Running Head: THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE 1 THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE 2 The Influence Media has on Body Image of Adolescent Girls Michele Jackson Argosy University Professor Russo December 11, 2013 1. Do the media influence adolescent girl’s body images? 2. Null Hypothesis: the media does not have an influence on adolescent girl’s body image. Alternate Hypothesis: the media does influence adolescent girl’s body image. 3. The correct sample size that will be used in the research is 385 adolescent girls. Determining the right sample size involves the calculation of the margin of error. The estimated margin of error at 95 percent confidence level that is a 5 percent chance that the results will be different is derived by 1/√N. N is the sample size. This means that a sample size of 10 will have a margin of error of 31.6 percent, but a sample size of 100 will have a 10 percent margin of error. This implies that the greater the N, the smaller the margin of error; therefore, the results of the research will useful (White & McBurney, 2013). A sample size of 385 participants is sufficiently large and is representative of the population, and limits extreme observations and the impacts of outliers. The inclusion characteristics include: they must be female, must be aged between 13 and 19 years and must be exposed to different forms of media. The exclusion characteristics are: history of any mental or personality disorder and history of drug use. The sample should be diverse. This is to make the sample representative of all adolescent girls. 4. The sampling technique that will be used in the study is random sampling. Random sampling is choosing a sample from the statistical population so that every sample that could be chosen has a predetermined chance of being chosen. This is the most appropriate sampling technique since it is the least unbiased of all sampling methods (Monsen et al, 2008). Additionally, there is no subjectivity is the technique because each member of the statistical population has an equal chance of being chosen. The sample will generalize to the entire adolescent girls’ population. This is the key advantage of random sampling because it is representative of the population. The only factor that can make the sample unrepresentative of the population is sampling error. 5. There are two variables in my study: the dependent and the independent variable. The dependent variable is the body image of adolescent girls, while the independent variable is the media. The body image of adolescent girls’ is the dependent variable because it is changed by factors such as the media. This is the variable being measured in the study. The independent variable is not affected by other factors or variables. The research is attempting to establish the relationship between media and adolescent girls’ body image. That .

1. Running Head: THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY
IMAGE 1
THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE
2
The Influence Media has on Body Image of Adolescent Girls
Michele Jackson
Argosy University
Professor Russo
December 11, 2013
1. Do the media influence adolescent girl’s body images?
2. Null Hypothesis: the media does not have an influence on
adolescent girl’s body image. Alternate Hypothesis: the
media does influence adolescent girl’s body image.
3. The correct sample size that will be used in the research is
385 adolescent girls. Determining the right sample size involves
the calculation of the margin of error. The estimated margin of
error at 95 percent confidence level that is a 5 percent chance
that the results will be different is derived by 1/√N. N is the

2. sample size. This means that a sample size of 10 will have a
margin of error of 31.6 percent, but a sample size of 100 will
have a 10 percent margin of error. This implies that the greater
the N, the smaller the margin of error; therefore, the results of
the research will useful (White & McBurney, 2013). A sample
size of 385 participants is sufficiently large and is
representative of the population, and limits extreme
observations and the impacts of outliers. The inclusion
characteristics include: they must be female, must be aged
between 13 and 19 years and must be exposed to different forms
of media. The exclusion characteristics are: history of any
mental or personality disorder and history of drug use. The
sample should be diverse. This is to make the sample
representative of all adolescent girls.
4. The sampling technique that will be used in the study is
random sampling. Random sampling is choosing a sample from
the statistical population so that every sample that could be
chosen has a predetermined chance of being chosen. This is the
most appropriate sampling technique since it is the least
unbiased of all sampling methods (Monsen et al, 2008).
Additionally, there is no subjectivity is the technique because
each member of the statistical population has an equal chance of
being chosen. The sample will generalize to the entire
adolescent girls’ population. This is the key advantage of
random sampling because it is representative of the population.
The only factor that can make the sample unrepresentative of
the population is sampling error.
5. There are two variables in my study: the dependent and the
independent variable. The dependent variable is the body image
of adolescent girls, while the independent variable is the media.
The body image of adolescent girls’ is the dependent variable
because it is changed by factors such as the media. This is the
variable being measured in the study. The independent variable
is not affected by other factors or variables. The research is
attempting to establish the relationship between media and
adolescent girls’ body image. That is trying to see if media

