dietary phytochemicals are natural ,non-nutritive ,secondary metabolites .they are mainly for defense system in plants ,also provide colour ,aroma, flavour .they also have anti mutagenic & anti carcinogenic properties . there are 900 phytochemicals but main phytochemicals like curcumin ,gingerol,ECGC, Capsacin and many more . various cell signalling molecules can act as a target for these phytochemicals .

2. INTRODUCTION
 Cancer is a growing health problem around the
world(particularly with the steady rise in life
expectancy, increasing urbanization and the
subsequent changes in environmental conditions,
including lifestyle)
 Even with advances in medical science disciplines
such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy,
there is still no significant progress in its treatment.
 Conventional cancer therapies evoke severe side
effects and in many cases, patients recover from
cancer and die due to organ failure and
immunosuppression.
 According to a recent report by the World Health
Organization (WHO), there are now more than 10
million cases of cancer per year worldwide.
 It has been estimated that 10–70% (average 35%) of
human cancer mortality is attributable to diet. Their
observations, which are based on statistical and
epidemiological data, mainly concerned dietary
factors that increase risk called as suspected human carcinogens.
 So, the increased incidence of cancer in the world today
justifies the application of phytochemical chemoprevention.

3. DIRTARY PHYTOCHEMICAL
 Phytochemicals are natural occurring, non-
nutritive biologically active chemical compounds
in plants.
 It act as a natural defence system for host plants
and provide colour, aroma and flavour.
 Phytochemicals are a potential alternative source
of safer chemicals with anticarcinogenic effects
and antimutagenic properties
.
IMPORTANCE OF PLANT DERIVED CHEMICALS:
 More than 250 population-based studies, indicate
that people who eat about five servings of fruit and
vegetables a day have approximately half the risk
of developing cancer ,of those who eat fewer than
two servings.
 They are found as a substance responsible for the
health promoting properties of varieties of natural
and functional foods due to their ability to alter cell
communication, and DNA repair and influence cell
processes that can cause development of cancer
and other diseases
 The induction of apoptosis in a neoplastic cell
without damaging the healthy cells of the body
with phytochemical chemopreventive agents
seems to be the best strategy in cancer
management and treatment .

4. phytochemicals can be of 2 types
Blocking agents
 are substances like indole-3-carbinol,sulforaphane and
flavonoids which avert cancer causing agents from
accomplishing their effects on the normal cells, inhibit
their metabolic stimulation, and also enhance their
detoxification.
Suppressing agents
 They function by interfering with the promotion and
progression of carcinogenesis through their effect on cell
proliferation, integration and programmed cell death
which inhibits translation of initiated cells to form
cancerous celL
 CLASSES OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND THEIR
SOURCES
Blocking agents
Suppressing agents
o carotenoids,
o phenolics,
o alkaloids,
o organosulphur compounds

5. CAROTENOIDS:
 include β-carotene,lycopene, zeaxanthin and lutein.
Their sources include carrots, tomatoes, sweet potatoes,
broccoli and spinach.
PHENOLICS
 A secondary metabolites that are vital for plant growth
and reproduction, and also serve as defence against
pathogens, and predators that attack plants. They have
been found useful in humans for lowering the effect of
cancer andother chronic diseases. Phenolics possess an
aromatic ring and hydroxyl groups and include phenolic
acids, flavonoids stilbenes, coumarinsand tannins. Their
primary sources arevegetables, grapes, fruits, pineapple,
banana and green tea.flavonoids - A phenolic
compounds that have antioxidant properties; examples
include flavonal (querectin), flavones (apigenin),
flavanols (epigallocatechin gallate) and isoflavonoids
(genistein) (Hollman and Arts, 2000). Phenolic acids
include resveratrol, curcumin, caffeic and ferulic acid .
ALKALOIDS
 are natural product that contains heterocyclic nitrogen
atoms, are basic in character. And anticancer actions -
dimeric indoles,vincristine, vinblastine.
ORGANOSULPHUR COMPOUNDS
 which include sulforaphane, diallyl sulphide, and indole-
3-carbinol and s-allyl cysteine. Their dietary sources are
onion, broccoli, garlic, an.d cruciferous vegetables

