This document provides an overview of mythology and folklore. It discusses key concepts like mythology, myth, and folklore. It then details many elements of Philippine mythology including major deities from different regions, mythical creatures, and important figures from myths and legends. The document also briefly outlines several theories related to the study of mythology and compares mythology to related fields like religion, science, and truth.

1. Mythology and
Folklore
Presented by: GROUP 1

2. Mythology
(Muthos)
A story of unknown origin used to
describe a particular event,
institution, or natural phenomenon.
(Logia)
A study

3. MYTH
PURE MYTH SAGA/LEGEND FAIRYTALE
'Primitive Science'
Explains the origin of
things
'Primitive History'
Contains historical
facts with exaggeration
'Primitive Fiction'
Tales told for pleasure
and amusement

4. GREAT THEMES OF MYTHS

5. Social Structures
Relation of humans to
the natural world
CREATION

6. Ideal beings that lead
humans
Beings that have
human-like
characteristics
GODS AND
GODDESSES

7. Semi-divine beings
that have superhuman
abilities through
bloodline, artifacts, or
trickery
HEROIC
FIGURES

8. Beings that oppose the
heroes and defy divine
order
MONSTERS AND
DEMONS

9. Creatures that are
either predatory beasts
or helpers tamed by
humans
ANIMALS

10. Tales of death and the
unknown which were
prompted by burials
THE
UNDERWORLD

11. Mythological figures
are tested of their
strength through tasks
JOURNEYS,
QUESTS, AND
TRIALS

12. A form of existence
after death
THE AFTERLIFE

13. An end to the world by
either forces that
oppose divine order or
punishment for human
misdeeds
WORLDS
DESTROYED

14. Myths grant continuity and
stability of a culture.
1
Myths present guidelines
for living.
2
Myths give meaning to life.
4
Myths justify a culture’s
activities.
3
Myths explain the unexplainable.
5
Purposes
of
Mythology
6 Myths offer role models.

15. RATIONALISM
- All myths
have a logical
base.
Theories Related to the
Study of Mythology
ETYMOLOGICAL
THEORY
-All myths can be
traced back to
certain words in
the language.
ALLEGORICAL
THEORY
-All myths
contain hidden
meaning.
EUHEMERISM
-All myths arise
from historical
events and
exaggerated.

16. NATURALISM
-All myths arise
from an
attempt to
explain natural
phenomena.
Theories Related to the
Study of Mythology
RITUALISM
-All myths are
invented to
explain a
ritual/ceremony.
DIFFUSIONISM
-All myths arose
from major
cultural centers.
EVOLUTIONISM
-Myth making
occurs at a certain
stage in the
evolution of the
human mind.

17. FREUDIANISM
-Myth
disguises
infantile.
Theories Related to the
Study of Mythology
JUNGIAN
ARCHETYPES
-Myths come
from our
'collective
unconscious'.
STRUCTURALISM
-To to understand
the real meaning
of myth, therefore
we must analyze it
linguistically.
HISTORICAL-
CRITICAL THEORY
-Factors influence
the origin of myths
that no single
explanation will
suffice.

18. Myth and Other
Allied Sciences

19. Myth in a sense is the highest reality;
and the thoughtless dismissal of myth
as untruth, fiction, or a lie is the most
barren and misleading definition of all.
MYTH AND TRUTH

20. Myth cannot be separated from
religion.
MYTH AND RELIGION

21. The myth maker is a kind of primitive
scientist, using myths to explain facts
that cannot otherwise be explained
within the limits of society’s knowledge
at the time.
MYTH AND ETIOLOGY

22. Folklore
The traditional elements of the way of life of a
group of people and creative expressions
developing naturally as part of this culture.

23. TYPES OF FOLKLORE
BALLAD
-A traditional folk
song or poem that
tells a story
1 2 3
FAIRY TALES
-Traditional stories
usually intended for
children
FOLK ART
-Products and crafts
made by ordinary
folks.

24. TYPES OF FOLKLORE
FOLK DANCE
-Any dance invented
by the locals of a
region that has been
handed down
through tradition
4 5 6
FOLK SONG
-Traditional songs of
a certain region
handed down orally
JOKES
- A humorous story
or anecdote meant
to provoke laughter.