3. cause any kind of change in body image.
6. Body image refers to an individual’s feelings of the
attractiveness and aesthetics of their body. Humans generally
regard beauty as an important body image, and adolescent girls’
is the age that value their body image compared to other groups.
Body image encompasses how the girls feel about their bodies,
how they control their bodies in terms of movement and how
they believe about their appearance. Media are all forms of
mass communication comprising radio, television, internet and
newspapers. These forms of media transmit news, education,
entertainment and advertisement messages.
7. The depended variable in the research will be measured using
ordinal scales. Using ordinal scales allows the variable to be
rank-ordered. The impacts of media on the body image of
adolescent girls will be ranked as either “least affected”,
“somehow affected”, “affected”, “somehow more affected” and
“very affected”. The items in the scale are ranked in order from
the least affected to the most affected. From the effect
ordering, it is meaningful to assert that one girl’s body image is
more affected by media than others are. The reliability of the
measures is determined if the results from the study are
consistent (Hennink et al, 2011). The validity of the measure is
if the test measures what is intended to measure.
8. The data collection technique that will be used in the
research is survey. The data will be collected by use of
questionnaires that utilize open-ended questions. The type of
survey that will be used in cross-sectional survey. This type of
survey is important in collecting data on a statistical population
at s single point in time. The cross-sectional survey will use
questionnaires that collect data regarding how adolescents
perceive media as influencing their body image. Additionally,
the survey will determine the views of adolescent girls
regarding the relationship between their body image and media.
9. The research design used in the study is descriptive research
design. A survey, which is the data collection method in this
research, is a form descriptive research. Descriptive research

4. design entails the collection of data without altering the
context. This implies the variables are not manipulated. In
essence, descriptive research is not truly experimental. It
provides information regarding feelings, behaviors, attitudes
and characteristics of a specific group. Considering that this
research attempts to establish the relationship between media
and adolescent girls’ body image, descriptive research is the
most appropriate. Since the data collection method in this
research study is survey, it means that it is a descriptive study
because the researcher interacts with the research subjects. This
is the most appropriate design for collecting information that
shows relationships and describe the word as it is. Some of the
questions that are answered by include “what was” and “what
is”. According to Hennink et al (2011), this research is a
qualitative study, which aims at description. Researchers may
conduct follow-up analyses to determine the observations and
the implications of the outcomes.
10. The procedure when conducting a research entails the
development of the research questions; review of existing
literature including definitions of terms used in the research;
sampling, data collection; data analysis; and making inferences.
11. Various ethical issues can come up in this research. The
first ethical concern is consent. Considering that the research
subjects are adolescent girls, they may lack the capacity to take
part in the research; therefore, parental consent may be
required. Another consent issue is voluntariness. The subjects
must choose out of their own will to take part in the research
and have the right to pull out of the research at any point. The
second ethical issue is harm. Adolescent girls may be exposed
to psychological stress, humiliation or embarrassment, which
are examples of harm. The third ethical issue concerns the
privacy of the subjects. The fact that the girls took part in the
study must be kept private and the information they give should
not be linked to them. Infringing the privacy of the subject may
lead to harm. These issues may be addressed by seeking
parental consent for the girls’ participation, seeking the

5. approval of an institutional review board, using the results of
the study for the purposes of the study alone (Gregory, 2003).
References
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Hennink, M. M., Hutter, I., & Bailey, A. (2011). Qualitative
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(2008). Research: Successful approaches. Chicago: American
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Name_____________________
Category 1: Area Under the Curve Part II
1. What is the area under the curve in the interval [-3, 3] for the
function ?
What happens when you find the value of the definite integral ?
Why can’t this be the area under the curve above? How would
you go about determining the area under the curve so that you
avoid the cancelling out nature of the area above the x-axis with
the area below the x-axis?
The value of function f(x) is psitive for x>0 and negative for
x<0
so if you intergrate ??x^3-9x^2 dx?from -3 to +3, the negative
integral value from (-3,0) will cancel out the positive integral
value from (0,3) and resulting value will be 0
if we have to find the area of the f(x) in term of magnitude then
we have to calculate the below integrals
?_(-3)^0?|x^3-9x^2| dx?+ ?_(0)^3?|x^3-9x^2| dx?
so Area under the curve is 121.5 unit^2

8. the formula for the integral would be ?_(-3)^3 |?x^3-9x^2 ?| dx
and not ?_(-3)^3?x^3-9x^2 dx? .
The reason for this is that we always assume area to be a
positive quantity while integral can be positive or -ve.
So when integral is +ve then it is equal to area but when it is -
ve then its absolute value is equal to area.
So the problem can be solved if we integrate it in regions i.e.
we break integrals from -3 to 0 and 0 to 3.
for 0 to 3 regions we can take the - times function as function is
-ve in that interval,
In general for avoiding this error we first find out zeros and
then see the regions in which the function is +ve or -ve by the
use of derivatives.
2. Use your graphing calculator to graph this function . Make
sure your window is set to x-min = -4, x – max = 5, y – min = -
75, y-max = 50. Draw a sketch of the graph.
3. Evaluate the definite integral below by hand using the
Fundamental Theorem of calculus
. What value do you get? Can this be the actual area
under the curve?
Why or Why Not?

9. 4. How can we break the area under the curve we are finding
into smaller pieces so that we can find the true value?
5. Solve the following definite integrals and use them to find
the area under the curve.
6. Find the area under the curve for .
Category 2: Substitution
1. Integral:

10. Let u = , then du = 2x dx
Substitution:
Solution
: , thus
2. Integral: dx
Let u =, then du = 6x dx
Substitution: