Chandrayaan-3 was India's third lunar mission that successfully soft landed its Vikram lander and Pragyan rover on the Moon's south pole region in August 2023. The mission objectives were to demonstrate a safe landing, conduct rover operations, and on-site surface experiments. Key technologies included hazard detection systems, inertial measurement units, and propulsion systems. The mission concluded with both the lander and rover entering sleep modes after completing their tasks of studying lunar geology and the environment over a period of 14 Earth days.

1. CHANDRAYAAN 3
A Mission Of Hope For The Future Of Space Exploration.

2. Chandrayaan 3 is India's third lunar mission
to soft land on the lunar south pole region.
The mission will conduct scientific
experiments to study the lunar geology,
atmosphere, and environment.
Introduction Of
Chandrayaan 3

3. Three Mission Objectives
Demonstrate safe and
soft landing on the lunar
surface
Conduct rover
operations on the
Moon
Conduct on-site
experiments on the
lunar surface
1 2 3

4. Key Technologies
Hazard Detection and Avoidance
Lander Hazard Detection & Avoidance
Camera and Processing Algorithm Landing
Leg Mechanism.
Inertial Measurement
Laser Gyro based Inertial referencing and
Accelerometer package
Altimeters
Laser & RF based Altimeters
Propulsion System
800N Throttleable Liquid Engines, 58N
attitude thrusters & Throttleable Engine
Control Electronics
Velocimeters
Laser Doppler Velocimeter & Lander
Horizontal Velocity Camera
Navigation, Guidance & Control
Powered Descent Trajectory design and
associate software elements
1 2 3
4 5 6

5. Lander Special Tests
Integrated Cold Test: For the demonstration of
Integrated Sensors & Navigation performance test
using helicopter as test platform
Integrated Hot test: For the demonstration of closed
loop performance test with sensors, actuators and
NGC using Tower crane as test platform
Lander Leg mechanism performance test on a lunar
simulant test bed simulating different touch down
conditions.

6. Mission Components
Propulsion module
This module is responsible for carrying the
lander and rover configuration to the Moon. It
also has a scientific payload that will study the
Earth from lunar orbit.
Lander module
This module will land on the Moon and deploy
the rover. It also has a scientific payload that
will study the lunar surface.
Rover
This is a small, mobile vehicle that will conduct
on-site experiments on the lunar surface. It is
equipped with a variety of scientific
instruments, including a seismometer, a
spectrometer, and a camera.

7. Specifications For Chandrayaan-3
Sl No. Parameter Specifications Sl No. Parameter Specifications
1. Mission Life (Lander & Rover) One lunar day (~14 Earth days) 7. Communication
1.Propulsion Module: Communicates with IDSN
2.Lander Module: Communicates with IDSN and Rover. Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter is also planned for
contingency link.
3.Rover: Communicates only with Lander.
2. Landing Site (Prime) 4 km x 2.4 km 69.367621 S, 32.348126 E 8. Lander Sensors
1.Laser Inertial Referencing and Accelerometer Package (LIRAP)
2.Ka-Band Altimeter (KaRA)
3.Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC)
4.LHDAC (Lander Hazard Detection & Avoidance Camera)
5.Laser Altimeter (LASA)
6.Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV)
7.Lander Horizontal Velocity Camera (LHVC)
8.Micro Star sensor
9.Inclinometer & Touchdown sensors
3. Science Payloads
1.Lander:Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive ionosphere and
Atmosphere (RAMBHA)
2.Chandra’s Surface Thermo physical Experiment (ChaSTE)
3.Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA)
4.Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) Rover:
5.Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS)
6.Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) Propulsion Module:
7.Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable Planet Earth (SHAPE)
9. Lander Actuators Reaction wheels – 4 nos (10 Nms & 0.1 Nm)
4. Two Module Configuration
1.Propulsion Module (Carries Lander from launch injection to Lunar orbit)
2.Lander Module (Rover is accommodated inside the Lander)
10. Lander Propulsion System
Bi-Propellant Propulsion System (MMH + MON3), 4 nos. of 800 N Throttleable engines & 8 nos. of 58 N;
Throttleable Engine Control Electronics
5. Mass
1.Propulsion Module: 2148 kg
2.Lander Module: 1752 kg including Rover of 26 kg
3.Total: 3900 kg
11. Lander Mechanisms
1.Lander leg
2.Rover Ramp (Primary & Secondary)
3.Rover
4.ILSA, Rambha & Chaste Payloads
5.Umbilical connector Protection Mechanism,
6.X- Band Antenna
6. Power generation
1.Propulsion Module: 758 W
2.Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias
3.Rover: 50W
12. Lander Touchdown specifications
1.Vertical velocity: ≤ 2 m / sec
2.Horizontal velocity: ≤ 0.5 m / sec
3.Slope: ≤ 120

