1. Transport of materials across the plasma membrane is essential for cells and can occur through passive or active processes. Passive processes like simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion move substances down their concentration gradients, while active transport requires cellular energy to move substances against their gradients.
2. Cell division, which can be somatic (mitosis) or reproductive (meiosis), ensures cells and organisms can grow and reproduce. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell, while meiosis reduces chromosome number by half to produce gametes.
3. Cell junctions like tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions allow cells to connect physically and communicate chemically, maintaining tissue structure and coordination.
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two types, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Organelles are structures within cells that carry out specific functions to maintain cellular homeostasis. Membranous organelles are surrounded by membranes while non-membranous organelles like ribosomes are not. Organelles perform functions like energy production, protein building, waste destruction, and responding to signals. The plasma membrane forms the boundary of the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
Unit I, chapter-2 Cellular level of organization.Audumbar Mali
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. It discusses the key parts of the cell including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. It also describes cellular transport mechanisms like passive diffusion and active transport. The summary is as follows:
The document discusses the basic structure and functions of eukaryotic cells. It describes the key parts of the cell including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and organelles. It also explains cellular transport mechanisms such as passive and active transport that allow movement of substances into and out of cells.
This power point helpful for diploma students. this presentation include classification of tissue- epithelial tissue, muscular tissue,skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, nervous tissue ,difference between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle
Cells in tissues work together in groups for specific functions. There are four main types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Epithelial tissues line surfaces and form glands. They are classified based on the number of cell layers (simple vs stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). Simple epithelia are single layers, while stratified have multiple layers. Epithelial tissues have specialized junctions and polarity. Their main functions are protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration.
Cellular level of organization Structure and functions of cell, transport across cell membrane,
cell division,
cell junctions.
General principles of cell communication,
intracellular signaling pathway activation by extracellular signal molecule,
Bone tissue is the major structural and supportive connective tissue of the body. Osseous tissue forms the rigid part of the bones that make up the skeletal system.
General principles of cell communicationGoutam Mallik
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and coordinate their functions. There are several forms of cell signaling, including endocrine signaling where hormones travel through the bloodstream, paracrine signaling between neighboring cells, contact-dependent signaling through cell junctions, and synaptic signaling across nerve cell junctions. In intracellular signaling, receptor activation leads to the production of second messengers that transmit signals within the cell by activating intracellular signaling pathways, ultimately triggering responses like transcription, survival, movement, or metabolic changes.
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two types, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Organelles are structures within cells that carry out specific functions to maintain cellular homeostasis. Membranous organelles are surrounded by membranes while non-membranous organelles like ribosomes are not. Organelles perform functions like energy production, protein building, waste destruction, and responding to signals. The plasma membrane forms the boundary of the cell and regulates what enters and exits.
Unit I, chapter-2 Cellular level of organization.Audumbar Mali
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. It discusses the key parts of the cell including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. It also describes cellular transport mechanisms like passive diffusion and active transport. The summary is as follows:
The document discusses the basic structure and functions of eukaryotic cells. It describes the key parts of the cell including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and organelles. It also explains cellular transport mechanisms such as passive and active transport that allow movement of substances into and out of cells.
This power point helpful for diploma students. this presentation include classification of tissue- epithelial tissue, muscular tissue,skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, nervous tissue ,difference between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle
Cells in tissues work together in groups for specific functions. There are four main types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Epithelial tissues line surfaces and form glands. They are classified based on the number of cell layers (simple vs stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). Simple epithelia are single layers, while stratified have multiple layers. Epithelial tissues have specialized junctions and polarity. Their main functions are protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration.
Cellular level of organization Structure and functions of cell, transport across cell membrane,
cell division,
cell junctions.
General principles of cell communication,
intracellular signaling pathway activation by extracellular signal molecule,
Bone tissue is the major structural and supportive connective tissue of the body. Osseous tissue forms the rigid part of the bones that make up the skeletal system.
General principles of cell communicationGoutam Mallik
Cell signaling allows cells to communicate and coordinate their functions. There are several forms of cell signaling, including endocrine signaling where hormones travel through the bloodstream, paracrine signaling between neighboring cells, contact-dependent signaling through cell junctions, and synaptic signaling across nerve cell junctions. In intracellular signaling, receptor activation leads to the production of second messengers that transmit signals within the cell by activating intracellular signaling pathways, ultimately triggering responses like transcription, survival, movement, or metabolic changes.
Unit I, chapter-1- introduction to human body finalAudumbar Mali
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the physical structure of the human body and physiology as the study of the internal workings of living things. It describes the six levels of structural organization from atoms to the organism. There are 11 human body systems including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and cardiovascular systems. The basic life processes of metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction are also outlined. Homeostasis and the nervous and endocrine systems that help control it are explained. Finally, basic anatomical terminology including anatomical position, regional names, sections, and body cavities are defined.
Cell Junctions & Transport Through Cell Membranesshaibal chandra
This document summarizes cell junctions, transport through cell membranes, and cell adhesion molecules. It discusses three main types of cell junctions - occluding junctions, communicating junctions, and anchoring junctions. It then describes various transport mechanisms like passive transport (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion) and active transport. Finally, it discusses four main types of cell adhesion molecules - cadherins, integrins, IgG superfamily, and selectins.
This document provides an overview of cellular structure and function. It begins with definitions of the cell and its components, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. It then discusses cellular transport mechanisms, both passive (diffusion, osmosis, filtration) and active. The functions of the cell are outlined, including structure, growth, transport, energy production and metabolism. Finally, it briefly describes the four main types of cell junctions - tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions.
This document provides information on the four basic tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It describes each tissue type in detail, including their characteristic roles and functions. For epithelial tissue, it discusses the different classifications including simple and stratified epithelium as well as glandular tissues. It also covers the key components and functions of connective, muscle and nervous tissues.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes cells as the smallest functional units of the body that are grouped together to form tissues and organs. The main parts of the cell are then outlined, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytosol, and various organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Each organelle's structure and specific functions are briefly explained.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the cell and its organelles. It discusses that the cell is the basic unit of life and contains a cell membrane and cytoplasm. It then describes the structure and functions of the cell membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, and microtubules. The key roles of these organelles in protein synthesis, energy production, waste disposal, and cell division are highlighted.
This document summarizes the histology of bone. It discusses the four main cell types found in bone - osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts - and their functions in bone formation and resorption. The organic and inorganic components of bone matrix are described. Finally, the microscopic arrangement of bone cells and matrix in lamellae, Haversian canals, and Volkmann's canals is outlined.
blood and its functions/B.pharmacy 2 semesterKondal Reddy
Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen throughout the body, while white blood cells help fight infection. Platelets assist in clotting blood when injuries occur. Together these components maintain homeostasis, transport nutrients and waste, and protect the body from pathogens.
Unit-I, Chapter_1 Nervous System Final PPT.pptAudumbar Mali
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and contains gray matter and white matter. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch throughout the body. The nervous system detects environmental changes and coordinates the body's actions and sensory information through transmitting signals via neurons. It is composed of neurons, which are the basic functional units, and neuroglia, which provide structure and support. The nervous system functions through nerve impulses that travel along neurons via action potentials and neurotransmitters to transmit signals between neurons.
Cellular transport involves the movement of substances across cell membranes through passive or active mechanisms. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, which move substances down their concentration gradients without energy expenditure. Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their gradients, such as sodium-potassium pumps moving sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions. Vesicular transport involves macromolecules being packaged into vesicles that then fuse with the cell membrane during exocytosis or break off during endocytosis. Recent research continues to advance understanding of membrane transport proteins and disorders resulting from transport defects.
Human Anatomy and Physiology : Introduction
PCI Syllabus, B. Pharmacy, BP101T
Session VI
Basic life processes, Metabolism, growth, responsiveness, differentiation, movement, reproduction.
Homeostasis. Definition, regulation, feedback system. Disorders, diseases and death. Signs and Symptoms.
Active transport moves molecules or ions against their concentration gradient using energy. There are two types: primary active transport which directly uses ATP as an energy source, and secondary active transport which uses the concentration gradient of another substance like sodium. Primary active transport examples include the sodium-potassium pump and calcium pumps. Secondary active transport occurs by co-transport or counter-transport using the sodium gradient. Passive diffusion requires no energy and occurs down a gradient, while active transport is an uphill process requiring a carrier protein and energy. Vesicular transport involves endocytosis which brings substances into cells through pinocytosis or phagocytosis, and exocytosis which releases substances from cells.