25. TYPES OF FOLKLORE
LEGEND
-A traditional
historical tale or
collection of related
tales that may contain
fact and fiction
7 8 9
MYTHS
-A traditional story,
usually featuring gods
and heroes which gives
an explanation of a
natural phenomenon or
cultural practice
RIDDLES
- A linguistic puzzle
relayed through
questions
containing clues of
the solution

26. TYPES OF FOLKLORE
SUPERSTITIONS
-An irrational belief
usually associated by
supernatural forces
and rituals
10 11
URBAN LEGEND
-An apocryphal story, often taking
the form of a cautionary tale,
which is always told as true and
attributed to a secondhand or
third-hand (“friend of a friend”)
source.

27. Philippine Mythology

28. derived from Philippine folk literature,
Philippine Mythology
is the body of stories and epics originating from, and
part of, the indigenous Philippine folk religions
each unique ethnic group has its own stories and
myths.
Christian Louis Barreza 1

29. folk narratives
folk speech
folk songs.
Philippine folk literature into three major groups:

30. Philippine Pantheon
the gods of a people
especially : the officially recognized gods

31. Diwatas came from the Sanskrit word devata which
means “deity”

32. Animism
Hinduism
Vajrayana Buddhism
Philippines were adherents of a mixture of

33. Luzon Divinities

34. Miguel de Loarca a conquistador
gives a graphic
description of the
supernatural beliefs
and religious.
According to him
intercessor or middleman
was required to
communicate

35. Likha
A tall and narrow
ancient limestone
sculpture called a
“Likha”. Believed to
represent an ancestral
spirit

36. Anito
refers to ancestor spirits,
nature spirits
embodied the spirit often
of ancestors and
deceased elders

37. Bathala
the supreme God of the Filipinos
also known as Abba
may kapal sa lahat, or the creator
of everything.

38. From his abode in the sky called Kawalhatian, this deity
looks over mankind.
He is pleased when his people follow his rules, giving
everything they need but he could also be cruel
sometimes, sending lightning and thunder to those who
sin against him.

39. creator of all things
the preserver of life
the greatest of all spirits
Lumawig
Bontoks and Kankanays

40. Kabunian
Inhabited the fifth region of
the universe
Ifugao
The supreme god of the
universe.
He is the moral judge and the
active force in important rites
and ceremonies

41. Tayaban- the firefly-looking god of death
Gatui- the god of practical jokes
Hidit- gods of the rituals

42. BUL'OL
The famous Ifugao rice god
worshipped in the form of small
wooden statues resembling their
ancestors

43. ZAMBALES
Malayari
chief god of the Sambals,
the creator of all things
master of life and the lord of
death

44. Akasi- god of health and sickness
Manglubar-god of peace
Mangalabar- the god of good grace.

45. Idianale
the goddess of labor and
good deeds
the goddess of agriculture and
husbandry
the protector of farmers

46. Dumangan
god of good harvest
Dumangan married to Idianale and
produced 2 more deites
Dumakulem and Anitun Tabu

47. Kalasakas hastened the ripening of the rice stalks
Kalasokuswas responsible for turning the grains into yellow; and
Damulag protected the flowers of the rice plants from the destructive hurricanes.
BROTHERS OF DUMANGAN

48. Anitun Tabu
goddess of the wind and rain
She is the daughter of Dumangan
and Idianale, and sister of
Dumakulem.

49. Dumakulem
god of hunting
guardian of created mountains

50. Ikapati/lakapati
-Giver of Food.
-Goddess of fertility
-Wife of Mapulon
-Mother of Anagolay

51. Mapulon
-God of health
-God of seasons
-Husband of Ikapati/lakapati
-Father of Anagolay

52. Anagolay
- The goddess of lost things
- Daughter of Ikapati and Mapulon
- Wife of Dumakulem
- Mother of Dian Masalanta
and

53. Dian Masalanta
- is a deity in the pre-colonial Luzon of
Philippines
- the goddess of love, pregnancy, childbirth
and peace among the ancient Tagalogs.
-Daughter of Damakulem and Anagolay
and sister of Apo Laki the God of war

