Application of proteomics science
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Proteomics is the study of proteins, including their composition, structure, function and interactions. It can be used to identify protein-protein interactions and complexes. Expression proteomics analyzes protein quantification and how levels are controlled. Proteomics has applications in new drug discovery by identifying proteins involved in diseases and developing drugs that target or inactivate those proteins. Genomics studies genomes and all their genes, DNA, and proteomes. It has applications in medicine, microbiology, forensics, agriculture and more. Metabolomics studies small molecule metabolites within cells and biofluids and their interactions, with applications in pharmacology, toxicology and functional genomics. Nutrigenomics examines how food constituents affect gene expression and identifies
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Role of genomics and proteomics
A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA or complete genetic makeup, The entire DNA complement. It describes the identity and the sequence of genes of an organism.
Genomics is the study of entire genomes(structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes)
Executing the sequencing and analysis of entire human genome enables more rapid and effective identification of disease associated genes and provide drug companies with pre validated targets.
Proteomics is the systematic high-throughput separation and characterization of proteins within biological systems./ large scale study of protein and their functions.
Proteomics measures protein expression directly, not via gene expression, thus achieving better accuracy. Current work uses 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(2D- PAGE) and mass spectrometry.
New separation and characterization technologies, such as protein microarray and high throughput chromatography are being developed.
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2.process of drug discovery
3.microarray techiques
4.microarray analysis in drug discovery
5.steps involved in the micro array analysis
Applications of proteomic sciences
Proteomics is the study of proteins, including their composition, structure, function and interactions. There are two main types: interaction proteomics which identifies protein-protein interactions and complexes; and expression proteomics which quantifies protein levels. Proteomics has applications in new drug discovery by identifying proteins involved in diseases and developing drugs that target those proteins. Genomics studies genomes and their structure, function and evolution. It has applications in molecular medicine, disease susceptibility, forensics and agriculture. Metabolomics studies small molecule metabolites within cells, tissues and organisms and their interactions. It has applications in pharmacology, toxicology and clinical chemistry. Nutrigenomics studies the effects of food on gene expression and identifies genes involved in physiological
Application X-Ray crystallography in protein structure prediction.pptx
X-ray crystallography is a technique used to determine the three-dimensional structures of proteins at high resolution. It involves growing protein crystals, collecting X-ray diffraction data from the crystals, solving the phase problem to obtain electron density maps, and building atomic models into the density. X-ray crystallography provides insights into protein function by revealing how proteins interact with other molecules at the atomic level. While it is a powerful technique, protein crystallization remains a major challenge, and crystal structures may not always reflect the conformations proteins adopt in solution.
Nucleic acid microarray
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Role of genomics proteomics, and bioinformatics.
Role of genomics proteomics, and bioinformatics.B V V S Hanagal Shri Kumareshwar College of Pharmacy, Bagalkote
Genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics are important fields that help advance drug development. Genomics studies entire genomes and can identify disease-associated genes. Proteomics identifies the proteins expressed in a sample and how they differ between healthy and diseased tissues. Bioinformatics uses computers to store and analyze biochemical and biological data, especially related to genomics. These fields help discover new drug targets, validate existing targets, select drug candidates, study mechanisms of action and toxicity. Integrating omics data from genomics to proteomics provides a more comprehensive understanding of biological systems compared to individual fields alone.Safety pharmacology tier 2
This document discusses methods for assessing drug effects on renal and gastrointestinal systems in safety pharmacology studies. For renal function, in vivo mammalian models using rats and dogs are commonly used to assess glomerular function through clearance tests, tubular function through urine analysis, and hemodynamic function through blood flow measurements. In vitro and in silico models are also discussed. For gastrointestinal function, methods described include assessing gastric emptying and intestinal motility using in vitro tissue/organ baths and in vivo animal models, measuring gastric secretion in cell preparations and ligated rats, modeling nausea and emesis in ferrets and dogs, and measuring absorption in Caco-2 cell cultures and perfused intestinal segments of rats.
Zinc finger protein in drug discovery process
ZNF or Zinc Finger proteins
A zinc finger is a small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions (Zn2+) in order to stabilize the fold.
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Role of genomics and proteomics
A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA or complete genetic makeup, The entire DNA complement. It describes the identity and the sequence of genes of an organism.
Genomics is the study of entire genomes(structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes)
Executing the sequencing and analysis of entire human genome enables more rapid and effective identification of disease associated genes and provide drug companies with pre validated targets.
Proteomics is the systematic high-throughput separation and characterization of proteins within biological systems./ large scale study of protein and their functions.
Proteomics measures protein expression directly, not via gene expression, thus achieving better accuracy. Current work uses 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(2D- PAGE) and mass spectrometry.