The document summarizes key components and functions of blood. It describes that blood contains cellular components like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells protect the body from infection, and platelets help form blood clots to stop bleeding. The document also outlines the production and roles of different blood cell types, as well as the clotting process and blood groups important for safe transfusions.
Histology 1 fro medicine and science student Hussain Alsaady
This document summarizes the four main types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. It focuses on epithelial and connective tissues, describing their characteristics, functions and examples. Epithelial tissues are categorized as simple or stratified, based on cell layers. Connective tissues include connective tissue proper, blood, cartilage and bone. The roles of these tissues in structure and function of the body are outlined.
This document summarizes the key characteristics and types of connective tissues. It defines connective tissue as composed predominantly of extracellular matrix secreted by connective tissue cells. The matrix is made up of fibers and ground substance. All connective tissues contain cells embedded within this matrix and develop from the same embryonic tissue. The document goes on to describe the functions of connective tissues and the different types, including true connective tissue, supportive connective tissues like cartilage and bone, and blood.
The skin is the largest organ of the body and has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and provides a protective barrier. It has five layers including the stratum corneum. The dermis contains collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves and skin appendages. The hypodermis is a subcutaneous layer containing fat and lobules. Skin has several functions like protection, sensation, temperature regulation and immunity. It also contains appendages like hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands.
This presentation is all about cell membrane transport. It contain different ways of transport of different substances in and out of cell membrane, along with active and passive mechanism.
this presentation providing about the cell .Cell is the basic living, structural, and functional unit of the body.
Cells are grouped together to form tissues, each of which has a specialized function, e.g.- Bone and blood tissue.
Different tissues are grouped together to form a organs, e.g. liver, stomach, and kidney etc.
Organs are grouped together to form a system, each of which performs a particular function responsible for maintaining homeostasis .
e.g. Urinary system, Respiratory system etc.
Unit I, chapter-1- introduction to human body finalAudumbar Mali
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the physical structure of the human body and physiology as the study of the internal workings of living things. It describes the six levels of structural organization from atoms to the organism. There are 11 human body systems including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and cardiovascular systems. The basic life processes of metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction are also outlined. Homeostasis and the nervous and endocrine systems that help control it are explained. Finally, basic anatomical terminology including anatomical position, regional names, sections, and body cavities are defined.
Cell Junctions & Transport Through Cell Membranesshaibal chandra
This document summarizes cell junctions, transport through cell membranes, and cell adhesion molecules. It discusses three main types of cell junctions - occluding junctions, communicating junctions, and anchoring junctions. It then describes various transport mechanisms like passive transport (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion) and active transport. Finally, it discusses four main types of cell adhesion molecules - cadherins, integrins, IgG superfamily, and selectins.
This document provides an overview of cellular structure and function. It begins with definitions of the cell and its components, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. It then discusses cellular transport mechanisms, both passive (diffusion, osmosis, filtration) and active. The functions of the cell are outlined, including structure, growth, transport, energy production and metabolism. Finally, it briefly describes the four main types of cell junctions - tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions.
This document provides information on the four basic tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It describes each tissue type in detail, including their characteristic roles and functions. For epithelial tissue, it discusses the different classifications including simple and stratified epithelium as well as glandular tissues. It also covers the key components and functions of connective, muscle and nervous tissues.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes cells as the smallest functional units of the body that are grouped together to form tissues and organs. The main parts of the cell are then outlined, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cytosol, and various organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Each organelle's structure and specific functions are briefly explained.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the cell and its organelles. It discusses that the cell is the basic unit of life and contains a cell membrane and cytoplasm. It then describes the structure and functions of the cell membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, and microtubules. The key roles of these organelles in protein synthesis, energy production, waste disposal, and cell division are highlighted.
This document summarizes the histology of bone. It discusses the four main cell types found in bone - osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts - and their functions in bone formation and resorption. The organic and inorganic components of bone matrix are described. Finally, the microscopic arrangement of bone cells and matrix in lamellae, Haversian canals, and Volkmann's canals is outlined.
blood and its functions/B.pharmacy 2 semesterKondal Reddy
Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen throughout the body, while white blood cells help fight infection. Platelets assist in clotting blood when injuries occur. Together these components maintain homeostasis, transport nutrients and waste, and protect the body from pathogens.
Unit-I, Chapter_1 Nervous System Final PPT.pptAudumbar Mali
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and contains gray matter and white matter. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch throughout the body. The nervous system detects environmental changes and coordinates the body's actions and sensory information through transmitting signals via neurons. It is composed of neurons, which are the basic functional units, and neuroglia, which provide structure and support. The nervous system functions through nerve impulses that travel along neurons via action potentials and neurotransmitters to transmit signals between neurons.
Cellular transport involves the movement of substances across cell membranes through passive or active mechanisms. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, which move substances down their concentration gradients without energy expenditure. Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their gradients, such as sodium-potassium pumps moving sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions. Vesicular transport involves macromolecules being packaged into vesicles that then fuse with the cell membrane during exocytosis or break off during endocytosis. Recent research continues to advance understanding of membrane transport proteins and disorders resulting from transport defects.
Human Anatomy and Physiology : Introduction
PCI Syllabus, B. Pharmacy, BP101T
Session VI
Basic life processes, Metabolism, growth, responsiveness, differentiation, movement, reproduction.
Homeostasis. Definition, regulation, feedback system. Disorders, diseases and death. Signs and Symptoms.
Active transport moves molecules or ions against their concentration gradient using energy. There are two types: primary active transport which directly uses ATP as an energy source, and secondary active transport which uses the concentration gradient of another substance like sodium. Primary active transport examples include the sodium-potassium pump and calcium pumps. Secondary active transport occurs by co-transport or counter-transport using the sodium gradient. Passive diffusion requires no energy and occurs down a gradient, while active transport is an uphill process requiring a carrier protein and energy. Vesicular transport involves endocytosis which brings substances into cells through pinocytosis or phagocytosis, and exocytosis which releases substances from cells.
The document summarizes key components and functions of blood. It describes that blood contains cellular components like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells protect the body from infection, and platelets help form blood clots to stop bleeding. The document also outlines the production and roles of different blood cell types, as well as the clotting process and blood groups important for safe transfusions.
Histology 1 fro medicine and science student Hussain Alsaady
This document summarizes the four main types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. It focuses on epithelial and connective tissues, describing their characteristics, functions and examples. Epithelial tissues are categorized as simple or stratified, based on cell layers. Connective tissues include connective tissue proper, blood, cartilage and bone. The roles of these tissues in structure and function of the body are outlined.
This document summarizes the key characteristics and types of connective tissues. It defines connective tissue as composed predominantly of extracellular matrix secreted by connective tissue cells. The matrix is made up of fibers and ground substance. All connective tissues contain cells embedded within this matrix and develop from the same embryonic tissue. The document goes on to describe the functions of connective tissues and the different types, including true connective tissue, supportive connective tissues like cartilage and bone, and blood.
The skin is the largest organ of the body and has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and provides a protective barrier. It has five layers including the stratum corneum. The dermis contains collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves and skin appendages. The hypodermis is a subcutaneous layer containing fat and lobules. Skin has several functions like protection, sensation, temperature regulation and immunity. It also contains appendages like hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands.
This presentation is all about cell membrane transport. It contain different ways of transport of different substances in and out of cell membrane, along with active and passive mechanism.
this presentation providing about the cell .Cell is the basic living, structural, and functional unit of the body.
Cells are grouped together to form tissues, each of which has a specialized function, e.g.- Bone and blood tissue.
Different tissues are grouped together to form a organs, e.g. liver, stomach, and kidney etc.
Organs are grouped together to form a system, each of which performs a particular function responsible for maintaining homeostasis .
e.g. Urinary system, Respiratory system etc.
The document summarizes several key cellular processes including passive transport, active transport, protein synthesis, and cell growth/reproduction. Passive transport involves the movement of molecules across membranes through diffusion, osmosis, or facilitated diffusion without energy usage. Active transport requires energy and uses pumps or channels to move molecules against a concentration gradient. Protein synthesis is a two-step process involving transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to create proteins with the help of ribosomes. Cell growth allows for an increase in cell size and mass before cell reproduction through cell division produces two daughter cells.
Transport across cell membranes can occur through passive or active transport. Passive transport includes diffusion and facilitated diffusion, which move molecules down their concentration gradients without energy expenditure. Active transport uses membrane transport proteins like pumps to move molecules against their gradients, requiring ATP. The cell membrane is selectively permeable due to its phospholipid bilayer structure. Rates of transport are affected by factors like molecular size and charge. Membrane transport proteins include channels, carriers, pumps, and molecular motors that facilitate the various transport mechanisms across the membrane.
The document discusses various aspects of membrane transport in cells. It explains that the plasma membrane defines cell borders and is selectively permeable, allowing some materials to pass through freely while others require transport proteins. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane and its components. Various modes of transport are summarized, including passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion, as well as active transport mechanisms like pumps, channels, and endocytosis/exocytosis. Nerve impulse transmission is also covered, explaining the resting membrane potential and how action potentials propagate signals in neurons.
This document discusses cell and tissue structure. It begins by defining the cell and cell theory. It then describes the main structures of the cell including the nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles. It discusses cell types and specialized tissues. The document also covers topics like cell transport mechanisms, cell signaling, the cell cycle of division, and protein synthesis. It provides detailed information on the structure and function of key cellular components.
The plasma membrane surrounds cells and organelles, protecting the interior while regulating what passes in and out. It is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer containing proteins. The fluid mosaic model describes its structure as lipids and proteins moving freely within. Membranes are composed mainly of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids, with integral and peripheral proteins embedded. Transport across membranes includes passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion using carrier proteins, and active transport using ATP. Receptors on the surface receive signals from outside the cell.
This presentation include different kind of transport mechanism of different material inside the cell and outside the cell including Passive transport and Active transport mechenism.
The document provides an overview of the cellular level of organization, including key concepts such as:
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and all cells contain a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
- The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and regulates what enters and exits the cell. Transport across the membrane includes passive diffusion and active transport processes.
- The cytoplasm contains cytosol and various organelles that carry out specialized functions. Organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria and more.
- The nucleus houses the cell's DNA within chromosomes and controls gene expression through transcription and translation. Cell division occurs through mitosis and
Active transport requires cells to use energy in the form of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient, such as the sodium-potassium pump transporting sodium and potassium ions across nerve cell membranes. The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to pump 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell against their gradients. Transport proteins also use active transport for molecules too large to pass through the membrane on their own, such as during endocytosis and exocytosis.
This document discusses various types of cell membrane transport. It describes passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis that move molecules from high to low concentration without ATP. Diffusion can occur through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion using transport proteins. Osmosis is diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. Active transport uses ATP and transports molecules against their concentration gradient using pumps, phagocytosis, or endocytosis and exocytosis. Various factors like concentration gradients and molecule properties affect the rate of transport. Membrane transport proteins include aquaporins, ion channels, and solute carriers.
Dr. Aamir Ali Khan is the principal of Ghazali Institute of Medical Sciences in Peshawar. The document discusses various mechanisms of transport across the plasma membrane, including passive transport processes like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. It also discusses active transport processes, distinguishing between primary active transport which directly uses ATP and secondary active transport which relies on ion gradients established by primary transport. Specific transport examples covered include the sodium-potassium pump, glucose co-transport, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Transport of biomolecules across cell membraneMohan Raj
The diffusion of water through the plasma membrane is of such importance to the cell that it is given a special name: osmosis. This page will examine how ions and small molecules are transported across cell membranes. The transport of macromolecules through membranes is described in Endocytosis.
Active transport uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient using pumps or endocytosis/exocytosis. Cell metabolism includes catabolic pathways that break down molecules and anabolic pathways that build molecules, facilitated by enzyme catalysts. Cell growth requires production of new structures and DNA replication, while cell reproduction occurs through mitosis or meiosis to form daughter cells.
Active transport uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient using pumps or endocytosis/exocytosis. Cell metabolism includes catabolic pathways that break down molecules and anabolic pathways that build molecules, facilitated by enzyme catalysts. Cell growth requires production of new structures and DNA replication, while cell reproduction occurs through mitosis or meiosis to form daughter cells.
Passive transport is the movement of substances across a cell membrane without energy expenditure. It includes diffusion, dialysis, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires ATP and includes processes like endocytosis and exocytosis that pump substances into and out of cells. Cell metabolism breaks down and synthesizes molecules through catabolic and anabolic processes utilizing enzymes. Protein synthesis is a two-part process where DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into protein with the help of tRNA. Cell growth involves molecule and organelle synthesis while cell reproduction involves splitting the parent cell into two daughter cells through cytokinesis.
Passive transport is the movement of substances across a cell membrane without energy expenditure. It includes diffusion, dialysis, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Active transport requires ATP and includes processes like endocytosis and exocytosis that pump substances into and out of cells. Cell metabolism breaks down and synthesizes molecules through catabolic and anabolic processes utilizing enzymes. Protein synthesis is a two part process involving transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to protein with the aid of tRNA. Cell growth involves molecule and organelle synthesis while cell reproduction involves splitting the parent cell into two daughter cells through cytokinesis.
1. The document discusses the cellular level of organization, describing the main parts of the cell including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
2. It explains the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, including its role in transport processes like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
3. The cytoplasm and its organelles are described, such as the cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes, as well as their roles in cellular processes.
The eukaryotic cell is divided into compartments by internal membranes. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and is made up of proteins and lipids organized into a fluid mosaic structure. Membranes are selectively permeable due to transport proteins that regulate the passage of molecules into and out of the cell by diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Endocytosis and exocytosis allow for bulk transport across the plasma membrane through vesicle formation. Membranes have important functions including maintaining cell structure, regulating transport, and mediating cell-cell interactions.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Cell signalling
1. TRANSPORT ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE:
Transport of materials across the plasma membrane is essential to the life of a cell. Certain
substances must move into the cell to support metabolic reactions. Other substances that have
been produced by the cell for export or as cellular waste products must move out of the cell.
Substances generally move across cellular membranes through transport processes that can be
classified as passive or active.
In passive transportation process, a substance moves down its concentration gradient to cross
the membrane using only its own kinetic energy (energy of motion).
There is no input of energy from the cell. An example is simple diffusion.
In active processes, cellular energy is used to drive the substance “uphill” against its
concentration or electrical gradient. The cellular energy used to transport the substance is usually
in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Passive Processes
Simple Diffusion
Simple diffusion is a passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer
of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins.
Non polar, hydrophobic molecules move across the lipid bilayer through the process of simple
diffusion. Such molecules include oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen gases; fatty acids;
steroids; and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). Small, uncharged polar molecules such as
water, urea, and small alcohols also pass through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion. Simple
diffusion through the lipid bilayer is important in the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between blood and body cells and also between blood and air within the lungs during breathing.
It also is the route for absorption of some nutrients and excretion of some wastes by body cells.
Facilitated Diffusion
Solutes that are too polar or highly charged to move through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion
can cross the plasma membrane by a passive process called facilitated diffusion. In this process,
an integral membrane protein helps a specific substance across the membrane. The integral
membrane protein can be either a membrane channel or a carrier.
2. CHANNEL-MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION In channel mediated facilitated
diffusion, a solute moves down its concentration gradient across the lipid bilayer through a
membrane channel.
Most membrane channels are ion channels which are integral transmembrane proteins that allow
passage of small, inorganic ions that are too hydrophilic particles,
CARRIER-MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION In carrier-mediated facilitated
diffusion, a carrier (also called a transporter) moves a solute down its concentration gradient
across the plasma membrane. In this, the solute binds to a specific carrier on one side of the
membrane and is released on the other side.
Substances that move across the plasma membrane by carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
include glucose, fructose, galactose, and some vitamins
3. ●1 Glucose binds to a specific type of carrier protein called the glucose transporter (GluT) on
the outside surface of the membrane.
●2 As the transporter undergoes a change in shape, glucose passes through the membrane.
●3 The transporter releases glucose on the other side of the membrane.
Active Transport:
Active transport is called as an active process because energy is required for carrier proteins to
move solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient.
Two sources of cellular energy can be used to drive active transport:
(1) Energy obtained from hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source in
primary active transport;
(2) Energy stored in an ionic concentration gradient is the source in secondary active
transport
Solutes actively transported across the plasma membrane include several ions, such as Na+, K+,
H+, Ca2+, I- (iodide ions), and Cl-, amino acids and monosaccharides.
PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
In primary active transport, energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a
carrier protein, which “pumps” a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration
gradient.
Carrier proteins that help in primary active transport are called pumps.
e.g. sodium-potassium pump
Sodium-potassium pump:
It is an example of primary active transport mechanism which expels sodium ions (Na+) from
cells and brings potassium ions (K+) in. Because of the specific ions it moves, this carrier is
called the sodium-potassium pump.
