings and emotion without ensuring that logical steps were taken to record the participant’s
responses and for researchers to remain objective. It often seemed that researchers had lost their objectivity after
hearing the horrific stories that were laid bare by the victims who recalled many details, even years later. There
were not procedures in place to root out inconsistencies in any stories and each participant was taken as credible
and honest without too much due diligence.
Study Three: Not Calling for the Death Penalty
Third, an older study reflected on the family members and their feelings toward the death penalty for a
loved ones killer. Cushing and Welch (1999) conducted an extensive study that provided victims with an
opportunity to speak about the death penalty along with other issues. Over half of the family members from the
study felt that there were not enough victims’ rights when compared to defendants’ rights but they were not in
favor of the death penalty as retribution in its ultimate form (Cushing & Welch, 1999). One weakness of this
research was that it seemed to politicize the grief process far too much. And the study was being used to call for
the end of the death penalty since it was presented during a human rights conference. The study jumps into the
whole notion of restorative justice as a proper and efficient means for handling victimization as communities
become more involved to help speed healing.
Future Modeling
Future research projects will likely be modeled on the notion of restorative justice as a way to provide
meaningful mediation between victim and perpetrator. The research appears to be moving in this direction
toward the examination of victim offender mediation programs and their impact on victims and perpetrators.
These encounters tend to be highly regulated interactions and victims and offenders speak and answer questions
in order to help the healing process and further understanding somehow. One main purpose of victim offender
mediation is also to help make offenders more accountable for their actions. Researchers will be interested to
observe and to measure the emotional impact on victims and offenders that stems from these highly charged
meetings. It will prove to be interesting to see whether these forms of mediation would impact the victim impact
statement.
III. METHODS
This article calls for more research in this area. The proposed methodology for this research would
likelyemploy a qualitative approach as the researcher could interview the ten victims on two occasions for
fifteen minutes in a particular county within New Jersey. The purpose of the interviews will be to determine
how the guidelines for writing the statements enhance or hinder the victim’s full participation in this cathartic
process. This research plan would prove to be the best method to develop a story about the victims’ experiences
from the first interview. While, the second interview gives the victims or rather those study participants, the
chance to clarify details about their own stories and provide some feedback to the interviewer/researcher that
will lead to an improvement in the guidelines. The interviews should provide some emerging and expected
themes which include: how the interviewees/victims struggled to create their own personal victim impact
statements because of the strict guidelines. It is hoped that this methodology using in-depth interviews will
produce a sense of control over and participation in the legal process. This proposed study and the purpose for
the interviewswould be to ascertain how the guidelines shape and hamper their victim impact statements.
Historically,past fruitful studies werealready conducted based on how social workers would portray victims to
the world. Those studies, in general, focused on which information was included or left out and how that
reflected or failed to reflect the victim’s true feelings. Past researchers have suggested that future studies were
needed in this key area. It may prove useful to design a research plan in order to examine this process using
victims’ own emotions and feelings as elicited from interviews. And based on those studies, it will be important,
in any future study to ask what kind of interest do officials have in developing guidelines for writing victim
impact statements that truly reflects victims’ experiences in order to empower victims?
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IV. PROPOSED ANALYSIS
The data sources should be gathered from interviews, transcripts, and observations. Interviews can be
conducted with victims, as well as criminal justice officials, social workers, and defense attorneys. It is
understood that we cannot limit the research to victims alone, since it may be hard to find victims who are
willing to participate fully. Transcripts from sentencing hearings can be explored to review victim impact
statements made in the county. Observations can be conducted in order to witness the delivery of an actual
victim impact statement in court. The list of potential interviewees will be identified and contacted via mail. The
letter will inform the party of the nature and purpose of this project. It will include a stamped postcard for the
potential interviewee to return if he or she is not interested in being contacted at all. The researcher’s phone
number will be provided as well as other contact information to make it easy for the potential interviewee to
respond. It may prove necessary to contact sixty people in order to reach the target number of interviewees.
The interviews can be coded using NVIVO 7 qualitative data analysis software. And it will allow me to
organize the data sources and figure out the themes that will be used. Responses can be coded with themes such
as victim role. This software allows the researcher to create a codebook of terms unique to the research. It can
be easier to identify the interviewee using the code assigned that stands for either victim or defense attorney,
depending on who is being interviewed. The codebook will be created to include those other sources making the
software more valuable to this process.
Using three data sources should provide me with a thorough understanding of the victim impact statement and
its function within the New Jersey criminal justice system.
V. LIMITATIONS
As researchers, we are limited by ethical considerations when conducting human research. This topic is
emotionally charged for the victim and our research may be limited,since some prospective participants
(victims)may not want to talk with us.If we cannot obtain Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, we may
have to limit the prospective participant list to peripheral observers of the criminal justice system, such as:
prosecutors, judges, social workers, and possibly other family members or friends connected to the victims. The
IRB will likely consider whether it is ethical to probe the victim, as participant, for information that will lead
that person to re-live the events of the crime. Many prospective participants will refuse to talk about their
terrible experiences, in general. These victims will likely not participate in the study at all.Alternatively, they
may not follow through on all the steps required to be an active and meaningful participant. It is unethical for
the researcher to coax or cajole a reluctant participant, under the circumstances. The ability to find diverse
participants will besmaller since many rape victims feel shame and may be reluctant to speak.To overcome this
problem, it may prove necessary to branch out and interview peripheral people connected to the legal process.
These peripheral people would include: Judges, Prosecutors, Defense Attorneys, Social Workers, and members
from the law enforcement community.
REFERENCES
[1]. Achilles, A. (2009). Responding to the needs of victims. Handbook of restorative justice.
[2]. New York, NY: Routledge.
[3]. Acker, J. (2006). Hearing the victim’s voice amidst the cry for capital punishment.
[4]. Handbook for restorative justice: A global perspective. New York, NY: Routledge.
[5]. Ashworth, A. (2009). Victim impact statements.Criminal Law Review, 400-410.
[6]. Brink, J. (2009).The other victims.Handbook of restorative justice.London, UK: Routledge.
[7]. Burns, J. (2006). Families of homicide speak. The humanities and social sciences review,67 (3).
[8]. Cushing, R., & Welch, B. (1999). Not in our name. Harvard University Human Rights initiative, retrieved from:
http://willsworld.com/mvfhr/budrenny.htm.