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Applications of proteomic sciences
Proteomics is the study of proteins, including their composition, structure, function and interactions. There are two main types: interaction proteomics which identifies protein-protein interactions and complexes; and expression proteomics which quantifies protein levels. Proteomics has applications in new drug discovery by identifying proteins involved in diseases and developing drugs that target those proteins. Genomics studies genomes and their structure, function and evolution. It has applications in molecular medicine, disease susceptibility, forensics and agriculture. Metabolomics studies small molecule metabolites within cells, tissues and organisms and their interactions. It has applications in pharmacology, toxicology and clinical chemistry. Nutrigenomics studies the effects of food on gene expression and identifies genes involved in physiological
Application X-Ray crystallography in protein structure prediction.pptx
X-ray crystallography is a technique used to determine the three-dimensional structures of proteins at high resolution. It involves growing protein crystals, collecting X-ray diffraction data from the crystals, solving the phase problem to obtain electron density maps, and building atomic models into the density. X-ray crystallography provides insights into protein function by revealing how proteins interact with other molecules at the atomic level. While it is a powerful technique, protein crystallization remains a major challenge, and crystal structures may not always reflect the conformations proteins adopt in solution.
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Role of genomics proteomics, and bioinformatics.B V V S Hanagal Shri Kumareshwar College of Pharmacy, Bagalkote
Genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics are important fields that help advance drug development. Genomics studies entire genomes and can identify disease-associated genes. Proteomics identifies the proteins expressed in a sample and how they differ between healthy and diseased tissues. Bioinformatics uses computers to store and analyze biochemical and biological data, especially related to genomics. These fields help discover new drug targets, validate existing targets, select drug candidates, study mechanisms of action and toxicity. Integrating omics data from genomics to proteomics provides a more comprehensive understanding of biological systems compared to individual fields alone.Safety pharmacology tier 2
This document discusses methods for assessing drug effects on renal and gastrointestinal systems in safety pharmacology studies. For renal function, in vivo mammalian models using rats and dogs are commonly used to assess glomerular function through clearance tests, tubular function through urine analysis, and hemodynamic function through blood flow measurements. In vitro and in silico models are also discussed. For gastrointestinal function, methods described include assessing gastric emptying and intestinal motility using in vitro tissue/organ baths and in vivo animal models, measuring gastric secretion in cell preparations and ligated rats, modeling nausea and emesis in ferrets and dogs, and measuring absorption in Caco-2 cell cultures and perfused intestinal segments of rats.
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ZNF or Zinc Finger proteins
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This document discusses humanization of monoclonal antibodies and immunotherapeutics used in clinical practice. It describes the techniques used to humanize antibodies, including CDR grafting, phage display, and transgenic animals. It then discusses various immunotherapeutics used clinically such as monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, cancer vaccines, and cell-based therapies. Monoclonal antibodies target specific antigens on cancer cells and can be naked or conjugated. Checkpoint inhibitors like anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies work by releasing brakes on the immune system. Cytokines such as interferons and interleukins modulate immune responses. Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate immunity against tumor antigens.
OVERVIEW OF MODERN DRUG DISCOVERY PROCESS
The document provides an overview of the modern drug discovery process, which involves 5 main steps:
1) Target identification and validation to find the molecular structures involved in the disease.
2) Hit identification and validation to find small molecule leads that have the desired effect on the targets.
3) Moving from a hit to a lead by refining hits into more selective compounds.
4) Lead optimization to improve properties and address any deficiencies while maintaining desired effects.
5) Late lead optimization to further assess safety before clinical trials.
Modern drug discovery is an expensive process that can cost over $1 billion on average due to large investments required. Bioinformatics and genomic/proteomic technologies help accelerate the process and reduce
hit identification.pptx
- Assay development is the process of creating biological and compound screening assays to identify compounds, called "hits", that have desired activity at drug targets. This involves developing biochemical and cell-based assays.
- Key factors in assay development include relevance, reproducibility, quality as measured by Z'-factor, and avoiding interference. High throughput screening uses automation to test tens of thousands of compounds against targets daily using miniaturized assays.
- Biochemical assays use purified protein or enzyme targets, while cell-based assays examine responses at transcriptional, proliferation, or second messenger levels. Automation and robotics are important for achieving desired screening rates in high throughput screening.
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This document provides an overview of gene mapping and cloning of disease genes. It discusses genetic mapping and physical mapping techniques used to locate genes on chromosomes, including linkage mapping using polymorphic DNA markers like RFLPs, SSLPs, and SNPs. The document also describes cloning a disease gene, which involves constructing a recombinant DNA molecule containing the gene, multiplying the recombinant DNA in host cells, and obtaining numerous clones with the gene of interest. PCR and other molecular techniques are important tools in gene cloning and mapping diseases at the DNA level.
