This document discusses ceramic laminate veneers, including: - Their history and evolution from thin plastic facings bonded in the 1930s to modern ceramic laminates. - Definitions of terms like porcelain laminate veneer and laminating. - Indications and contraindications for ceramic laminate veneers. - Details of the tooth preparation process, including types of preparations, instrumentation used, and steps like labial reduction and incisal coverage. - The importance of shade selection, soft tissue management, and impression techniques.

1. CERAMIC LAMINATE
VENEERS
Dr Shajahan P A
Professor
Department of Prosthodntics

2. INTRODUCTION
 Laminate veneers have evolved over the last
several decades to become one of aesthetic
dentistry most popular restorations .
 The laminate veneer is a conservative alteration
to full coverage for improving the appearance of
an anterior tooth .

3. DEFINITIONS
 PORCELAIN LAMINATE VENEER
A thin bonded ceramic restoration that restore the
facial surface and part of the proximal surface of the teeth
requiring aesthetic restoration.
 VENEER
A thin sheet of material usually used as a finish
 LAMINATING
Constructing a veneer and bonding it to etched tooth
structure
it is the prosthetic treatment that consists of replacing
the visible portion of the dental enamel with a ceramic
substitute ,intimately bonded to the tooth surface ,yielding
optical ,mechanical and biological properties closely
resembling those of the natural enamel.

4. HISTORY
 In 1930’s Dr Charles Pinus first used thin resin
facings and then air fired porcelain facings to create
the Hollywood Mile for American actors .He used
denture adhesive to sold the veneer in place .
 In the 1970’s performed plastic laminate were
bonded to the teeth using composite resin , but
bonding to the plastic was poor along with colour
instability .
 The evolution of the modern ceramic laminate was
assisted by the following discoveries:
 Etching of enamel by Buonocore(1955)
 Bowens BIS-GMA resin (1960)
 Ceramic etching and bonding by Rochette(1973)

5. INDICATIONS
 Extreme discolorations
 Enamel defects
 Diastema
 Attrition and root exposure
 Malpositioned teeth and abnormalities of shape
 Repair of functionally-sound metal ceramic or all
ceramic restoration with unsatisfactory colour
 Tooth fracture
 Restoring anterior guidance in worn mandibular
incisors

6. CONTRAINDICATION
 Insufficient coronal tooth structure :Fractured
teeth with more than 1/3 loss of tooth structure
,grossly carious or extensively restored tooth
.Full coverage restorations are preferred .
 Actively erupting teeth
 Parafunctional habits like bruxism
 severe periodontal involvement and crowding
 Endodontically treated teeth :Present a poorly
receptive surface for bonding and full coverage
restorations are indicated.

7. ADVANTAGES
 minimally invasive conservative
 Excellent colour and light
 Transmission-good aesthetic
 High colour stability
 Good tissue response
 Excellent durability –good strength,wear
resistance and no fluid absorption .
 Speed and simplicity

8. Disadvantages
 Tooth preparation ,however minimal is required
 Cemention is time consuming and technique
sensitive
 Fragile –may fracture if improperly handled
during try in or cementation
 Proper selection of underlying cement is critical
for success
 Difficult to repair
 Cost`

9. SHADE SELECTION
 This should be done at the beginning ,during the
consultation or treatment appoinment .
 It has to be done when the teeth have not been
dried out for any period of time .
 It is done under a colour corrected light and
outside in daylight .
 The conventional shade guide such as vita
porcelain shade guide ,are not ideal for veneers
because their porcelain thickness is high .
 It is best for ceramist to make an individualized
shade guide .

10. TOOTH PREPARATION
PRINCIPLES OF TOOTH PREPARATION
 Conservation of tooth structure :The
preparation should be conservative which is the
main principle governing the fabrication of the
ceramic laminate .
 Retention is solely by adhesion :adhesive
luting or bonding using resin cements is the main
contributors to retention rather than tooth
preparation .

11. RATIONALE
 To provide adequate space for porcelain
opaquing and composite resin luting materials.
 To removes convexities in the surface and
provide a definite path for insertion.
 To assist veneer seating during placement and
bonding
 To provide a receptive enamel surface for etching
and bonding the laminate
 To facilitate margin placement
 To provide adequate contour and colour without
over contouring .