Another name for this pump is Na_/K_ ATPase. Because a part of the sodium-potassium pump
acts as an ATPase, which is an enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP.
4. Cells have thousands of sodium-potassium pumps in their plasma membranes. These sodium-
potassium pumps maintain a low concentration of Na+ in the cytosol by pumping these ions into
the extracellular fluid against the Na+ concentration gradient. At the same time, the pumps move
K+ into cells against the K+ concentration gradient.
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
In secondary active transport, a carrier protein simultaneously binds to Na+ and another
substance which have to cross plasma membrane and then changes its shape so that both
substances cross the membrane at the same time against their concentration gradient.
If these transporters move two substances in the same direction they are called symporters and
and if they move two substances in opposite directions across the membrane then they are called
antiporters.
5. CELL DIVISION
Most cells of the human body undergo cell division, the process by which cells reproduce
themselves.
There are two types of cell division:
Somatic cell division
Reproductive cell division
A somatic cell is any cell of the body other than a germ cell.
A germ cell is a gamete (sperm or oocyte) or any precursor cell that will become a gamete.
In somatic cell division, a cell undergoes a nuclear division called mitosis and a cytoplasmic
division called cytokinesis to produce two genetically identical cells each with the same number
and kind of chromosomes as the original cell.
The cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events in which a somatic cell duplicates its contents and
divides in two. Some cells divide more than others. Human cells, such as in the brain, stomach,
and kidneys contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46.
When a cell reproduces, it must replicate (duplicate) all its chromosomes to pass its genes to the
next generation of cells.
The cell cycle consists of two major periods: interphase, when a cell is not dividing, and the
mitotic (M) phase, when a cell is dividing.
6. Interphase:
Interphase is a state of high metabolic activity; during this time that the cell does most of its
growing. Interphase consists of three phases: G1, S, and G2.
During interphase the cell replicates its DNA. It also produces additional organelles and
cytosolic components in expectation of cell division.
During G1 phase, the cell is metabolically active and it replicates most of its organelles and
cytosolic components but not its DNA.
For a cell with a total cell cycle time of 24 hours, G1 lasts 8 to 10 hours.
The S phase is the interval between G1 and G2 which remains about 8 hours. During the S
phase, DNA replication occurs. As a result the two identical cells formed during cell division
later in the cell cycle and having the same genetic material.
The G2 phase is the interval between the S phase and the mitotic phase. It lasts 4 to 6 hours.
During G2, cell growth continues, enzymes and other proteins are synthesized in preparation for
cell division, and replication of centrosomes is completed.
7. NUCLEAR DIVISION: MITOSIS
Mitosis is the distribution of two sets of chromosomes into two separate nuclei. The process into
four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Prophase: During early prophase, the chromatin fibers condense and shorten into chromosomes.
Each prophase chromosome consists of a pair of identical strands called chromatids. A
constricted central region called centromere holds the chromatid pair together. Later in
prophase, the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Metaphase: During metaphase, the centromeres of the chromatid pairs align at the exact center
of the mitotic spindle. This midpoint region is called the metaphase plate.
Anaphase: During anaphase, the centromeres split, separating the two members of each
chromatid pair, which move toward opposite poles of the cell. After separation, the chromatids
are termed chromosomes.
Telophase: The final stage of mitosis is telophase it begins after chromosomal movement stops.
The identical sets of chromosomes which are at opposite poles of the cell, uncoil and revert to
the threadlike chromatin form. A nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass, nucleoli
reappear and the mitotic spindle breaks up.
8.
9. CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION:
CYTOKINESIS is a division of a cell’s cytoplasm and organelles into two identical cells is
called cytokinesis. This process usually begins in late anaphase and is completed after telophase.
When cytokinesis is complete, interphase begins
Reproductive Cell Division
In the process called sexual reproduction, each new organism is the result of the union of two
different gametes (fertilization), one produced by each parent.
Meiosis is the reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) which
produces gametes in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half. As a result, gametes
contain a single set of 23 chromosomes and are known as haploid (n) cells. Fertilization restores
the diploid number of chromosomes.
Meiosis
Unlike mitosis which is a complete after a single round.
Meiosis occurs in two successive stages: meiosis I and meiosis II.