Antisense technologies and antisense oligonucleotides
Antisense oligonucleotides are short strands of nucleic acids that bind to messenger RNA (mRNA) and inhibit gene expression. There are three main approaches for antisense oligonucleotides based on their ability to activate RNase H enzyme and resist nucleases. Antisense oligonucleotides show potential for treating various diseases like cancer, neurological disorders, and viral infections by hybridizing to target mRNA. However, challenges remain around protecting the oligonucleotides from degradation and improving cellular uptake and target specificity. Overall, antisense technology provides a novel approach for modulating gene expression and developing new therapies.
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This document discusses gene cloning. Gene cloning involves making multiple copies of a single gene. It has basic steps including constructing recombinant DNA, transporting it to a host cell, multiplying the recombinant DNA, and dividing the host cell to produce numerous clones. Plasmids are commonly used as cloning vectors because they can replicate in host cells. Key components of cloning vectors include the replication origin, antibiotic resistance genes like ampR for selection, and reporter genes like lacZ. The lacZ gene is interrupted by the inserted gene of interest, allowing blue-white screening to identify successful clones. Applications of gene cloning discussed are producing the first genetically modified Flavr Savr tomato and creating Bt plants resistant to pests.
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This document discusses the role of genomics and proteomics in drug discovery and development. It explains that genomics and proteomics technologies can help identify new drug targets by comparing gene and protein expression between healthy and diseased cells. Proteomics in particular analyzes changes in protein levels and can quantify individual proteins using techniques like 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The integration of genomics and proteomics provides a more comprehensive understanding of biological systems and is improving the drug discovery process.
Toxicokinetic evaluation in preclinical studies.pptx
Toxicokinetic studies aim to understand what the body does with a drug at high doses. Such studies measure parameters like maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum concentration, and area under the plasma concentration curve. Toxicokinetic data from preclinical studies can be used to select appropriate doses and dosing routes for clinical trials and to interpret toxicity findings. Factors like protein binding, metabolism, and species differences must be considered when evaluating toxicokinetic data.
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3. Toxicokinetic data is collected in various required preclinical safety studies, including repeat-dose toxicity studies, reproduction toxicity studies, and genotoxicity studies, to interpret results and demonstrate drug exposure.
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This document provides information about genotoxicity studies and various genotoxicity testing methods. It discusses that genotoxicity tests identify compounds that cause genetic damage through DNA damage or interference with the cell cycle. The standard battery of genotoxicity tests includes the Ames test (bacterial reverse mutation assay), in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus assay, in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration assay, and in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, which detect various types of genetic damage. The document outlines the key principles, procedures, and reporting requirements for each of these standard genotoxicity assays.
Screening models for immunomodulator
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2) Test protocols are provided for studying immunomodulation using assays such as mixed lymphocyte reactions, lymphocyte stimulation and cytokine production.
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OVERVIEW OF MODERN DRUG DISCOVERY PROCESS
The document provides an overview of the modern drug discovery process, which involves 5 main steps:
1) Target identification and validation to find the molecular structures involved in the disease.
2) Hit identification and validation to find small molecule leads that have the desired effect on the targets.
3) Moving from a hit to a lead by refining hits into more selective compounds.
4) Lead optimization to improve properties and address any deficiencies while maintaining desired effects.
5) Late lead optimization to further assess safety before clinical trials.
Modern drug discovery is an expensive process that can cost over $1 billion on average due to large investments required. Bioinformatics and genomic/proteomic technologies help accelerate the process and reduce
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- Key factors in assay development include relevance, reproducibility, quality as measured by Z'-factor, and avoiding interference. High throughput screening uses automation to test tens of thousands of compounds against targets daily using miniaturized assays.
- Biochemical assays use purified protein or enzyme targets, while cell-based assays examine responses at transcriptional, proliferation, or second messenger levels. Automation and robotics are important for achieving desired screening rates in high throughput screening.
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Antisense oligonucleotides are short strands of nucleic acids that bind to messenger RNA (mRNA) and inhibit gene expression. There are three main approaches for antisense oligonucleotides based on their ability to activate RNase H enzyme and resist nucleases. Antisense oligonucleotides show potential for treating various diseases like cancer, neurological disorders, and viral infections by hybridizing to target mRNA. However, challenges remain around protecting the oligonucleotides from degradation and improving cellular uptake and target specificity. Overall, antisense technology provides a novel approach for modulating gene expression and developing new therapies.
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Application on G6PD deficiency
PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PRECISION MEDICINE
PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PRECISION MEDICINE PRESENTATION BY NIKHIL KUMAR FROM BENGAL SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY,WEST BENGAL
pharmocogenomics and genetics in relation with molecular therapeutics and di...