6. Dietary sources of agents with anti-cancer
properties and their chemical structures

8. One of the central components of the intracellularsignalling
network that maintains homeostasis is the family of proline-
directed serine/threonine kinases -the mitogen-activated protein
kinases (MAPKs).
Abnormal or improper activation or silencing of the MAPK
pathway or its downstream transcription factors can result in
uncontrolled cell growth, leading to malignant transformation.
Some phytochemicals‘switch on’ or ‘turn off ’ the specific
signalling molecule(depending on the nature of the signalling
cascade they target, preventing abnormal cell proliferation and
growth.
Cell-signalling kinases other than MAPKs, such as protein
kinase C (PKC) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), are
also important targets of certain chemopreventive phytochemicals.
These upstream kinases activate a distinct set of transcription
factors, including nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activator
protein 1.
Mechanisms of
chemoprevention

11.  diferuloylmethane or 1,7bis(4hydroxy3methoxylphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-
dione) is a derivative of turmeric . curcumin has a distinctive number of health-
promoting properties suchas anticarcinogenic,anti-inflammation,antioxidative and
antimutagenic activities in humans
 This is a phenolic compound that shows distinctive flavour of ginger. It inhibits
cell developmental factor induced by AP1 stimulation and transcription to cancer
formation .
 Is a polyphenol compound seen mostly in green tea which has great anti-
proliferation and anticancerous effects . It also inhibits Ras-activated AP1 activity.
 This is seen in pepper. It has distinctive pungent characteristics. It induces
apoptosis.
GENISTEIN:
 an isoflavone and is a dietary component of soybeans. It plays
important roles in lowering occurrence of breast and prostate cancer.
Increased consumption of genistein in the diet controls cancer
expression, tyrosine kinase regulated proteins, and insulin growth
factor receptor.
RESVERATROL
 (3, 4’, 5-trihydroxytransstibene) is a polyphenol abundantly seen in
grapes . It inhibits PKC stimulation, and AP1 transformational
changes. It also induces normal cell death and reduces stimulation of
NF-kB in human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines.
ELLAGIC ACID
 (2,3,7,8-terahydroxychromeno[5,4,3-cde] chromene-5,10-dione) is a
polyphenol compound seen abundantly in many fruits . It has
antioxidant properties and causes inhibition of cancer proliferation by
controlling the activities of the cell cycle and activates normal cell
death.

12.  (3, 3’, 4’, 5, 7-pentahydroxyflavone) is a flavonol seen
mostly in tea, apple and onion. It has anti-oxidant
properties and also serves as an anti-inflammatory
agent. Research has shown that it has potential for
arresting the cell cycle in cancer and also induces
caspase dependent apoptosis . It also prevents normal
cells from forming cancerous cells.
Sulforaphane
 is an isothiocynanate present in cruciferous
vegetables like broccoli that has capacity to activate
phase 2 detoxification enzymes. It has been observed
that sulforaphane may associate with reduced
glutathione and reduction-oxidation controllers like thio
redox

13. Mechanism of action of phytochemical
chemopreventive agents on NF-kB
and AP1

14. Transcriptional activation
by NRF2

15.  Most modern medicines currently used for treatment
of cancer are not only very toxic, but are expensive
in management of the disease recent research has
indicated that consistent eating of whole fruits,
vegetables and grain in our daily diets can
minimise the risk of cancer diseases.
 These edible foods containing phytochemicals are
essential to ensure a healthier population that has
low incidence of cancer.
 These phytochemicals are inexpensive, effective,
readily applicable and accessible bioactive
compounds that neutralise free radicals that causes
cell damage.
• They also inhibit cellular oxygenase,pro-
inflammatory responses and nitric oxide production
and induce apoptosis with increased neuroprotective
effects
 Phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention are considered
as the cheapest option incancer treatment.
Iimitation:
 bioavailability .
 digestibility of these natural compounds in the body.
 time consuming
 involves much expense during its clinical trials.

16. Thank you..