Ch. 17 Sec. 3 & 4 After the War
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After World War 1, several dictators rose to power in Russia, Germany, and Italy. In Russia, Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and became dictator after the execution of Czar Nicholas II. In Germany, Adolf Hitler led the Nazi party and declared himself dictator after gaining power. In Italy, Benito Mussolini led the Fascist party and was appointed leader after marching on Rome. These dictators consolidated their control and rebuilt their militaries, undermining efforts to prevent future wars through pacts and the League of Nations.
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Lenin final
Lenin believed in a revolutionary vanguard party led by professional revolutionaries to guide the workers to overthrow capitalism. He rejected more moderate socialist approaches and believed the ends justified violent means. Lenin's Bolshevik party took power in Russia during World War 1 using military force when opportunities arose and established the Soviet Union, nationalizing industry and implementing one-party rule.
Fascism
Fascism arose in Italy and Germany in the early 20th century in response to economic crisis and perceived threats from communism. Benito Mussolini rose to power in Italy in 1922 after threatening a march on Rome, becoming dictator by 1925 and banning all other parties. Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany in 1933 and soon established a Nazi dictatorship, outlawing other parties and persecuting minorities like Jews. Both regimes were characterized by extreme nationalism, cults of personality around Mussolini and Hitler, propaganda control, repression of opposition, and racism.
Unit 5 review
This document provides an overview of decolonization movements in Africa from the 1950s-1960s. It discusses how nationalist movements led by western-educated elites used both non-violent (Ghana, India) and violent (Algeria, Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya) means, as well as a combination (Egypt, South Africa), to gain independence from European colonial powers. Decolonization resulted in most of British-ruled Africa becoming independent by 1963, though white-minority rule continued in places like Southern Rhodesia and South Africa for decades.
Communism, fascism, democracy, 1917 1939
The document provides an overview of the Russian Revolution from 1917-1939. It summarizes key events such as Czar Nicholas II being forced to introduce Russia's first constitution in 1905 due to defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. By 1917, Russia was poorly prepared for WWI and facing major issues. The March Revolution of 1917 led to the abdication of the Czar and establishment of a Provisional Government, but Lenin and the Bolsheviks overthrew this government in November 1917, establishing the Soviet Union. The document then discusses Stalin's rise to power in the 1920s-1930s and his policies of rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture, which led to millions of deaths.
The russian revolution
Vladimir Lenin was a Russian revolutionary who led the Bolshevik Revolution in October 1917, establishing the Soviet Union and communist rule. He was influenced by Karl Marx and believed in a revolution led by workers. After years of exile, Lenin returned to Russia during World War I and seized power. Joseph Stalin later succeeded Lenin after his death and established an authoritarian regime, carrying out brutal purges that eliminated his political opponents. Both leaders established communist single-party states in Russia through revolutionary and oppressive means that had lasting impacts.
Vlademir Leninn
Vladimir Lenin was a revolutionary leader who played a pivotal role in 20th century Russian and world history. He was a Marxist theorist who led the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, overthrowing the provisional government and establishing the Soviet Union. Lenin went on to become the first head of government of the USSR, instituting communist policies and greatly influencing leftist movements internationally through his ideology of Leninism before his death in 1924. His revolutionary actions and political philosophy transformed Russia and left a lasting impact that continues to shape global politics.
Interwar period
The document provides an overview of the Interwar Period from 1919-1939. It summarizes that after World War 1, hopes for peace failed as the Russian Revolution led to Stalin's regime in Russia and the 1929 stock market crash triggered a global economic depression. During this time, totalitarian regimes like fascism in Italy under Mussolini and Nazism in Germany under Hitler rose to power and imposed cruel dictatorships through repression of opposition and harsh racism and nationalism.