8. Objectives Of Scientific Payloads
SI. No Lander Payloads Objectives
1.
Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound
Hypersensitive ionosphere and
Atmosphere (RAMBHA)
Langmuir probe (LP)
To measure the near surface plasma (ions and electrons)
density and its changes with time
2.
Chandra’s Surface Thermo physical
Experiment (ChaSTE)
To carry out the measurements of thermal properties of lunar surface near polar
region.
3.
Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity
(ILSA)
To measure seismicity around the landing site and delineating the structure of the
lunar crust and mantle.
4. LASER Retroreflector Array (LRA) It is a passive experiment to understand the dynamics of Moon system.
SI. No Rover Payloads Objectives
1.
LASER Induced Breakdown
Spectroscope (LIBS)
Qualitative and quantitative
elemental analysis & To derive
the chemical Composition and
infer mineralogical composition
to further our understanding of
Lunar-surface.
2.
Alpha Particle X-ray
Spectrometer (APXS)
To determine the elemental
composition (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca,Ti,
Fe) of Lunar soil and rocks
around the lunar landing site.
Sl. No
Propulsion Module
Payload
Objectives
1.
Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable
Planet Earth (SHAPE)
Future discoveries of
smaller planets in
reflected light would
allow us to probe into
variety of Exo-planets
which would qualify for
habitability (or for
presence of life).

9. Launch And Landing
Of Chandrayaan-3
Chandrayaan-3 was launched on July 14,
2023. It entered a lunar transfer orbit on July
15, 2023. The lander is expected to land on
the lunar south pole region on August 23 or
August 24, 2023.
Event Date
Launch July 14, 2023
Lunar transfer orbit July 15, 2023
Landing on the lunar
south pole region
August 23-24,
2023

10. First Indian mission
to land on the lunar
south pole region
First Indian mission
to carry a rover Advances India's
space exploration
capabilities
Promotes
international
cooperation in space
exploration
The Significance
Of Chandrayaan-3

11. Mission Life
Propulsion Module
3 to 6 months
Lander Rover
1 Lunar Day
Landing Site
69.36 degree S, 32.34 degree E; slightly off the site
for Chandrayaan-2

12. Integrated Module Phase
Lunar Transfer Trajectory
Injectio
n Orbit
EBNs
Lunar Orbit Insertion
Lunar Orbit
Lander
Deboost
Lander Propulsion
Model Separation
Touchdown
Mission Profile

13. Mission Profile
Animation of Chandrayaan-3
Chandrayaan-3 Earth Moon

14. The Earth-Moon average distance is
roughly 384,400 kilometers. To save fuel,
Chandrayaan-3 has chosen a longer route
to the Moon. This adjusted path aims to
ensure a gentle landing of the mission's
Vikram lander on the Moon's South Pole
area. The expected timeline for this soft
touchdown is approximately 42 days after
launch, specifically around August 23 or 24.
Trajectory

15. 01
02
03
04
05
06 07
Nominal Flight
Sequence
S.No Event Flight Time (s) Altitude (km)
Inertial Velocity
(km/s)
1 2xS200 Ignition 0.00 0.024 0.452
2 L110 Ignition 108.10 44.668 1.788
3 2xS200 Separation 127.00 62.171 1.969
4 PLF Separation 194.96 114.805 2.560
5 L110 Separation 305.56 175.352 4.623
6 C25 Ignition 307.96 176.573 4.621
7 C25 Shut-off 954.42 174.695 10.242
8 Satellite Separation 969.42 179.192 10.269

16. LVM3-M4-Chandrayaan-3 Mission Timeline
July 14, 2023
LVM3 M4 vehicle successfully launched Chandrayaan-3 into orbit. Chandrayaan-3, in its
precise orbit, has begun its journey to the Moon. Health of the Spacecraft is normal.
July 22, 2023
The fourth orbit-raising maneuver (Earth-bound perigee firing) is completed. The
spacecraft is now in a 71351 km x 233 km orbit.
August 06, 2023
LBN#2 is successfully completed. The spacecarft is in 170 km x 4313 km orbit around the
moon
July 25, 2023
Orbit-raising maneuver performed on July 25, 2023. Next firing (TransLunar Injection), is
planned for August 1, 2023.
July 15, 2023
The first orbit-raising maneuver (Earthbound firing-1) is successfully performed
at ISTRAC/ISRO, Bengaluru. Spacecraft is now in 41762 km x 173 km orbit.
July 17, 2023
The second orbit-raising maneuver performed. The spacecraft is now in 41603
km x 226 km orbit.
August 05, 2023
Chandrayaan-3 is successfully inserted into the lunar orbit. The orbit achieved
is 164 km x 18074 km, as intended.
August 01, 2023
The spacecraft is inserted into the translunar orbit. The orbit achieved is 288
km x 369328 km. Lunar-Orbit Insertion (LOI) is planned for Aug 5, 2023.

17. LVM3-M4-Chandrayaan-3 Mission Timeline
August 09, 2023
Chandrayaan-3's orbit is reduced to 174 km x 1437 km following a manuevre performed
on August 9, 2023
August 17, 2023
Lander Module is successfully separated from the Propulsion Module. Deboosting
planned for August 18, 2023
August 19, 2023
The Lander Module is in 113 km x 157 km orbit around the moon. Second de-boosting
is planned for August 20, 2023.
August 14, 2023
The mission is in the orbit circularisation phase. The spacecraft is in 151 km x
179 km orbit.
August 16, 2023
The spacecraft is in an orbit of 153 km x 163 km after the firing on August 16,
2023.
August 23, 2023
Powered descent to commence on August 23, 2023, around 1745 Hrs. IST
August 20, 2023
The Lander Module is in 25 km x 134 km orbit.

