ORganiztional tasks

1. Organizations

2. History of Organizations
• USA used to exist as 13 colonies of the British monarchy.
• These colonies stood up against their imperial masters.
• This was an inspiration to many other colonies across the world.
• The second big revolution was in France – The French Revolution 1789.
• After the end of WWI, an international organization was set up called the
League of Nations.
• Realist Perspective on Organizations: Large countries who were once
colonial masters in the past started organizations to indirectly control small
countries e.g. IMF/FATF conditions on Pakistan and USA influence on these
organizations.

3. League of Nations

4. League of Nations
• Treaty of Versailles (1919) was a very biased treaty after WWI.
• The losing sides were broken apart e.g. the Ottoman Empire, Germany, etc.
• The League of Nations was also a part of the Treaty of Versailles.
• League of Nations was a political awakening for the time. It was made to not preserve one or two
countries, but the whole world.
• The main objective: world peace, no WWII!
• The organization was designed like a state: it had a parliamentary assembly, the executive
council and the secretariat.
• Every state has four organs:
• Legislature
• Executive
• Judiciary
• Bureaucracy
• Difference between Executive Council and Bureaucracy: the executive council (the PM cabinet)
makes the decisions and the bureaucracy implements those decisions.

5. League of Nations – Successes and Failures
• It resolved border disputes between
central European nations e.g. land
dispute of Saar between Germany and
France.
• It was a blueprint for the UN to
follow.
• Mandate system where larger
countries had to help smaller
countries rule.
• It was a first step towards self-
determination other countries, not
just European countries. It was a
concept first introduced in Treaty of
Westphalia 1648.
• However, mandate system resulted in
the issue of Palestine. Palestine’s
mandate was given to England but
England didn’t complete the mandate.
• Father of the idea did not join.
• Italy’s attack in Abyssinia in 1935
went unchecked.
• Japan’s march on China was too
unimportant and too far away for
states like Britain and France.
• League of Nation’s could not stop
Hitler’s policy of expansionism and
aggression towards other countries.

6. League of Nations – Reasons for Failure
• Treaty of Versailles was a biased treaty against the German people. Germany’s economy,
politics and military was destroyed. Any organization that is biased against some idea or
country, then it is bound to fail at some point. The treaty made the German people so
angry and humiliated, they channeled that frustration against the treaty through Hitler.
• League of Nations membership was not given to Germany and USSR.
• Any leader who says “I want to regain glory” is bad news for the world e.g. Napoleon, Hitler, Modi,
Trump, Erdogan, etc. They usually have expansionist designs.
• Napoleon also had expansionist designs. In Congress of Vienna 1814, Europeans came up with the
Concert of Europe concept – balance of power between countries. Every country in Europe should
have relatively equal power so that France can’t expand and attack others. France was also invited
to this congress.
• Another reason is Taliban and Afghan Peace Process.
• The idea of implementation of collective security was vague: economic and military
sanctions not endorsed.
• Large states who were part of the League of Nations were still pursuing their foreign
policy based on national interest.

7. United Nations (UN)

8. United Nations - Creation
• A series of important meetings led to the creation of the United
Nations.

9. United Nations – Purposes (Article 1)
1. To prevent future war
• UN has been successful in stopping WWIII.
• However, there are some issues because the concept of war has evolved over time e.g. cyber
warfare, proxy wars, etc.
2. To improve socio-economic conditions of the people
• Wars happen due to bad socio-economic conditions. So to prevent wars, need to improve
socio-economic conditions.
3. To promote human rights
• In classical history, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) classified human rights.
• In modern history, the UN classified human rights of people e.g. beggars, women, etc.
4. Develop international cooperation
• International problems require international cooperation.
• Issues such as health, environment, women rights requires the world to come together.

