Celtic mythology originated from the religious beliefs and practices of the Celtic people who inhabited Europe. There was no single pantheon of gods and goddesses across Celtic tribes. Individual tribes worshipped their own local deities and nature spirits. Two major traditions discussed are Gaulish and Irish mythology. Gaulish myths were influenced by Roman religion, while Irish myths were primarily preserved in oral traditions and manuscript cycles. The Druids held a central role as priests and oral transmitters of Celtic myths. Several ancient Celtic festivals like Samhain, Imbolc, Beltane and Lughnasadh evolved into modern celebrations.

1. Celtic Mythology
Alexandra Bueno and Emily Drake

2. The Celts? Who?
• The Celts were/are a linguistic group in the Indo-European language
family. Their unifying language was known as old Celtic, and was the
closest cousin to Italic- Latin's precursor.
• Perhaps the best known Celtic language remaining is Gaelic.
• Historically, Celtic tribes inhabited most of the European continent, and
Celtic languages were spoken from Spain to Austria, from Belgium to
Turkey.

3. What is "celtic mythology?"
• Unlike the formalized pantheons of Greek, Roman, and Egyptian
traditions, Celtic religion relied on the gods and goddesses known to
worshippers in one localized area. It really depended on what part of
Europe the tribe was in.
• References have been found that identify more than 400 Celtic gods and
goddesses, some of whom were recognized only by small cults.
• It is therefore difficult to summarize the whole of Celtic belief without
dividing it into subsections such as Gaulish vs. Irish mythology.

4. Gaulish Mythology
• Gaulish mythology began as an early Celtic religion, and eventually merged
with Roman polytheism into the Gallo-Roman religion.
• They worshipped a common pantheon as well as many tribal deities. They
did not write about their own religion, so what is known comes from
Roman writings. The Gauls themselves were the ancestors of the French.
• Ambisagrus: a later version of a Celtic thunder god associated with the
Roman Jupiter.
• Cernunnos: the Horned One. A god of agriculture and fertility, depicted
with antlers and surrounded by animals.
• Toutatis: a protector deity, worshipped as "father of the tribe." Related to
Mercury.

5. Irish Mythology
• Irish mythology was a primary part of the beliefs of the Irish before
Christianity took hold.
• Most knowledge of Irish Mythology primarily comes from the four cycles:
the Mythological Cycle, the Ulster Cycle, the Fenian Cycle and the
Historical Cycle. (all are based on surviving manuscripts)
• Mythological Cycle: comprised of stories about the former gods and origins
of the Irish.
• Ulster Cycle: comprised of heroic tales about the King of Ulster and his
companions.
• Fenian Cycle: comprised of other heroic tales, with strong links to
Scotland. Written in verse.
• Historical Cycle: the collected historical/mythological records made by
Irish bards to record the family history of those they served.

6. Irish Mythology's Important
Figures
• The Morrigan: is a goddess of battle, strife, and fertility. Her name
translates as either "Great Queen" or "Phantom Queen." Associated with
ravens and sometimes depicted as a trio of goddesses.
• The Dagda: The god of earth and treaties, ruler over life and death. Leader
of the Tuatha Dé Danann.
• Tuatha Dé Danann: "People of the goddess Dannu." A race of gods who
perfected the use of magic.
• Danu: goddess of the earth and mother of many gods.
• Brigid: the "three-fold goddess." Fire of Inspiration, Fire of the Hearth,
Fire of the Forge.

7. How about those Druids?
• There seems to be a bit of confusion about the Druids, who are often
associated with the Celts in modern fictional literature.
• It is actually believed that this priestly group pre-dated the Celts!
• Celtic myth was never passed on through writing, but instead traveled
through the generations by way of their elaborate memorization and oral
transmission. Therefore, the Celts and druid are
both ill-documented beyond Roman writings,
which may have been exaggerated.
• The very organized hierarchy of druids was in
charge of memorizing and keeping the myths
of the Celts alive through their oral tradition.

8. "Neo-paganism"
• Celtic Paganism isn't dead yet!
• There are certain reconstructionist groups that have
revived the pantheons used by the Celts. They have a
presence in both the Celt's original home of Europe and our own continent.
But if becoming a neo-pagan doesn't seem like it's for you, you should know
that many celebrations we take part in today are just Celtic festivals for the
modern era.

9. Festivals
There are many important Celtic Festivals
that take place to this day
• Samhain
• Imbolc
• Beltain
• Lughasadh
• Solar Festivals

10. Samhain
• Occurs on October 31, which is
start of Celtic New Year
• Time when barrier between life and death
is thin
• Origins of Halloween
• Jack O'Lanterns originated when Celts
used to put skulls of ancestors on porches

11. Imbolc
• Around January 31st
• Celebrate End of Winter
• Became Christian Feast of Bridgid
• Celebration lasted into 20th century for
Celtic Christians
• Still celebrated by Pagans

12. Beltain
• May 1st
• Fire Festival
• sacred to god Belenos "The Shining One"
• Origin of May Day

13. Lughnasadh
• lasted as long as two weeks
• centered around July 31st
• introduced by god Lugh
• also associated with goddess Macha

14. Solar Festivals
• celebrated solstices
• midsummer celebrations
• Important Art Motifs from festivals:
o sun disks
o swastikas (showing spinning sun)
o solar chariot wheels
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=IUFDmw_ahmk

15. Works Cited
"The Celts." Ibiblio- the Gaelic Homepage. N.p., n.d. Web. Sat. 20 Apr. 2013.
http://www.ibiblio.org/gaelic/celts.html
"Celtic Mythology." Ancient-Mythology.com. N.p., 2013. Sat. 20 Apr. 2013.
http://www.ancient-mythology.com/celtic/
Emmick, Jennifer. "Who Were the Druids?" Celtic Wisdom. About.com, n.d.
Web. Sat. 20 Apr. 2013. http://www.netplaces.com/celtic-wisdom/the-
druids/who-were-the-druids.htm
"Celtic mythology." Encyclopedia Mythica. Pantheon.org, 2012. Web. Sat. 20
April 2013. http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/europe/celtic/
articles.html

16. Work Cited
Eddy, Steve, and Claire Hamilton. " The Celtic
Year." The Celtic Year. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Apr.
2013.
"Halloween." History.com. A&E Television
Networks, n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2013.
"Imbolc (Imbolg) - Cross Quarter Day." Imbolc
(Imbolg) the Cross Quarter Day. N.p., n.d. Web.
8 Apr. 2013.
"Trailwood Films - Ireland - Celtic Myths &
Splendors." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 19
Apr. 2013.