The document summarizes several changes that occur in the body during pregnancy. In the respiratory system, the chest expands and the diaphragm is elevated due to the growing uterus. This can cause shortness of breath. The kidneys and bladder are also affected, with increased urinary frequency. Digestion is slowed, causing constipation, heartburn, and nausea in early pregnancy. Weight gain averages 12.5 kg by term, and joints loosen in preparation for birth. Skin pigmentation and vascular changes like linea nigra and palmar erythema also occur due to hormonal influences.
Detailed account of the various changes that occur in maternal anatomy, physiology, and metabolism of pregnant women. These physiological changes are often very precise, and deviations of physiological responses can be a prelude to possible disease/infectious states. In this second part of Labor, we will examine the various systems of the human body,its altered states during pregnancy, and how those changes affect the woman preparing for delivery. Special care is imperative in properly determining the needs of an expecting mother, so developing an intimate, trusting relationship between the mother and fully understanding her physiological output will lead to the best chances of a successful delivery.
Detailed account of the various changes that occur in maternal anatomy, physiology, and metabolism of pregnant women. These physiological changes are often very precise, and deviations of physiological responses can be a prelude to possible disease/infectious states. In this second part of Labor, we will examine the various systems of the human body,its altered states during pregnancy, and how those changes affect the woman preparing for delivery. Special care is imperative in properly determining the needs of an expecting mother, so developing an intimate, trusting relationship between the mother and fully understanding her physiological output will lead to the best chances of a successful delivery.
Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations during pregnancy that a woman's body undergoes to accommodate the growing embryo or fetus. ... The pregnant woman and the placenta also produce many other hormones that have a broad range of effects during the pregnancy.
Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy are the adaptations during pregnancy that a woman's body undergoes to accommodate the growing embryo or fetus. ... The pregnant woman and the placenta also produce many other hormones that have a broad range of effects during the pregnancy.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. CHANGES IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• The shape of the chest changes and the
circumference increases in pregnancy by 6 cm.
• As the uterus enlarges the diaphragm is elevated
as much as 4 cm, and the rib cage is displaced
upwards.
• The lower ribs flare out and may not always fully
recover their original position after pregnancy .
3. • There is a progressive increase in oxygen
consumption, which is caused by the increased
metabolic needs of the mother and fetus.
• Progesterone causes an increase in the sensitivity
of the respiratory center to stimulation by carbon
dioxide.
4. • Hyperventilation (over breathing) can lead to
discomfort, dyspnea and dizziness.
• Women may complain of shortness of breath,
when their need to breathe become a conscious
one.
5. • The stress on respiratory system, imposed by
pregnancy, is very little in comparison with the
cardiovascular system.
• The changes however, can cause some discomfort
or inconvenience to the pregnant woman and
diseases of the respiratory tract may be more
serious during pregnancy.
7. CHANGES IN THE URINARY
SYSTEM
• Renal blood flow increases by as much as 70-80
percent by the second trimester .
• After 30 weeks it decreases slowly although it is still
above non-pregnant levels at term.
• The kidneys enlarge and glomerular filtration
increases The increase is maintained throughout the
second trimester but decreases significantly during
the last weeks of pregnancy.
8. • Plasma levels of urea, uric acid and creati- nine
fall in pregnancy although uric acid level return
to non-pregnant level in late pregnancy
• Glucose excretion increases as a result of
increased glomerular filtration rate of glucose
Glycosuria is therefore quite common in
pregnancy and is not usually related to a high
blood glucose level.
9. • Glycosuria can be a cause, of urinary tract infection.
It should, however, be monitored to exclude diabetes
mellitus.
• The urine of pregnant women is more alkaline due to
the alkalemia of pregnancy
• In early pregnancy, increased production of urine
causes frequency of micturition.
• In later pregnancy, frequency is caused by pressure
of the growing uterus on the bladder.
10. • The ureters become relaxed, and are dilated,
elongated and curved above the brim of the
pelvis due to the influence of progesterone.
• Towards the end of pregnancy, as the head
engages, the entire bladder may be displaced
upwards.
12. CHANGES IN THE
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
• In the mouth, the gums become edematous, soft and
spongy which can bleed when mildly traumatized as
with a toothbrush.
• Increased salivation (ptyalism) is a common
complaint in pregnancy. This problem seems to be
associated with nausea, which prevents women from
swallowing their saliva.
13. • Around 4-8 weeks, most women (about 70%) start
complaining of nausea and vomiting, which may
continue until about 14-16 weeks.
• Relaxation of the smooth muscles of the -stomach,
and hypomotility may also contribute to this
problem. It can be quite distressing and sometimes
causing weight loss in early pregnancy. It
occasionally causes nutritional or electrolyte
imbalance.
14. • In earlier period of pregnancy, a change in the
sense of taste can occur.
• It can be metallic taste in the mouth, distaste for
something usually enjoyed or craving for a food
usually not eaten.
• Craving for bizarre substances such as coal, wall
plaster, mothball, mud, etc. may be seen
occasionally This is termed as pica.