10. UN Agencies
• These objectives of the UN are fulfilled through agencies.
• Peacekeeping
• Peacekeeping missions
• IAEA
• CTBT
• UNSC
• Protection of Human Rights
• UNHCR
• ECOSOC
• UNICEF
• WHO
• Economic
• WB and IMF do this now, it is defunct for UN
• Others
• Committee on Decolonization
• IPCC ( Inter government Panel on Climate Change)
• COP

11. UN Organs

12. UN Organs
• General Assembly  Legislature
• UNSC  Executive Council
• Secretariat  Bureaucratic Council
• ICJ  Judiciary
• Economic and Social Council  prediction of socio-economic
conditions and recommendations

13. UN Organs
• Secretariat
• 9th Secretary General is Antonio Guiterres
• Connection between organs
• Agencies under secretariat
• ECOSOC
• Works under the UNGA
• 54 Members
• Pakistan is currently leading it by Munir Akram as President of ECOSOC
(elected in 2020)

14. UNGA
• Universal Admission (193 members)
• UNGA session every September
• Every member has one vote
• Simple matters are passed by simple majority
• Important matters passed by absolute majority + P5
• To even vote on important matters, consent of P5 is required
• South Sudan is the latest member

15. Functions of UNGA
• Deliberative Function
• It can give recommendations to be
given to UNSC
• It can’t discuss anything going on
in UNSC Article 11
• It can call the attention of UNSC
on any matter which might
endanger international peace and
security
• Supervisory Function
• Supervises ECOSOC
• UNSC submits its annual
performance report to UNGA
• UNGA has control over the
Secretary General

16. Functions of UNGA
• Financial Functions
• It approves the budget of the UN
(Article 17)
• It approves financial arrangements
for specialized agencies and their
administrative budgets
• Elective Functions
• Inclusion of a new member
• Suspension of a member
• Expulsion is a member
• Election of non-permanent
members of the UNSC
• Elections of judges of ICJ
• 54 members of ECOSOC
• Election of secretary general

17. UNSC
• 5 permanent members
• USA
• RUSSIA
• CHINA
• BRITAIN
• FRANCE
• 10 non-permanent members
• FOR TWO YEARS ELECTED BY
UNGA

18. UNSC Functions
• Article 24 says that the PRIMARY
RESPONSIBILITY is to maintain international
peace and security. UNSC explained how to
maintain peace and security unlike LON.
• Chapter 6 (Pacific Means of the Settlement of
Disputes) tells how peace can be maintained:
• Article 33  bilateral negotiations, conciliations,
etc.
• If Article 33 fails, Article 37 gives UNSC to
recommend between parties
• Article 34 states UNSC can investigate any matter
that might endanger peace and security
• Non-binding in nature
• Chapter 7, if Chapter 6 fails:
• Article 42  collective sanctions (diplomatic,
economic)
• Article 43  military strength against the
aggressor
• Binding in nature
• Article 43 used against Iraq in Gulf War
• Comparison of East Timur and Kashmir need to
be done by me
• If UNSC fails to resolve issue under chapter 6
and 7 due to deadlock, give power to UNGA
for “emergency sessions” through Uniting for
Peace Resolution.
• 10 emergency sessions yet, latest being
called on the case of US embassy move in
Jerusalem.

19. UNSC

20. ICJ
• 15 judges appointed for 9 years
• 5 members from P5
• Elected by UNGA
• Diversity
• Voting Criteria
• Majority ruling on cases
• 14 votes are casted in phase 1, 15th vote only in case of a deadlock

21. ICJ
• ICJ gives decisions based on International Law given in Statute of ICJ
• Article 38 of Statute of ICJ states that international law is made up of
treaties, customs and general principles.
• Article 36 contains jurisdiction which is either compulsory or advisory:
• Advisory means any UN organ can ask for advice from ICJ
• Compulsory is divided into two:
• 1. Voluntary jurisdiction  both parties agree that ICJ will resolve our problem; usually
when there is no treaty between countries.
• 2. Optional jurisdiction  written in a treaty/there exists some provision

22. UN Critical Analysis

23. European Union

24. EU Structure
1. EUROPEAN COUNCIL (HEADS OF STATES)
2. European Commission (Executive branch who listens to the heads
and then asks parliament and council to legislate)
3. The Council + Parliament
• Both on same level
• Parliament has law makers
• Council has technocracts/specialists
4. Study the rest yourself

25. EU Basics and Structure
• EU parliament after England leaves seats: 751 to 705

26. Acts of EU Institutions
• Applies to ALL
• Regulations: these are effectively laws applicable to all member states e.g.
how to regulate industries in Europe.
• Directives: these require member states to incorporate the directives into
national laws e.g. every member has to change a certain law e.g. no death
punishment.
• Applies to specific countries
• Decisions: binding only on those whom are addressed

27. Europe Right Now
• One of the most strongest political and economic alliance in modern
history;
• However, there are some struggles in the European project:
• BREXIT
• Poland’s political crisis;
• Hungary is moving towards illiberal democracy;
• Italy’s populist government;
• Czech Republic.
• Considering the developments in the European continent in the last
12 years, can we say that the European project is failing?