During the interphase the chromosomes of the diploid cell start to replicate. As a result of
replication, each chromosome consists of two sister (genetically identical) chromatids, which are
attached at their centromeres. This replication of chromosomes is similar to the mitosis in
somatic cell division.
MEIOSIS I
Meiosis I begin when chromosomal replication is complete it consists of four phases: prophase I,
metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.
Prophase I is an extended phase in which the chromosomes shorten and thicken and the nuclear
envelope and nucleoli disappear, also the mitotic spindle forms.
The two sister chromatids of each pair of homologous chromosomes pair off and result to four
chromatids structure called a tetrad. The parts of the chromatids of two homologous
chromosomes may be exchanged with one another. Such exchange between parts of non sister
(genetically different) chromatids is called crossing-over. This process, permits an exchange of
genes between chromatids of homologous chromosomes. Due to crossing-over, the resulting
cells are genetically unlike each other .
10. In metaphase I, the tetrads formed by the homologous pairs of chromosomes line up along the
metaphase plate of the cell with homologous chromosomes side by side.
During anaphase I, the members of each homologous pair of chromosomes separate as they are
pulled to opposite poles of the cell by the microtubules attached to the centromeres. The paired
chromatids attached by a centromere remain together.
Telophase I and cytokinesis of meiosis are similar to telophase and cytokinesis of mitosis.
The effect of meiosis I is that each resulting cell contains the haploid number of chromosomes
because it contains only one member of each pair of the homologous chromosomes which is
present in the starting cell.
MEIOSIS II It is the second stage of meiosis. Meiosis II also consists of four phases: prophase
II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II .
These phases are similar to those that occur during mitosis i.e the centromeres split and the sister
chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell. In short, meiosis I begins with a
diploid starting cell and ends with two cells, each with the haploid number of chromosomes.
During meiosis II, each of the two haploid cells formed during meiosis I divides; the net result is
four haploid gametes that are genetically different from the original diploid starting cell.
11. CELL JUNCTIONS
Cell junctions are contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.
The five most important types of cell junctions:
Tight junctions.
Adherens junctions.
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Gap junctions
12. Tight junctions :
They consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces
of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells. Cells of epithelial
tissues that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder have many tight junctions. They
inhibit the passage of substances between cells and prevent the contents of these organs from
leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues.
Adherens Junctions
Adherens junctions contain plaque (PLAK) which a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the
plasma membrane that attaches to membrane proteins and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.
Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins join the cells. Each cadherin inserts into the
plaque from the opposite side of the plasma membrane and partially crosses the intercellular
space (the space between the cells), and connects to cadherins of an adjacent cell. Adherens
junctions help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities, as when
food moves through the intestines.
13. Desmosomes
Like adherens junctions, desmosome contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins
(cadherins) that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach
cells to one another. However, unlike adherens junctions, the plaque of desmosomes does not
attach to microfilaments. Instead of it a desmosome plaque attaches to elements of the
cytoskeleton known as intermediate filaments which are consist of the protein keratin. The
intermediate filaments extend from desmosomes on one side of the cell across the cytosol to
desmosomes on the opposite side of the cell. This structural arrangement contributes to the
stability of the cells and tissue. E.g. cells of the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin) and
cardiac muscle cells in the heart.
Hemidesmosomes
14. Hemidesmosomes means half resemble to desmosomes, but they do not link adjacent cells. The
transmembrane glycoproteins in hemidesmosomes are known as integrins. On the inside of the
plasma membrane the integrins attach to intermediate filaments which are made of the protein
keratin. On the outside of the plasma membrane, the integrins attach to the protein called
laminin, which is present in the basement membrane. Thus, hemidesmosomes attach cells not to
each other but to their basement membrane.
Gap Junctions
At gap junctions, membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called
connexons that connect neighboring cells. The plasma membranes of gap junctions are not fused
together as in tight junctions but are separated by a very narrow intercellular gap (space).
Through the connexons, ions and small molecules can diffuse from the cytosol of one cell to
another, but the large molecules such as vital proteins of cell cannot pass through it. Gap
junctions allow the cells in a tissue to communicate with one another. Gap junctions also allow
nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly among cells and this process is crucial for the normal
operation of nervous system and for the contraction of muscle in the heart, gastrointestinal tract,
and uterus.