18. Chandrayaan-3 Capture First Image
The Moon, as viewed by Chandrayaan-3 during Lunar Orbit Insertion

19. Chandrayaan-3 Mission Success
The Chandrayaan-3 mission was a success,
and India became the first country in the
world to land a spacecraft on the Moon's
south pole. The lander, named Vikram,
touched down on the lunar surface at 18:04
IST (12:34 UTC) on August 23, 2023. The
rover, named Pragyan, will now explore the
lunar surface for the next 14 days.

20. After the Vikram lander successfully lands on
the Moon, it will wait for a while to let the
lunar dust settle. This is to prevent the rover
from getting stuck in the dust. After about 4
hours, the Pragyan rover will be released
from the lander and will begin its journey to
explore the lunar surface.
Vikram Lander
After Landing

21. The rover's rollout was delayed to let Moon
dust settle after the lander's touchdown.
Moon's weaker gravity makes dust clearance
slower, ensuring rover instrument protection
was ISRO's focus.
Rover's Rollout Delay

22. The Pragyan rover rolled out of the Vikram
lander on the Moon at approximately 12:30
AM IST on August 24, 2023. This was about 3
hours and 25 minutes after the Vikram lander
touched down on the lunar surface.
Pragyan Rover
Rolled Out

23. Pragyan is crafted to mark the national
emblem and ISRO's logo on the lunar surface.
It will traverse unexplored lunar terrain,
transmitting data and visuals after its landing.
Pragyan's Symbolic
Imprints

24. The Vikram lander and Pragyan rover will have a
mission life of one lunar day (about 14 Earth days).
During this time, they will conduct a variety of
scientific experiments, including studying the lunar
surface, the lunar atmosphere, and the lunar water
resources.
About 14 Earth Days

25. ChaSTE (Chandra's Surface Thermophysical
Experiment) measures lunar topsoil temperature near
the pole, using a 10 cm depth-capable probe with 10
sensors. The graph shows temperature variations at
various depths, marking the first profile for the lunar
south pole, with ongoing detailed observations.
First Observations From
The Chaste Payload

26. Chandrayaan-3 Rover's LIBS instrument achieved
the first in-situ measurements of the lunar south
pole, confirming the presence of Aluminum (Al),
Sulphur (S), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Chromium (Cr),
Titanium (Ti), and later, manganese (Mn), silicon (Si),
and oxygen (O). Hydrogen investigation ongoing..
LIBS Confirms The
Presence Of Sulphur

27. APXS identified minor elements, including
Sulfur, alongside expected major ones like
Aluminum, Silicon, Calcium, and Iron. LIBS
also confirmed Sulfur's presence. Detailed
analysis is ongoing.
APXS Detects
Minor Elements

28. The RAMBHA-LP payload on the Chandrayaan-3
Lander has achieved a historic milestone by
conducting the first-ever measurements of the
lunar near-surface plasma environment in the
south polar region.
RAMBHA-LP On-board
Measures Plasma

29. ISRO stated that the Instrument for Lunar
Seismic Activity (ILSA) on Chandrayaan 3 is the
moon's first Micro Electro Mechanical Systems
(MEMS) technology-based instrument. It has
captured vibrations from the Rover and other
payloads' movements.
ILSA Monitors
Landing Site Activity

30. In a significant update, the Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO) has confirmed that the 'Vikram
Lander' was placed in sleep mode around 08 AM
(Indian Standard Time) on Monday. ISRO reported
that data from the payloads has been transmitted to
Earth, and the payloads are now powered off.
Sleep Mode

31. On September 2, the space organization
confirmed that Pragyan had finished its tasks
and was safely parked in sleep mode, with its
receiver active. ISRO further noted that Vikram
would enter sleep mode alongside Pragyan
once its solar power was depleted and the
battery was drained.
Why Sleep Mode?

32. Hop Experiment
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) reported on
Tuesday that the lander had executed a successful hop
experiment. Upon receiving the command, it initiated its engines,
achieving the expected elevation of approximately 40 cm, and
safely landed at a distance of 30–40 cm from its starting point.
After conducting the experiment, the ISRO reported that the
Ramp, ChaSTE, and ILSA were initially retracted and then
successfully redeployed.

33. This successful hop experiment and its
promising results could have a profound
impact on future lunar missions with the
primary goal of collecting moon samples,
as well as upcoming human expeditions
to our celestial neighbor.
Hop Experiment
Impacts

34. ISRO also shared that they anticipate the
next sunrise, which is expected to awaken
the equipment on September 22, 2023, and
they are hopeful for a successful restart to
undertake a new set of tasks.
Rover Wake Up

35. Conclusion Of
Chandrayaan 3
The success of Chandrayaan-3 is a major
milestone for India's space program and a
testament to the hard work and dedication
of the ISRO team. It also opens up new
possibilities for scientific research on the
Moon.

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