15. • The enlarging uterus misplaces the stomach
and intestines.
• Raised intra-gastric pressure without
accompanying increase in tone of the cardiac
sphincter, causes reflux of acid mouth fuls
with epigastric pain.
• The resulting symptoms of heartburn is quite
common in pregnancy,
16. • The tendency to constipation is more in
pregnancy, as the passage of food through the
intestines is so much slower that there is
increased absorption of water from the colon.
• Oral iron may also contribute to the problem .
Constipation may worsen hemorrhoids, which
are caused by the increased pressure in the
veins below the level of the enlarged uterus.
17. • Serum albumin levels fall progressively
throughout pregnancy and at term are 30
percent lower than the non-pregnant level
• Serum alkaline phosphatase levels rise
progressively .
• Serum cholesterol levels are raised two-fold by
the end of pregnancy.
18. CHANGES IN METABOLISM
• There is increased food intake during pregnancy.
This, along with the gastrointestinal changes, lead to
characteristic alteration in the metabolism of
carbohydrate, protein and fat.
• These changes, which are brought about by human
placental lactogen, ensure that glucose is readily
available for body and brain growth in the
developing fetus, and protects against nutritional
deficiencies
19. • Fasting plasma glucose concentration falls during
the first trimester, rises between 16 and 32 weeks,
then falls again towards term.
• Insulin secretion correspondingly rises in the
second trimester and then falls to non- pregnant
levels towards term.
• As human placental lactogen levels rise with
advancing pregnancy, insulin resistance increases
leading the diabetogenic effect of pregnancy.
20. • A continuous supply of glucose must be available
to transfer to the fetus. Pregnant women should
not fast or skip meals for the following reasons:
• Maternal blood glucose levels are critically
important for the fetal well-being.
• Fasting in pregnancy produces a more intense
ketosis, known as 'accelerated starvation', that may
be dangerous to fetal health.
21. • Plasma albumin concentration is reduced due
to increased plasma volume.
• Plasma calcium concentrations fall as a result
of both fetal needs and the normal hemo-
dilation of pregnancy.
23. MATERNAL WEIGHT CHANGES
A continuing weight increase in pregnancy is
considered to be a favorable indicator for
maternal adaptation and fetal growth. Analysis
of studies on weight gain in pregnancy
suggests the following as the expected increase
in primi- gravida
24. 4.0 kg in first 20 weeks
8.5 kg in second 20 weeks (0.4 kg per week in
the last trimester)
12.5 kg approximate total.
The average weight gain in multigravida is
approximately 1 kg less than in the primi-
gravida.
25. There is a wide range of normality in weight gain
and many factors influence it which include
maternal edema,
maternal metabolic rate,
dietary intake,
vomiting or diarrhea,
amount of amniotic fluid
size of the fetus.
26. • Maternal age, pre-pregnancy body size, parity
and diseases like diabetes and hypertension
also seem to influence the pattern of weight
gain
29. SKELETAL CHANGES
• Relaxation of pelvic ligaments and muscles
occurs because of the influence of estrogen and
relaxin.
• This reaches the maximum during the last weeks
of pregnancy allowing the pelvis to increase its
capacity in readiness to accommodate the fetal
presenting part at the end of pregnancy and in
labor.
30. • The ligaments of the symphysis pubis and the
sacroiliac joints loosen.
• The symphysis pubis widens by about 4 mm
by 32 weeks gestation and the sacrococcygeal
joint loosens, allowing the coccyx to be
displaced backwards.
31. • Posture of the pregnant woman alters to
compensate for the enlarging uterus anteriorly.
• The woman leans backwards exaggerating the
normal lumbar curve and causing a progressive
lordosis.
• The teeth are prone to decay during pregnancy,
perhaps due to calcium deficiency resulting from
increased demand for it by the growing fetus.
33. SKIN CHANGES
• Increased activity of the melanin-stimulating
hormone from the pituitary causes varying degrees of
pigmentation in pregnant women from the end of
second month until term.
• The depth of pigmentation varies according to skin
color and race.
• The areas most commonly affected are the areolae of
breasts, the abdominal midline, the perineum and the
axillae.
34. • On the breasts, darkening of the nipple, primary
areola (areola around the nipple), and secondary
areola (mottling of the skin around and beyond the
primary areola) are seen.
• The irregular brownish discolorations of the
forehead, nose, cheeks and neck known as the 'mask
of pregnancy' or chloasma usually develops in the
second half of pregnancy in about 50-70 percent of
women. Chloasma is most noticeable in dark-haired,
brown-eyed women.
36. • In most pregnant women, a narrow of dark skin
pigmentation appears in the midline of the
abdomen from the symphysis to the umbilicus
called as linea nigra.
37. • A rise in body temperature of 0.5 degree C with an
increased blood supply causing vaso- dilatation
makes women feel hotter and sweaty.
• Many women develop angiomas during pregnancy,
which are red elevations on the skin of the face,
neck, arms and chest.
• Palmar erythema, which is reddening of the palms,
is another frequent occurrence. Both are likely to be
due to high levels of estrogen and disappear after
delivery.