12. TYPE OF PREPARATION
 Classified as :
TYPE 1 :Contact lens
type : Does not cover
the incisal edges
Type 2 :Classic or
conventional type
:most commonly used
.covers the incisal
edges and terminates
lingually ..

13. thickness to tooth ,need for increasing
tooth length and occlusion determine
whether type 1 OR 2 is used .
TYPE 3 : Wrap around or ¾ type
:almost similar to full coverage
preparation .Indicated for extensive
changes and colour and contour

14. ARMAMENTARIUM
 A diamond depth cutter with three 2mm
diameter wheels mounted on a 1.0mm diameter
non cutting shaft .The radius of wheels from the
non cutting shaft is .5mm .Procedure a depth cut
of .5mm
 A diamond depth cutter with a wheel diameter of
1.6mm ,produce a depth cut of .3mm
 Round bur
 Round end tapering diamond
 Finishing diamond and burs
 Airotor handpiece .

15. PROCEDURE
 The Preparation for the conventional type is
described .it involves the following step
 Labial reduction
 Proximal reduction
 Sulcular reduction
 Incisal reduction
 Lingual reduction

16. LABIAL REDUCTION
 The thickness of the ceramic laminate should be
.5mm .To achieve this ,the labial preparation
should achieve a uniform reduction of .3-.5mm
,less gingivally and more incisally .this involves .
1. Depth cuts
2. Reducing remaining enamel

17. DEPTH CUT
 These can be prepared
using round bur only
or a combination of
round bur and depth
cutter
DEPTH CUTS USING
ONLY ROUND BUR
 Depth cuts are placed
on the labial surface
with no.1 round bur
along the gingival
margins ,and extended
proximally and incisally

19.  The .8mm diameter will produce a .4mm
depth of preparation
 The labial surface is then divided into a
mesial and distal half by placing a depth
cut cervicoincisally in the centre of labial
surface with the round bur

20.  The labial surface is
then divided into
cervical ,middle and
incisal third by placing
two depth cuts
mesiodistally with the
round burs .

21. DEPTH CUTS DIAMOND DEPTH
CUTTER
 After the first depth
cut around the
gingival margin with
a round bur ,depth
cuts are placed on
the entire labial
surface by running
the diamond depth
cutter mesiodistally.
 The depth of
preparation dictates
the choice of depth
cutter .

22.  The cuts are placed in two planes in two
planes following the contour of the labial
surface
 Also the wider depth cutter can be used
on the incisal part and the other on the
gingival part if the amount of preparation
on the gingival half is to be lesser .

23. REDUCING REMAINING ENAMEL
 Whichever method is used to produce the depth
cut ,the remaining enamel on the labial surface is
reduced using a round end tapering diamond
,which will produce a chamfer finish line.
 Only the direction of reduction varies depending
on direction of the cut .

24. PROXIMAL REDUCTION
 Depth can often be as
great as .8-1mm ,since
the enamel layer is
thick towards proximal
surface .
 It is ensured that the
diamond is parallel with
the long axis of the
tooth .

25.  The facial reduction
using the round end
tapered diamond is just
continued in to the
proximal area
 The proximal reduction
should stop just short
of breaking the contact

26. Reason to preserve contact area
 It is a anatomical features that is extremely
difficult to reproduce .
 It prevents displacement of the tooth between
the preparation and placement appointment if no
provisional restoration are planned .
 Postinsertion oral care is easier
 Simplifies try in no need to adjust the contact
 Simplifies bonding and finishing .

27. SULCUS EXTENSION
 Routinely the margin are placed supragingivally .
 When discoloration is excessive ,the margin are
extened subgingivally .
 A round .3 mm chamfer serves as a ideal margin for
ceramic laminate veneer
ADVANTAGES
 Increased areas of enamel in the preparation .
 Simplified moisture control
 Visual confirmation of marginal fit
 Margins are accessible for finishing and polishing
 Access to margin for routine maintenance and dental
hygeine procedure .

