1. Joseph Stalin was born in 1878 in Georgia and grew up in poverty after his shoemaker father left the family. 2. He became involved in Marxist revolutionary activities and helped coordinate the Bolshevik seizure of power in the 1917 October Revolution. 3. After the revolution, Stalin rose to power within the Communist Party, first as Commissar for Nationalities and then consolidating control as General Secretary from 1922 until his death in 1953.

1. By : Sana kamal Hamza Ibrahim
Grade 9 / A

2. Joseph Stalin Visario Novic Djugashvala
 Stalin was born in the city of "Gori" in the Republic
of Georgia to a shoemaker called "pesos" .
 The "pesos" Stalin brutally beaten in his
childhood beatings harsh note that in that period it
was common for boys "for the education
of boys." Left the "pesos" and his family has gone
and without a breadwinner or Stalin

3.  Stalin said on that point :
«I was one of the millions
who have lived poverty and
deprivation, because the
father gave up his
house, and because the
mother did not find what
you are blocking by
the breath of their
children only tales and
dreams ..»

4. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin
(18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953)
He was the Premier of the Soviet Union
from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953.
He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries
who brought about the October
Revolution and had held the position
of first General Secretary of the
Communist Party of the Soviet
Union's Central Committee
from 1922 until his death in 1953.

5. While formally the office of the
General Secretary was elective
and was not initially regarded
as the top position in the
Soviet state,
after Vladimir Lenin's death in
1924, Stalin managed to
consolidate more and more
power in his hands, gradually
putting down all opposition
groups within the party.

6. The initial upheaval in the changing agricultural sector
disrupted food production in the early
1930s, contributing to the catastrophic Soviet famine
of 1932–1933, one of the last major famines in Russia.
In 1937–38, a campaign against former members of the
communist opposition, potential rivals in the
party, and other alleged enemies of the regime
culminated in the Great Purge, a period of mass
repression in which hundreds of thousands of people
were executed, including Red Army leaders
convicted in coup d'état plots.

7. In August 1939, after the failure to establish an Anglo-Franco-Soviet
Alliance, Stalin's USSR entered into a non-aggression pact with Nazi
Germany, dividing their spheres of influence in Eastern Europe.
This pact allowed the Soviet Union to regain some of the
former territories of the Russian Empire in Poland, Finland,
the Baltic's, Bessarabia and northern Bukovina during the
early period of World War II.
After Germany violated
the pact by invading
the Soviet Union in
1941 and thus opening
the largest and
bloodiest theatre of
war in history, the
Soviet Union joined
the Allies.

8. Despite heavy human and
territorial losses in the initial
period of war, the Soviet Union
managed to stop the Axis
advance in the battles
of Moscow and Stalingrad.
Eventually, the Red Army drove
through Eastern Europe in 1944–
45 and captured Berlin in May
1945.
Having played the decisive role in
the Allied victory, the USSR
emerged a recognized
superpower after the war.

9. Stalin headed the Soviet delegations at
theYalta and Potsdam Conferences, which
defined the map of post-war Europe.
Communist-dominated leftist governments
loyal to the Soviet Union were installed in
the Eastern Bloc satellite states as the USSR
entered a struggle for global dominance,
known as the Cold War, with the United States
and NATO.
In Asia, Stalin established good relations
with Mao Zedong and Kim Il-sung, and the
Stalin-era Soviet Union in various ways served
as a model for the newly formed People's
Republic of China and Democratic People's
Republic of Korea (North Korea).

10. In power until his death in 1953, Stalin led the USSR during the period
of post-war reconstruction, marked by the dominance of Stalinist
architecture (most famously represented by the Stalin skyscrapers).
The successful development of
the Soviet nuclear
program enabled the country
to become the world's
second nuclear weapons
power; the Soviet space
program was started as spin-
off of the nuclear project. In
his last years, Stalin also
launched the so-called Great
Construction Projects of
Communism and the Great
Plan for the Transformation
of Nature.

11. Following his death, Stalin and his regime have both
been questioned on numerous occasions, the most
significant of these being the 20th Congress of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1956, when
Stalin's successor, Nikita Khrushchev, denounced
his legacy and drove the process of de-
Stalinization of the Soviet Union.
Modern views of Stalin in the Russian Federation
remain mixed, with some viewing him as a
tyrant while others consider him a capable leader.