Benito Mussolini Fascism King
Benito Mussolini was an Italian politician and leader of the National Fascist Party who ruled Italy as Prime Minister from 1922 to 1943. He initially led the country as a democratic leader but consolidated power and established a dictatorship by 1925. Mussolini was influenced by socialism in his early years but grew nationalist after being expelled from the socialist party. He formed fascist groups and utilized propaganda to grow his base of support. With the help of Italy's king, Mussolini became Prime Minister in 1922 and abolished opposition parties to establish a one-party fascist state by the late 1920s. He aligned Italy with Nazi Germany and adopted racist policies before his regime collapsed in 1943 as Italy lost World War II. Mussolini was then arrested but rescued by the
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Ch. 3 Sec. 3 Growth In Trade
The document discusses trade in East Africa along the African trade cycle route. Cities developed along this route to protect trade and Swahili developed as a trade language that was a mix of different languages. It also discusses Zimbabwe, which means great house of stone and thrived on exporting goods like gold, slaves and ivory. The Great Enclosure was Zimbabwe's most famous stone structure before it was abandoned in the 1450s.
Ch. 2 Sec. 2 The Spread of Islam
The document discusses how Islam spread from the 7th century. The Byzantine and Sassanid Empires had weakened after 200 years of conflict, leaving societies tired of heavy taxation and diverse populations with little unity. This allowed Arab Muslims to establish control over vast lands. Initially, Muslims tolerated other religions if they paid a tax, though this changed after the Crusades and adopting the rule that converting from Islam was punishable by death.
Ch. 1 Sec. 1 The Beginnings
The document summarizes the origins of the human race according to Genesis. It describes how God created the world in 6 days and created man in his image to rule over the earth. It discusses how Adam and Eve were the first humans, but they sinned by eating the forbidden fruit which twisted human civilization. It then covers major biblical figures and events like Cain and Abel, the Great Flood in Noah's time, the Tower of Babel, and the resulting formation of nations and languages.
Ch. 1 Sec. 2 The History of Israel
The document summarizes the history of Israel, beginning with Abraham and his descendants. It outlines the major covenants God made with Abraham, the Israelites at Mount Sinai, David, and the new covenant. The Abrahamic Covenant promised that Abraham's descendants would become a great nation, possess the land of Canaan, bless all nations, and that his seed would bring blessing. The Mosaic Covenant established the Israelites as God's special nation if they obeyed his laws and demanded monotheism. The Davidic Covenant promised David's dynasty would last forever through a future ideal king or Messiah.
Ch. 1 Sec. 3 The Coming
This document summarizes the key events and figures in the origins and spread of Christianity from Jesus to the 5th century AD. It describes Jesus and his teachings, the establishment of the New Covenant, the spread of Christianity by the apostles and Paul, Roman persecutions of Christians under Nero and Diocletian, the conversion and policies of Emperor Constantine which legalized Christianity, and the writings of Augustine asserting that God's kingdom is eternal unlike earthly empires.
Ch. 19 Sec. 1 Following WWII
After WWII, Europe and Asia underwent significant changes - Germany and Berlin were divided between the Western allies and Soviet Union, while the US took sole responsibility for rebuilding Japan and establishing a new constitution with Douglas MacArthur's supervision. The Cold War emerged between the capitalist West led by the US and the communist East led by the Soviet Union, which was expanding its sphere of influence and led countries to live under the Iron Curtain. When the Soviet Union blocked land access to West Berlin, the US airlifted food and supplies for over 300 days, and later the Korean War broke out as North Korea invaded South Korea, drawing in the US under Douglas MacArthur's command until a ceasefire was reached along the 38th Parallel dividing line.
Ch. 19 Sec 2 Democracy vs Communism
The US became involved in Vietnam due to fears that if South Vietnam fell to communism, other Southeast Asian countries would follow suit under the "domino theory." While initially sending advisors, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed the US to take military action. However, the US struggled against opponents in Vietnam due to jungle terrain and lack of clear targets, as well as growing dissent at home. The Tet Offensive of 1968 was a major surprise attack that turned US public opinion against the war, leading to the Vietnamization policy of gradually withdrawing troops while continuing support for South Vietnam.
Ch 18 Sec 1 World War II
The key causes of WWII were the rise of dictators like Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and Hirohito in Japan. Germany's economy was ruined after harsh treatment following WWI, including huge reparation payments. Countries were increasingly aggressive in expanding their borders, which the weak League of Nations struggled to address. Germany openly disregarded the Treaty of Versailles and remilitarized the Rhineland. Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939 marked the official start of WWII in Europe, while Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor drew the U.S. into the war in 1941.
