The document provides an overview of various earth sciences including geology, oceanography, meteorology, astronomy and how they relate to understanding the formation and evolution of Earth over time. It discusses theories of catastrophic formation versus uniformitarianism and how evidence now supports aspects of both. It also outlines Earth's major spheres of the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere and biosphere and how they interact as part of the dynamic, interconnected Earth system.

1. Introduction to Earth Science Chapter 1

30. Lines of latitude and longitude form a global grid.

40. Map Scale 1:20000 1:63300

41. Topographic Map Colors Brown - Contour lines Thick Brown - Index contour lines Black - Man made objects Green - vegetation Red - some roads Blue - water

42. Contour lines Vegetation Road Man made Water

45. STEEP SLOPE GRADUAL SLOPE

46. Hill top Hill top Valley Valley Valley

47. Bench Mark Actual surveyed spot gives latitude, longitude and elevation above sea level

48. Map Scale Tenths of a mile 0

49. Declination the angle of difference between magnetic north and true north.

50. Legend

54. Calculating average slope Ave. slope = change in elevation (ft.) distance (mi) Ave. slope = 1060 ft – 960 ft = 100ft = 25 ft/mi 4 mi 4 mi

55. 1210 ft . 1160 ft. south or S-E 144.4 ft./mi. Steep slope 1190 ft. S-E 1170 ft. 1270 ft. 920 ft.