12. 1- Early life
2- Revolution, Civil War, and Polish-Soviet War
3- Rise to power
4- Changes to Soviet society, 1927–1939
5- Calculating the number of victims
6- how did he control his country

13. At ten, he began attending church school where the
Georgian children were forced to speak Russian.
By the age of twelve, two horse-drawn carriage
accidents left his left arm permanently damaged.
At sixteen, he received a scholarship to a Georgian
Orthodox seminary, where he rebelled against the
imperialist and religious order. Though he
performed well there, he was expelled in 1899 after
missing his final exams. The seminary's records
suggest he was unable to pay his tuition fees.

14. Shortly after leaving the seminary, Stalin discovered the writings
of Vladimir Lenin and decided to become a Marxist
revolutionary, eventually joining Lenin's Bolsheviks in 1903.
After being marked by the Korana (the
Tsar's secret police) for his
activities, he became a full-time
revolutionary and outlaw.
He became one of the Bolsheviks' chief
operatives in the Caucasus, organizing
paramilitaries, inciting
strikes, spreading propaganda and
raising money through bank
robberies, ransom kidnappings and

15. In the summer of 1906, Stalin married Ekaterina
Svanidze, who later gave birth to Stalin's first
child,Yakov. A year later she died of typhus in Baku.
Stalin was captured and sent to Siberia seven times, but
escaped most of these exiles.
He eventually adopted the name "Stalin", from the
Russian word for steel, which he used as an alias and
pen name in his published works.
During his last exile, Stalin was conscripted by the
Russian army to fight in World War I, but was deemed
unfit for service because of his damaged left arm.

16. After returning to Saint Petersburg from
exile, Stalin ousted Vyacheslav
Molotov and Alexander Shlyapnikov as editors
of Pravda.
He then took a position in favor of
supporting Alexander Kerensky's provisional
government.
However, after Lenin prevailed at the April 1917
Party conference, Stalin and Pravda supported
overthrowing the provisional government.
At this conference, Stalin was elected to the
Bolshevik Central Committee.
After Kerensky ordered the arrest of Lenin
following the July Days, Stalin
helped Lenin evade capture.

17. After the jailed Bolsheviks were freed to help defend
Saint Petersburg, in October 1917, the Bolshevik
Central Committee voted in favor of an insurrection.
On 7 November, from the Smolny
Institute, Stalin, Lenin and the rest of the Central
Committee coordinated the insurrection against
Kerensky in the 1917 October Revolution.
By 8 November, the Bolsheviks had stormed
the Winter Palace and Kerensky's Cabinet had been
arrested.

18. Prior to revolution Stalin
played an active role in
fighting the tsarist
government.
Here, he is shown on a
1911 information card
from the files of the
Tsarist secret police in
Saint Petersburg

19. Upon seizing Petrograd, Stalin was appointed People's Commissar for
Nationalities' Affairs.
Thereafter, civil war broke out in Russia, pitting Lenin's Red Army
against the White Army, a loose alliance of anti-Bolshevik forces.
Lenin formed a five member Politburo which included Stalin and
Trotsky.
In May 1918, Lenin dispatched Stalin
to the city of Tsarist.
Through his new allies, Kliment
Voroshilov and Semyon
Budyonny, Stalin imposed his
influence on the military.

20. A group of participants in the 8th Congress of the Russian
Communist Party, 1919.
In the middle are Stalin, Vladimir Lenin, and Mikhail
Kalinin.

21. Stalin challenged many of the decisions of Trotsky, ordered
the killings of many former Tsarist officers in the Red Army
and counter-revolutionaries and burned villages in order to
intimidate the peasantry into submission and discourage
bandit raids on food shipments.
In May 1919, in order to stem
mass desertions on the
Western front, Stalin had
deserters and renegades
publicly executed as
traitors.

22.  After their Russian Civil
War victory, the Bolsheviks
moved to establish a sphere of
influence in Central Europe,
starting with what became
the Polish–Soviet War.
 As commander of the southern
front, Stalin was determined to
take the Polish-held city of Lviv.
This conflicted with general
strategy set by Lenin and
Trotsky, which focused upon the
capture of Warsaw further
north.