Ch 18 Sec 2 European Theater
Germany attacked France and cornered Allied forces at Dunkirk, but bad weather allowed the British navy to rescue troops across the English Channel. Germany then bombed Britain for over 3 months but failed to break the Royal Air Force. Hitler invaded the Soviet Union to seize its resources but faced scorched earth tactics, and later turned his attention to the Pacific by attacking islands like the Philippines. Several key events turned the tide of war, including Germany fighting on two fronts after invading the USSR, the US entering the war after Japan's attack, Italy surrendering following the Allied invasion of Sicily, and the Allied D-Day invasion of France leading ultimately to Germany's defeat on V-E Day in 1945, after which the US dropped atomic
Ch. 17 Sec. 1 Prelude to WWI
World War I was caused by militarism, imperialism, and a system of rival alliances between European powers. Countries had built up large militaries and still sought to expand their territories abroad. This caused tensions that were further exacerbated by networks of alliances like the Triple Entente between Britain, France, and Russia, and the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. The immediate trigger of WWI was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, leading Germany to declare war on Russia and the outbreak of fighting among most European nations.
Ch. 17 Sec. 2 WWI
Germany's Schlieffen Plan to quickly defeat France by invading through Belgium backfired when Belgium resisted and Britain joined the war in support of the Allies. This led to stalemate as massive casualties mounted on both sides without major gains, resulting in trench warfare with both sides developing new weapons like tanks, poison gas, zeppelins and airplanes. The war became a total war effort by all countries as it dragged on for years until the US entry in 1917 and a German-supported Bolshevik revolution in Russia reduced enemies for Germany, leading to the Treaty of Versailles ending the war that blamed and punished Germany.
Ch. 17 Sec. 3 and 4 After the War
After World War 1, several dictators rose to power in Russia, Germany, and Italy. In Russia, Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and became dictator after the execution of Czar Nicholas II. In Germany, Adolf Hitler led the Nazi party and declared himself dictator after gaining power. In Italy, Benito Mussolini led the Fascist party and was appointed leader after marching on Rome. These dictators consolidated their control and rebuilt their militaries, undermining the peace efforts of the League of Nations and other post-WW1 agreements.
Ch. 17 Sec. 5 The Great Depression
The Great Depression was caused by the financial devastation of World War I, with the US loaning money to allies who did not repay, the failure of the Federal Reserve to control interest rates, and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raising prices of foreign goods and reducing US exports. This led to about 1/3 of the workforce becoming unemployed even as Hoover and later FDR created numerous government programs to stimulate the economy and help the unemployed in the face of the crisis.
Russian Revolution
The document summarizes Russian history from Catherine the Great's rule in the late 18th century through the reign of Nicholas II in the early 20th century. It describes Russia's harsh climate and serf-based agricultural system. It notes key events like Catherine expanding Russia's territory, Alexander II abolishing serfdom but not providing land for freed serfs, and Alexander III and Nicholas II cracking down on dissent through censorship, persecution, and pogroms against threatening groups. Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia is also summarized, where the Russian winter and scorched earth tactics helped defeat the French armies.
Ch. 14 Vocabulary
This document lists 10 vocabulary terms: socialism, proletariat, bourgeoisie, communism, Corn Laws, Parliament Bill of 1911, anti-Semitism, pasteurization, romanticism, and realism. These terms relate to political and economic systems, social classes, laws and government, science, and artistic movements from history.
Ch. 14 Sec. 1 "Reform in Western Culture"
This document summarizes various social reforms that occurred in Western culture between the 19th and early 20th centuries. It discusses the rise of socialism and Marxism, which advocated for public ownership and a classless society. It also outlines women's suffrage and temperance movements that aimed to give women the right to vote and reduce alcohol consumption. Finally, it provides details on reforms in Britain that expanded voting rights and increased the power of the House of Commons, as well as rising anti-Semitism in Europe during the Dreyfus Affair in France.
Ch. 14 Sec. 2 "Changes in Culture and Education"
Romanticism emphasized emotion over reason and often depicted peaceful rural scenes, while Realism sought to portray life realistically, including the negative aspects of industrialization in works by Charles Dickens and Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. Education reforms occurred across Europe in the 1800s, with Britain establishing Sunday schools and building public schools, Germany requiring primary education for all children, and France's Jules Ferry forming a system mandating attendance until age 15 under one of Europe's finest systems.