28. ADVANTAGES OF CHAMFER FINISH LINE
 Conservative ,distinct
 Provide increased bulk of porcelain giving
adequate strength ,avoid over contouring
 Good marginal seal
 Accuracy of fit –veneer is easily inserted at try in
and final placement .

29. INCISAL REDUCTION
 As porcelain is stronger
in compression than in
tension ,wrapping the
porcelain over the
incisal edge and
terminating it on the
lingual surface places
the veneer in
compression during
function .

30.  It also provide a vertical stop that aids in
proper seating of the veneer and improves
translucency .
 Incisal reduction should provide a ceramic
layer of at least 1mm in thickness .5mm
depth orientation grooves are placed in the
incisal edges using a depth cutter or round
end tapering diamond .
 A round end tapered diamond is used to
remove the tooth structure in between the
grooves.

31. INDICATION FOR INCISAL COVERAGE
 The incisal thickness is too thin to support the
veneer .
 A lengthening of the incisal edge 1.0-2 mm is
desired
 Facioincisal margin is visible and unaesthetic
 Incisal enamel is structurally compromised
 The incisal edge is subject to functional stress.

32. LINGUAL REDUCTION
 The round end tapered
diamond is held parallel
to the lingual surface
with its end forming a
slight chamfer .5mm
deep

33.  Beside placing the porcelain under
compression lingual extension will also
enhance the retention and increase the
surface areas for bonding

34. SOFT TISSUE MANAGEMENT
 Gingival retraction can be done just prior to
tooth preparation when the finish line is placed
.5 mm subgingivally .
 It can also be done prior to impression making
 During cementation ,placement of retraction cord
prevents the contamination of the cervical
margins with sulcular fluid and facilitates the
finishing of the cervical margin.

36. IMPRESSION PROCEDURE
 A single impression
technique ,double mix
,using a combination of
putty and light body is
recommended for
laminates .

37.  A double impression
technique using a
spacer is not
recommended due
to the reduced
thickness of a
laminate compared
to a crown , which
leads to greater
shrinkage of light
body .

38.  The impression is normally made with a standard
fixed prosthodontic impression material such as
addition silicones as they have excellent accuracy
,remarkable mechanical properties and good
dimensional stability

39.  The light body is syringed on the prepared teeth
and gently spread so that the entire preparation
is covered and no air bubbles exist .
 A simultaneously mixed putty material is loaded
on a stock tray and inserted over the light body
material .
 Tray is filled with putty and is kept in place.

40. PROVISIONAL RESTORATION
 Provisional restoration for laminate may not be
essential as there is no exposure of dentine and
the proximal contacts are maintained
 But most often it may be necessary for a patient
to maintain their social engagement and if
proximal contact is broken .
 Two methods are
1. Direct method
2. Indirect method

42. DIRECT METHOD
 The provisional restoration is fabricated
intraorally .It can be done using .
 Composite resin
 A few spots on the prepared tooth or a central
spot is etched with phosphoric acid and bonded .
 Restorative composite is built up on prepared
tooth and light cured .
 This acts as a provisional restoration as it can be
easily removed prior to try in ,as entire surface
was not etched .

45. Autopolymerising acrylic resin
 Tooth colour acrylic can also be used similar to
routine fixed prosthodontic
 A putty index of the tooth made prior to tooth
preparation ,is filled with resin following the
preparation and inserted in the mouth .
 It is removed following initial set ,allowed to
polymerize, trimmed and can be luted using
provisional cements or spot etched and boned
with resin cements

50. INDIRECT METHOD
 A model fabricated following tooth preparation
will allow the acrylic provisional to be made
indirectly on a cast .

51. LABORATORY PROCEDURE
Leucite and lithium disilicate reinforced ceramics
are preferred due to their excellent translucency
and aesthetics.
CEMENTATION
Following the Fabrication of the laminate in the
laboratory ,the same is cemented .this involves
the following steps ,
1. Initial veneer inspection
2. Preparation of site
3. Try in
4. Bonding
5. Finishing

52. Initial veneer inspection
The veneer is placed on the cast and assessed for
the following
 Imperfections
 Individual fit
 Collective fit
 Veneer colour

54. Preparation of site
The prepared teeth are isolated, provisional removal
and cleaned with pumice .
Try in
The veneers are then tried in the patients mouth .they
checked for
 Individual fit
 Collective fit
 Colour
Water soluble glycerine ,transparent silicones and
colour keyed try in pastes can be used to attach the
laminate to the tooth during try in .