23.  Trotsky's forces engaged with those of
Polish commander Władysław Sikorski at
the Battle of Warsaw, but Stalin refused
to redirect his troops from Lviv to help.
 Consequently, the battles for
both Lviv and Warsaw were lost, for
which Stalin was blamed.
 Stalin returned to Moscow in August
1920, where he defended himself and
resigned his military commission.
 At the Ninth Party Conference on 22
September, Trotsky openly criticized
Stalin's behavior.

24. Stalin played a decisive role in engineering the
1921 Red Army invasion of Georgia, following
which he adopted particularly hard-line, centralist
policies towards Soviet Georgia, which included
the Georgian Affair of 1922 and other
repressions This created a rift with Lenin, who
believed that all the Soviet states should stand
equal.

25. Lenin still considered Stalin to be
a loyal ally, and when he got
mired in squabbles with Trotsky
and other politicians, he
decided to give Stalin more
power.
With the help of Lev Kamenev, Lenin had Stalin
appointed as General Secretary in 1922. This post
allowed Stalin to appoint many of his allies to
government positions.

26. Lenin suffered a stroke in 1922, forcing him into
semi-retirement in Gorki.
Stalin visited him often, acting
as his intermediary with the
outside world.
The pair quarreled and their
relationship deteriorated.
Lenin dictated increasingly
disparaging notes on Stalin
in what would become his
testament.

27. He criticized Stalin's rude manners, excessive
power, ambition and politics, and suggested
that Stalin should be removed from the
position of General Secretary
. During Lenin's semi-retirement, Stalin forged an
alliance with Kamenev and Gregory
Zinoviev against Leon Trotsky.
These allies prevented Lenin's Testament from
being revealed to the Twelfth Party
Congress in April 1923.

28. Lenin died of a heart attack on 21 January 1924.
Again, Kamenev and Zinoviev helped to keep Lenin's Testament
from going public.
Thereafter, Stalin's disputes with Lev Kamenev and Zinoviev
intensified.
 Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev
grew increasingly isolated, and
were eventually ejected from
the Central Committee and
then from the Party itself.
 Kamenev and Zinoviev were
later readmitted, but Trotsky
was exiled from the Soviet
Union.

29. Stalin pushed for more rapid industrialization and central
control of the economy, contravening Lenin's New Economic
Policy (NEP).
At the end of 1927, a critical shortfall in grain supplies
prompted Stalin to push for collectivization of
agriculture and order the seizures of grain hoards
from kulak farmers.
Bukharin and Premier Alexey Rykov opposed these
policies and advocated a return to the NEP, but the rest
of the Politburo sided with Stalin and removed Bukharin
from the Politburo in November 1929.
Rykov was fired the following year, and was replaced
by Vyacheslav Molotov on Stalin's recommendation.

30. In December 1934, the popular Sergei Kirov was murdered.
Stalin blamed Kirov's murder on a vast conspiracy of
saboteurs and Trotskyites.
He launched a massive purge against these internal
enemies, putting them on rigged show trials and then
having them executed or imprisoned in Siberian gulags.
Among these victims were old enemies, including
Bukharin, Rykov, Kamenev and Zinoviev.
Stalin made the loyal Nikolai Yezhov head of the secret
police, the NKVD, and had him purge the NKVD of
veteran Bolsheviks.
With no serious opponents left in power, Stalin ended the
purges in 1938.
Yezhov was held to blame for the excesses of the Great
Terror, and was dismissed and later executed.

31. Stalin vastly increased the scope and power of the state's secret
police and intelligence agencies.
Under his guiding hand, Soviet intelligence forces began to set up
intelligence networks in most of the major nations of the
world, including Germany (the famous Rote Kappelle spy
ring), Great Britain, France, Japan, and the United States.
Stalin made considerable use of the Communist
International movement in order to infiltrate agents and to ensure
that foreign Communist parties remained pro-Soviet and pro-
Stalin.
One of the best examples of Stalin's ability to integrate secret police
and foreign espionage came in 1940, when he gave approval to
the secret police to have Leon Trotsky assassinated in Mexico.