28. BREXIT – Why did Britain leave the EU?
• It is an act of the Britain where England decided to leave the European Union.
1. Historical Reasons
• They were always an awkward partner.
• Britain given membership of EEC in 1973 but decided to have a referendum in 1975 – two years after the membership.
• Britain did not agree to Schengen visa.
• Britain did not want the creation of the Euro-zone.
• So in 2016, they did another referendum to leave the EU which succeeded.
2. Political Reasons
• Majority of Britain people thought that many acts of EU put too much restrictions on the sovereignty e.g. directives and
regulations.
3. Economic Reasons
• Britain was pressurized to adopt Euro as their currency by 2020 which Britain didn’t want.
• They also could not pursue an independent trade policy; they always had to consult EU for financial and economic matters.
• England had to pay a fee to EU which is then applied to developing countries in the EU. Why not just put that money on their
own development?
• England also thought they paid a lot to EU.
4. Sociological Reasons
• Immigration restrictions were wanted by Britain.
• Eastern Europeans could come and work in Britain which took the jobs of the locals.
• Less population with more old people – mentality to deglobalize.
5. Legal Reasons
• British has to comply to EU laws rather than the other way around.

29. Negotiations of BREXIT (Four Major Points)
1. Divorce Bill
• Amount of money British has to pay to leave the EU
2. Citizens Rights
• So many citizens from other countries living in England. Are they legal or illegal now?
• Are they forced to leave or not? Do they lose their jobs?
• Possible solution under consideration: let it be the same for 10 years so people can complete their
work or if they want to stay, apply for nationality.
3. Trade Agreement
• EU has a single market and customs union i.e. same custom laws and very low tariffs.
• England benefits from the single market but now, England wants to leave while retaining the
benefits of the single market.
• Why should EU let a country benefit from EU policies when they don’t even want to be a part of
EU?
4. Good Friday Agreement
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0xGHf8o-9k&feature=youtu.be

30. Impacts of BREXIT on EU and Britain
• Economic
• England
• Exports of England will go down as they will not have access to single market.
• Lack of exports  devaluation of currency  inflation  unemployment.
• New trade deals with all countries  good (maybe)!
• EU
• Trade of EU will go down with Britain and therefore, with the world at large.
• Unemployment for people as they used to work in Britain.
• No contribution of EU budget by Britain: either low budget or more burden on other countries.
• Geopolitical
• Domino effect. Responsibility of Germany, France increased. What if they leave?
• America will move away from EU. Alliance structures already broken by Trump.
• As America leaves, power vacuum will be created which is then filled by Russia and China.
• EU influence on the world  reduced.
• England influence on the world  reduced.
• Less free movement

31. SCO

33. Structure
• The Heads of the State Council
• Supreme decision making body
• Policy direction
• Relationships among states
• The Heads of Government Council
• Heads of state delegate to heads of government council
• Main function is to delegate the decisions to the minister of foreign affairs
• Council of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs
• Day to day activities
• Work on agenda given by heads of government council
• Ambassador of SCO
• Work on any problems within the organizations
• Meetings of the Heads of the Ministries
• Ministers work in a specific policy e.g. order aya ke trade barhao so trade ministers will sit
together.
• Regional anti-terrorist structure
• RATS is a specialized organ made to deal with terrorism, separatism and extremism.

34. Aims
1. Good neighborly relations
2. Increase in trade, science, society, energy, economy, culture,
education, etc. between countries
3. 3 heads of bad security – extremism, terrorism, separatism – which
need to be tackled.

35. Principles of SCO
• Mutual respect
• No unilateral military superiority in adjacent areas
• Equality of all member states
• Mutual understanding
• Peaceful settlement of disputes between member states

36. • Basically Pak, India, China, Russia, want energy. CAR and Iran has energy.
Missing link? AFGHANISTAN!!!!!