Ch. 14 Sec. 3 Science and Technology
This document summarizes the contributions of several important scientists from the 19th century including James Maxwell, Louis Pasteur, and Charles Darwin, and highlights several technological advancements such as the railroad, steamship, internal combustion engine, airplane, telegraph, and telephone. Key scientific discoveries included Maxwell's work in physics and astronomy, Pasteur proving spontaneous generation is false and pioneering pasteurization, and Darwin developing the theory of evolution by natural selection. Major technologies that transformed transportation and communication during this period were also outlined.
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This document summarizes the contributions of several important scientists from the 19th century including James Maxwell, Louis Pasteur, and Charles Darwin, and highlights several technological advancements such as the railroad, steamship, internal combustion engine, airplane, telegraph, and telephone. Key scientific discoveries included Maxwell's work in physics and astronomy, Pasteur's disproving of spontaneous generation and development of pasteurization, and Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Major technologies that transformed transportation and communication during this period were also outlined.
Ch. 15 Vocabulary
This document lists 12 key terms related to European colonialism and imperialism in Africa in the 19th century. It includes names of important explorers like David Livingstone and missionaries like Robert Moffat, as well as political events like the Berlin Conference that divided Africa among European powers and technological factors like the Maxim gun that enabled European military domination.
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Ch. 17 Sec. 3 & 4 After the War
- 2. Rise of the Dictators:
- 3. RUSSIA • There were two parties in Russia: 1. Bolsheviks – supported violence 2. Mensheviks – sought change through peaceful methods
- 4. • Czar Nicholas II was abducted and executed.
- 6. • Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and became the virtual dictator of Russia
- 7. • Lenin believed that atheism was vital • Instructed his forces to execute large numbers of religious leaders
- 8. • When Lenin died, Joseph Stalin struggled for control of the communist party and became the 2nd dictator of the Soviet Union.
- 10. GERMANY
- 11. • Adolf Hitler led the Nazi party – National Socialist German Workers’ Party • Once in power, Hitler declared himself dictator of Germany • He rebuilt Germany for future military conquest
- 12. Adolf Hitler
- 13. ITALY
- 14. • Italy helped the Allies during WWI, but gained no land after the war was over. • Benito Mussolini was head of the Fascist Party • He led a march on Rome and was appointed leader of Italy
- 15. Benito Mussolini
- 16. Lateran Treaties • Signed between Mussolini and the Catholic Church • Gave the Catholics Vatican City in return for their end of opposition to the unification of Italy
- 17. League of Nations • Formation led by Woodrow Wilson of the US • Hoped to prevent future wars • It turned out to be too weak
- 18. 3 pacts to prevent future war: 1. Washington Naval Conference – Agreed to limit the number of war ships each nation could build
- 19. 2. Locarno Pact • Between Germany, France and Belgium • Agreed on present borders
- 20. 3. Kellogg-Briand Pact • Agreed to settle disputes by negotiation rather than force
Editor's Notes
- The world proved to be very unstable, and no amount of precaution could overcome the human drive to seek power and dominate weaker nations
- The Romanovs. From left to right: Olga, Maria, Nicholas II, Alexandra, Anastasia, Alexei, and Tatiana. Livadia, 1913
- Declared religion to be the “opium of the masses” Viewed religion and churches as tools used to take advantage of the working class
- Struggled with Leon Trotsky Both were followers of Lenin Read page 317 in teacher book about Lenin’s disagreement with Stalin
- Stalin used the secret police and army to burn the homes of offending peasants that opposed his plans He destroyed over half of the homes in Russia Many ChristiansJo suffered persecution during his reign
- New road system that would enable German troops to move rapidly from one front to another in the event of another two-front war Worked to make Germany self-sufficient…would limit the ability of enemy forces to cut off supplies in a time of war
- Mussolini divided Italy into 13 groups (13 districts??)
- Japan continued to build a large naval fleet
- Met in Locarno, Switzerland In theory, it would have prevented WWII
- Frank Kellogg designed it