32. Shortly before, during and immediately after World War II, Stalin conducted a series
of deportations on a huge scale which profoundly affected the ethnic map of the Soviet
Union. It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 nearly 3.3 million were deported
to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. By some estimates up to 43% of the resettled
population died of diseases and malnutrition.
As a result of Stalin's lack of trust in the loyalty of particular ethnicities, such ethnic groups
as the Soviet Koreans, the Volga Germans, theCrimean Tatars, the Chechens, and
many Poles were forcibly moved out of strategic areas and relocated to places in the central
Soviet Union, especially Kazakhstan in Soviet Central Asia. By some estimates, hundreds of
thousands of deportees may have died en route.
According to official Soviet estimates, more than 14 million people passed through
the Gulag from 1929 to 1953, with a further 7 to 8 million being deported and exiled to
remote areas of the Soviet Union (including the entire nationalities in several cases).
In February 1956, Nikita Khrushchev condemned the deportations as a violation
of Leninism, and reversed most of them, although it was not until 1991 that the
Tatars, Meskhetians and Volga Germans were allowed to return en masse to their
homelands. The deportations had a profound effect on the peoples of the Soviet Union. The
memory of the deportations played a major part in the separatist movements in the Baltic
States, Tatarstan and Chechnya, even today.

33. Stalin's regime moved to force collectivization of agriculture. This was intended to increase
agricultural output from large-scale mechanized farms, to bring the peasantry under more
direct political control, and to make tax collection more efficient. Collectivization meant
drastic social changes, on a scale not seen since the abolition of serfdom in
1861, and alienation from control of the land and its produce. Collectivization also meant a
drastic drop in living standards for many peasants, and it faced violent reaction among the
peasantry.
In the first years of collectivization it was estimated that industrial production would rise by
200% and agricultural production by 50%, but these estimates were not met. Stalin blamed
this unanticipated failure on kulaks (rich peasants), who resisted collectivization.
(However, kulaks proper made up only 4% of the peasant population; the "kulaks" that
Stalin targeted included the slightly better-off peasants who took the brunt of violence
from the OGPU and the Komsomol. These peasants were about 60% of the population).
Those officially defined as "kulaks," "kulak helpers," and later "ex-kulaks" were to be
shot, placed into Gulag labor camps, or deported to remote areas of the
country, depending on the charge. Archival data indicates that 20,201 people were
executed during 1930, the year of Dekulakization.
The two-stage progress of collectivization—interrupted for a year by Stalin's famous
editorials, "Dizzy with success’ and "Reply to Collective Farm Comrades"is a prime example
of his capacity for tactical political withdrawal followed by intensification of initial
strategies.

34. Famine affected other parts of the USSR. The death toll from famine in the Soviet
Union at this time is estimated at between five and ten million people. The worst
crop failure of late tsarist Russia, in 1892, had caused 375,000 to 400,000 deaths.
Most modern scholars agree that the famine was caused by the policies of the
government of the Soviet Union under Stalin, rather than by natural reasons.
According to Alan Bullock, "the total Soviet grain crop was no worse than that of
1931 ... it was not a crop failure but the excessive demands of the state, ruthlessly
enforced, that cost the lives of as many as five million Ukrainian peasants." Stalin
refused to release large grain reserves that could have alleviated the
famine, while continuing to export grain; he was convinced that the Ukrainian
peasants had hidden grain away, and strictly enforced draconian new collective-
farm theft laws in response.

35.  The Russian Civil War and wartime
communism had a devastating effect on
the country's economy. Industrial output
in 1922 was 13% of that in 1914.
 A recovery followed under the New
Economic Policy, which allowed a degree
of market flexibility within the context of
socialism.
 Under Stalin's direction, this was
replaced by a system of centrally
ordained "Five-Year Plans" in the late
1920s. These called for a highly ambitious
program of state-guided crash
industrialization and the collectivization
of agriculture.

36.  In 1933 workers' real earnings sank to about one-
tenth of the 1926 level. Common and political
prisoners in labor camps were forced to do unpaid
labor, and communists and Komsomol members
were frequently "mobilized" for various
construction projects.
 The Soviet Union used numerous foreign experts, to
design new factories, supervise construction,
instruct workers and improve manufacturing
processes.
 The most notable foreign contractor was Albert
Kahn's firm that designed and built 521 factories
between 1930 and 1932. As a rule, factories were
supplied with imported equipment.