This document discusses the relationship between pharmacogenomics, genetics, and molecular diagnostic and therapeutic technologies in relation to personalized medicine. It explains that pharmacogenomics studies drug response in relation to an individual's entire gene complement, while pharmacogenetics focuses on a smaller number of genes. The study of these fields is important for personalized medicine due to genetic and environmental factors that influence drug metabolism and response. Molecular diagnostic technologies like next generation sequencing and DNA chips can provide genetic information to guide personalized treatment selection and dosing based on a person's genetic profile. The goal of these approaches is to optimize medical care for each individual.
Genomics and proteomics by shreeman
Genomics is the study of genomes through recombinant DNA, sequencing, and bioinformatics. It focuses on analyzing genome structure and function at a large scale. Genomics studies entire genomes rather than individual genes. This involves sequencing DNA and RNA and using computational methods to analyze large amounts of genomic data beyond what the human mind can comprehend alone. Genomics aims to help understand human health and disease at a personal level to optimize healthcare.
Metabolomics
Metabolomics is the systematic study of small molecule metabolites in biological systems. It aims to identify and quantify all metabolites in a biological sample using analytical techniques like mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The complete set of metabolites present in a cell or organism under a given set of conditions is known as the metabolome. Metabolomics can provide insights into cellular processes and an organism's response to genetic or environmental changes. It has applications in fields like pharmaceutical research, toxicology, nutrition, and agriculture.
Genomics
Genomics is the study of genomes, which are the complete set of genetic material within an organism. It has emerged through public funding and collaboration between academic and private research. There are two main eras - the genomic era focused on genome sequencing, while the current post-genomic era analyzes gene functions and regulation. Types of genomics include cognitive, comparative, functional, and personal genomics. It has various applications like drug discovery, conservation efforts, and understanding disease and human variation.
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Application of proteomics science
- 1. APPLICATION OF PROTEOMICS SCIENCE PRESENTED BY: AANCHAL ARYA M PHARM(1ST SEM) PHARMACOLOGY
- 3. Proteomics Proteomics Is the study of composition ,structure , function and interaction of the proteins directing the activity of each living cell . Types of proteomics 1. Interaction proteomics : protein –protein interaction Used to identify binary proteins interaction ,protein complexes and interactome . 2. Expression proteomics : protein quantification . The level of any protein in the cell at any given time is controlled by - • Rate of transcription of the gene . • Rate of degradation of protein • Efficiency of translation of mRNA into the protein
- 6. Application of proteomics Manufacturing and production of potential new drug for treatment of diseases Eg: Diabetes ,cancer . • This Depends upon genome an information in the form of protein expression . • Manufactured drug to inactive protein involved in disease . • Computer software used as target for new drug discovery . • Competitive molecule that inactivates the enzyme . • Forms basic new drug discovery tool.
- 7. .
- 8. Genomics Genomics Is an interdisciplinary field of science focusing on the structure ,function ,evolution ,mapping and editing of genomes . • A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA ,including all of its genes . • Its involve the study of all genes at the DNA and proteome level as well as the cellular tissue level .
- 9. Applications of genomics • Molecular medicine •Genes for disease succeptibility • Microbial genomics • Risk assessment • Bioarchaelogy ,anthropology ,evolution • DNA identification, forensic • Agriculture ,breeding bioprocessing • Increased rate of genetic improvement • Detect abnormalities • Animal cloning • Transgenic animals
- 10. Metabolomics Metabolomics It is the large scale study of small molecule • Metabolites within the cells , biofluids ,tissue ,or organisms . • Collectively this small molecules and their interactions within a biological system are known as metabolome
- 11. Applications of metabolomics • Pharmacology and pre-clinical drug trials • Toxicology • Transplant monitoring • New born screening • clinical chemistry • Tool for functional genomis
- 12. Nutrigenomics Nutrigenomics It is the branch of nutritional genomic and is the study of effect of the food constituents on gene expression . • It will identify the gene involved in physiological responses to diet and the gene in which small changes ,called polymorphism and the influence of environmental factors on gene expression .
- 13. Application of Nutrigenomics Cancer treatment Obesity Ageing Cancer • Nurtigenomics may be able to supplement current oncology . • That prevent cell abnormalities linked to cancer and certain nutrients that play a role as cofactors . • Genome damaged caused by micronutrient deficiency may be just as severe damage to exposure to certain environmental carcinogens . • If these micronutrients can be identified, with evidence ,risk of cancer can be significantlly reduced individually. • Eg –Folate different conc. Less damage to chromosome due to heavy amount of radiations .
- 14. AGEING AND OBESITY • Ageing of cell occur because of the accumulation of excess free radicals due to lack of nutrition to the cell an external factors such as UV rays ,pollution ,stress ,etc . • DNA analysis is instrumental in identifying the right nutrient needed to eliminate excess free radicals . OBESITY • Due to genetic variations among individuals each person could respond to diet diffentaly . • By exploring the interactions between dietary pattern and genetic factors • Nutrigenomics aims to suggest prevention measures and/ or treatment to obesity in personal nutrition
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