54. AMANIKABLI/AMANIKABLE
- God of sea
-A husky, ill-tempered
ruler of the sea
- Anito of hunters

55. Hanan, Mayari, Tala
- Demigods

56. Mayari
-Deity of the Moon
-Goddess of Combat,War,
Revolution, Hunt,Weaponry,
Beauty,Strength, Moon and Night

57. Hanan
-Deity of the morning or dawn.

58. Tala
-Deity of moon,morning and
star

59. Galang Kaluluwa
-Wandering Spirit

60. Ulilang Kaluluwa
-Orphaned Spirit

61. Haliya
The moon goddess of
Bicolano mythology
who periodically
comes down to earth
to bathe in its
waters.

62. Bakunawa
A mythical creature
found in the early
Bicolano and Hiligaynon
culture, devoured all but
one of these moons.

63. Sitan
An ancient dark god from Filipino
mythology, his role is the same
as that of the monotheistic
Satan, the guardian of Kasamaan
(the ancient Tagalog version of
Hell) and all of the souls within
he had four agents tasked to
tempting and ruining mankind.

64. Sitan was also assisted by other lesser deities or
mortal agents :
Manggagaway, Mansisilat , Mangkukulam, Hukluban

65. VISAYAN DEITIES
These stories explain how death, class and
race differences, concubinage, war and theft
were introduced to the world.
6 BARROGA

66. UMALAGAD
Diwata or the spirits of their ancestors.
INFERNO
Solar (Sulad)
SOLANUN
Who dwell in the Inferno.

67. TUNGKUNG LANGIT AND ALUNSINA
Three regions:
• Ibabawnun (upperworld)
• Pagtung-an (middleworld)
• Idadalmanun (underworld)

68. TUNGKUNG LANGIT
“pillar of the skies”
supreme god or highest-ranking deity

69. ALUNSINA
• The most powerful female diwata.
• Goddess of the eastern skies.

70. BANGUN-BANGUN
Deity of universal time who regulated
the cosmic movements.
BAHULANGKUG
Diwata who changed seasons.
RIBUN-LINTI
The god of lightning and thunderstorms.

71. SUMALONGSON
The god of the river and seas.
SANTONILYO
Deity of good graces.
MUNSAD BURULAKAW
The most respected and feared of them all.

72. MUROPURO
Goddess of the spring, rivers and lakes.
LABING DAUT
Goddess in charge of rain-clouds.
TIBANG-TIBANG
Goddess whose main responsibility was to
maintain the balance in the world and make
sure that day and night happened succession.

73. KAPTAN AND MAGWAYEN
Three regions:
Kahilwayan or the skyworld
Kamariitan or the earth
Kasakitan or the underworld

74. KAPTAN
• supreme god of the early Visayans.
• lived in Kahilwayan.
• married Magwayen.
• they ruled the skyworld.

75. KABILYAWAN
Kaptan’s garden.
SI KALAK
The first man and the sturdy one.
SI KABAY
The first woman.

76. 7. Belleza
Goddess of the Ocean God of the Sky

77. Lidagat - The Goddess of
water and the Seas.
Lihangin- The God of
wind
Belleza 7.1

78. Body of
rock
Bellleza 7.1
God of
sun
God of
Moon
Goddess
of stars

79. Belleza 7.2:2.0
Varangao - God
of Rainbow
Ynaguinid- Goddess
of War and Poisons
Macanduc- God of
War and Plunder

80. Belleza 2.1
Dalikmata- A
many-eyed
Goddess
"One who
cannot be
surprised"
God of illness and
pestilence.
A mythical
bird with
fiery
feathers

81. Belleza 2.2
The deities of the epic "Hinilawod"
-recounts the story of the exploits of three Suludnon
demigod brothers: Labaw Donggon, Humadapnon and
Dumalapdap of ancient Panay.