55. Factors influencing colour
Since most often laminates are indicated to correct
discolouration ,it is important to understand the
factors influencing the same .
 Original tooth colour
 Porcelain shade and opacifier
 Luting resin colour and opacity
Tooth not requiring major colour changes is influenced
by the factors as follows :
 80% ceramic
 10% cement
 10% tooth

56. Bonding
Bonding involves the following procedure
 Preparation of veneer
 Preparation of tooth
 Luting

58. Preparation of veneer
 Following cleaning of the veneer with a solvent such
as acetone ,it is etched with 10%-15% hydrofluoric
acid for 30 seconds to 1 minute according to the
manufacturer instruction and the ceramic used .
 Some clinician tend to get the veneer etched by the
laboratory ,this is not recommended as the etched
surface may get contaminated during handling and
try in procedure .
 A silane coupling agent is now applied to the fitting
surface of the veneer and is allowed to remain for one
minute .
 It is then air dried .

59.  The silane creates a chemical bond between
composite cement and ceramic .
 A normal composite bonding agent is finally
applied to the fitting surface at the same time
when the tooth surface is also bonded .
 It is not light cured .

60. Preparation of tooth
 The prepared teeth are pumiced again to remove any
try in paste or cement .
 They are isolated using soft metal bands or mylar
strips .
 The tooth is etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15
sec .
 It is thoroughly rinsed and gently air dried .surface
should appear typically frostly following the etching
procedure.
 Composite bonding agent is applied on the tooth
surface and is not light cured now .

63. Luting
 The cement of choice for luting ceramic laminate
veneers is resin cement .
 The resin is adhesively cemented or bonded to
the tooth and the laminate .
 Though the resin cement are available as
chemical ,light and dual cured varieties ,the light
cured cement is preferred as it gives adequate
working time and open margins allow good light
polymerization .

64.  Ideal requirement of the luting cements:
1. Thin film thickness ,10-20microns
2. High compressive and tensile strength
3. Ability to tint ,opaque and characterize
4. Low viscosity
5. Low polymerization shrinkage
6. Good colour stability .

65.  Several manufacturers produce resin cements in
variable shades with flowable viscosity and with
opaquers .
 The cement is mixed and applied on the fitting
surface of veneer and spread uniformly
 Veneer is then placed on the prepared tooth
giving finger pressure labially .
 When position is verified to be correct ,veneer is
initially light cured for 5sec .
 The excess material is removed with a probe and
then the light curing is continued for 45-60 sec .

67. FINISHING
 Fine grit diamond are used to remove any excess
cement from margins .Final finishing is
accomplished with disc and diamond polishing
paste .
 Occlusion is checked only after veneer is bonded
to tooth
 Proximal areas are finished with finishing strips

72. MAINTENANCE
 For 72-96 hours following insertion ,patient
should avoid highly coloured foods ,tea or coffee
,hard food and extreme temperature .
 Routine scaling should be done at least every 4
months ,ultrasonic scalers may be avoided .
 Abrasive and highly fluoridated tooth paste
should be avoided.
 Excessive biting forces and nail biting and pencil
chewing habits should be avoided .
 Soft acrylic mouth guard can be used during
contact sports .

73. FAILURE OF LAMINATE VENEERS
MECHANICAL :
 Fracture –poor positioning of incisal margins ,less
incisal thickness ,margin too subgingival
 Debonding –use of expired cement ,faulty veneer
/tooth preparation during luting .
BIOLOGICAL :
 Postoperative sensitivity-improper curing of
cement ,poor marginal adaptation
 Marginal microleakage –poor fit and extension

74. AESTHETIC :
 Improper shade selection
 Visible margins in case of discoloured teeth
 Gingival recession –over contour and improper
sub gingival placement

75.  Thank you