37.  According to Robert Lewis the Five-Year Plan
substantially helped to modernize the previously
backward Soviet economy.
 New products were developed, and the scale
and efficiency of existing production greatly
increased.
 Some innovations were based on indigenous
technical developments, others on imported
foreign technology.
 Despite its costs, the industrialization effort
allowed the Soviet Union to fight, and ultimately
win, World War II.

38. Science in the Soviet Union was under strict ideological control by
Stalin and his government, along with art and literature.
There was significant progress in "ideologically safe" domains, owing
to the free Soviet education system and state-financed research.
However, the most notable legacy during
Stalin's time was his public endorsement of
the Agronomist Trofim Lysenko who
rejected Mendelian genetics as "bourgeois
pseudosciences" and instead supported
Hybridization theories that caused
widespread agricultural destruction and
major setbacks in Soviet knowledge in
biology.
Although many scientists opposed his
views, those who publicly came out were
imprisoned and denounced. Some areas of
physics were criticized.

39.  Stalin followed the position adopted by Lenin
that religion was an opiate that needed to be
removed in order to construct the ideal
communist society.
 To this end, his government promoted atheism
through special atheistic education in
schools, massive amounts of anti-religious
propaganda, the antireligious work of public
institutions (especially the Society of the
Godless), discriminatory laws, and also a terror
campaign against religious believers. By the late
1930s it had become dangerous to be publicly
associated with religion.

40.  Stalin and his supporters have highlighted the
notion that socialism can be built and consolidated
by a country as underdeveloped as Russia during
the 1920s. Indeed this might be the only means in
which it could be built in a hostile environment.
 In 1933, Stalin put forward the theory
of aggravation of the class struggle along with the
development of socialism, arguing that the further
the country would move forward, the more acute
forms of struggle will be used by the doomed
remnants of exploiter classes in their last desperate
efforts – and that, therefore, political repression
was necessary.

41.  Researchers before the 1991 dissolution of
the Soviet Union attempting to count the
number of people killed under Stalin's
regime produced estimates ranging from 3
to 60 million.
 After the Soviet Union dissolved, evidence
from the Soviet archives also became
available, containing official records of the
execution of approximately 800,000
prisoners under Stalin for either political or
criminal offenses, around 1.7 million deaths
in the Gulags and some 390,000 deaths
during kulak forced resettlement – for a
total of about 3 million officially recorded
victims in these categories.

42. The official Soviet archival records do not contain comprehensive
figures for some categories of victims, such as the those of ethnic
deportations or of German population transfers in the aftermath of
World War II.
Eric D. Weitz wrote, "By 1948, according to Nicolas Werth, the mortality rate of the 600,000
people deported from the Caucasus between 1943 and 1944 had reached 25%.“
 Other notable exclusions from NKVD data on repression deaths include the Katyn
massacre, other killings in the newly occupied areas, and the mass shootings of Red
Army personnel (deserters and so-called deserters) in 1941.
 The Soviets executed 158,000 soldiers for desertion during the war, and the "blocking
detachments" of the NKVD shot thousands more.

43. The official Soviet archival records do not contain comprehensive
figures for some categories of victims, such as the those of ethnic
deportations or of German population transfers in the aftermath of
World War II.
 Also, the official statistics on Gulag mortality exclude deaths of prisoners taking place
shortly after their release but which resulted from the harsh treatment in the camps. Some
historians also believe the official archival figures of the categories that were recorded by
Soviet authorities to be unreliable and incomplete.
 In addition to failures regarding comprehensive recordings, as one additional
example, Robert Gellately and Simon Sebag-Montefiore argue the many suspects beaten
and tortured to death while in "investigative custody" were likely not to have been counted
amongst the executed.

44. Joseph Salin controlled Russia by forcing the
people to worship him secretavley.
 He also used the secret police to spread
important news and lies about the
country, the country's government and
Stalin.
 Stalin would say that Russia was a
democratic government, so the people
would vote, but there would only be one
party to vote for. Communists.

45. Soviet Life under Stalin's Government!
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhEFyqz1
6p0
Private life of Starin
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ko4_Ep0Y
CJ8
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70clQ4Bk
0xY&feature=related