82. #8 COSAL,JADE
LALAHON
-Goddess of the good
harvest
-She lived in Malaspina
Volcano

83. #8.1 Cosal
MAKAPTAN
-God of Sickness
-Chief /Leader of
Kamariitan

84. #8.2 Cosal
MINDANAO DEITIES
The Mindanao Mythology is as colorful as the many
tribes that lived in the island.

85. #8.3 Cosal
PAMULAK
MANOBO
-Supreme God who
was considered as
the "creator of
everything"

86. #8.4 Cosal
TUGLAY AND TUGLIBON
-assisstants of Pamulak
Manobo
-Responsible for the
BIRTHS, MARRIAGES,
LANGUAGE and
CUSTOMS of the tribe

87. Mebuyan
& Lumabat
AGUIRRE
BAGOBO AND MANOBO MYTH

88. MEBUYAN
Goddess of the
Underworld
Has many
breasts
She nurses and
takes care of all the
baby spirits
The realm is peaceful
and only good things
happen there.

89. LUMABAT
God of the sky
Terrific Hunter
Old and Graying

90. Tagbusan
AGUIRRE
MANOBO BELIEVED IN SUPREME
GOD-TAGBUSAN

91. -THE HIGHEST RANKING DEIT
-HELPED BY OTHER LESSER
DIVINITIES
-HIS DAY TO DAY
RESPONSIBILITIES WERE
GODDESSES AND GOD

92. These are the
Goddesses and Gods
that he took care;

93. KAKIADAN- THE
GODDESS OF RICE
1.

94. 2. TAPHAGAN-
THE GODDESS OF
HARVEST

95. 3. TAGBANUA- THE
RAIN GOD

96. 4. UMOUIUI-
GOD OF
CLOUDS

97. 5. SUGUDUN/SUGUJUN-
GOD OF HUNTERS

98. 6. LIBTAKAN-
GOD OF SUNRISE
AND SUNSET

99. 7. YUMUD-
GOD OF WATER

100. 8. IBU- QUEEN/GODDESS
OF THE UNDERWOLRD

101. 9. APILA- GOD OF
WRESTLING AND
SPORTS

102. MANOBO DEITIES
WITH EVIL
INTENTIONS;

103. 10. TAGABAYAU-
GODDESS WHO
CONVINCED PEOPLE TO
ENGAGE IN ADULTERY
OR INCEST

104. 11. AGKUI- A DIWATA
WHO URGED MEN TO
INDULGE IN SEXUAL
EXCESSES

105. MAGBABAYA
AGUIRRE
BUKIDNON HIGHEST RANKING
DEITY

106. ASSISTED BY OTHER
DIVINITIES:
MAGBABAYA

107. DOMALONGDONG- THE DEITY OF THE
NORTHWIND
OGNALING- THE DIETY OF SOUTHWIND
TAGALOAMBUNG- THE DEITY OF
EASTWIND
MAGBABAYA- THE DIVINITY OF
WESTWIND
1.
2.
3.
4.

108. 5. TIGBAS- PATRONESS OF PREGNANT
WOMEN
6. IPAMAHANDI- GODDESS OF THE
ACCIDENT
7. TAO-SA-SULUP- GOD OF MATERIAL
GOODS

109. A DEITY NAMED "TIGBAS" WAS THE MOST
RESPECTED BY THE BUKIDNON.
BUSAO- GOD OF CALAMITY, WAS THE MOST
FEARED AND ALSO THE ONE THEY OFFERED
SACRIFICES TO.

110. OTHER
MINDANAO
DEITIES

111. FOR THE TIRURAYS- THEY BELIEVED IN
SUPERHUMAN NAMED SUALLA (TULLUS-GOD)
WHO LIVED IN THE SKY
FOR THE GIANGES OF COTABATO- THEY
BELIEVED IN TIGIANES AND MANAMA. THEY
ALSO WORSHIP TODLAY AND TODIBUN

112. DIWATA-SA-LANGIT
TAGMA-SA-DAGAT
TAGMA-SA-YUTA
TAGMA-SA-MANGGA-BUNGUD
TAGMA-SA-UBA
AND TAGMA-SA-LANGIT
THE SUBANUNS OF UPPER ZAMBOANGA-
THEY BELIEVED IN;