2. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
SUBJECTDESCRIPTION
• This specialized subject is designed to
enhance the understanding of the
principles and concepts in the study of
biology, particularly life processes at the
cellular and molecular levels.
• It also covers the transformation of
energy in organisms.
3. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
PERFORMANCESTANDARD
1. Construct a 3D model of a plant or
animal cell using recyclable materials.
2. Construct a cell membrane model
from indigenous or recyclable
materials.
4. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
Quarter 1
CELL & ITS HISTORY
CELL DIVISION
CELL MEMBRANE
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
REDOX REACTIONS
OVERVIEW
CELL THEORY
CELL ORGANELLES
PLANT & ANIMAL CELLS
MITOSIS & MEIOSIS
MUTATION
5. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
GRADING SYSTEM
WRITTEN WORKS
PERFORMANCE
TASK
QUARTER
ASSESSMENT
25% 45% 30%
SPECIALIZED SUBJECT
6.
7. THE CELL
MELC:
• Explain the postulates of the cell theory and
the modern cell theory.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
8. • Biology is the science of LIFE
• It studies: WHAT???
1. The origins & history of life
2. Living things & their structure
3. How each structure functions
4. How living things interact
5. Microscopic organisms
6. Classification of organisms
• ARISTOTLE is the Father of
Biology
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
INTRODUCTION
9. Question: What do Biologist
do?
• Study the diversity of life
• Research diseases & cure
• Develop technologies
• Improve agriculture
• Preserve the environment
Question: What is the basic
unit of life?
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
INTRODUCTION
10. • The human body is composed
of trillions of cells.
• Functions:
• Provide structure of the body.
• Absorbs nutrients & converts
it to energy.
• Carries genetic material.
• Robert Hooke first discovered
cells in 1665
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
THE CELL
11. • The microscope gave rise to
the cell discovery.
• Hooke observed a cork.
• Why is cell called CELL?
• It looked like a small room
where monks live.
• However, Hooke did not see
any nucleus or organelles.
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: First
man to witness a live cell.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CELL’S HISTORY
13. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
1590 Zacharias Janssen, a Dutch
eyeglass maker, invented the very
first ______________.
CLUE: It is an instrument used to magnify
small objects.
MICROSCOPE
14. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
1665
While looking at a piece of cork under the
microscope, Robert Hooke saw box
shaped structures that he called
____________
CLUE: It is the basic structure and
function of all living things.
Cell
15. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
1674
__________, while looking at pond water
under the microscope, observed what he
called animalcules.
CLUE: He is known as the Father of
Microbiology.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
16. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
1838 Matthias Schleiden, a German
botanist, stated that _________ are
made up of cells.
CLUE: What do botanists’ study?
plants
17. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
1839 Theodor Schwann, a German
physiologist, concluded that ______
are also made up of cells.
CLUE: Examples of this includes
mammals, birds, fish, amphibians,
reptiles, and insects.
animals
18. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CELL DISCOVERY TIMELINE
1855 Rudolf Virchow stated that cells
come from pre-existing cells through
_______.
CLUE: It is the process by which a
parent cell divide into two or more
daughter cells.
cell division
19. • The creation of CELL THEORY.
• Schwann & Schleiden.
• They both study plant and
animal cells.
• Found out that plant and
animal cells are similar.
• This led to the formulation of
the 3 cell theories.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CELL’S HISTORY
20. 1. The cell is the unit of
structure, physiology, and
organization in living things.
2. The cell is the building block in
the construction of every
organisms.
3. Cells form by spontaneous
generation.
Rudolf Virchow’s revision:
3. Cell arise from pre-existing
cells.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CELL THEORY (OLD)
21. MODERN CELL THEORY
Exploring the
THEORY 1
The cell is
structural &
functional unit
of all living
things.
THEORY 2
All cells
come from
pre-existing
cells by
division.
THEORY 3
All known
living things
are made
up of cells.
22. MODERN CELL THEORY
Exploring the
THEORY 4
All cells are
basically the
same in
chemical
composition.
THEORY 5
All energy
flow of life
occurs within
the cell.
THEORY 6
Cells
contains
hereditary
information.
23. YOUR TURN!
Elaborate each of the postulates of the
modern cell theory and justify whether it is
true or not.
RECITATION!
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
24. THEORY 4
All cells are
basically the
same in
chemical
composition.
THEORY 5
All energy
flow of life
occurs within
the cell.
THEORY 6
Cells
contains
hereditary
information.
THEORY 1
The cell is
structural &
functional unit
of all living
things.
THEORY 2
All cells
come from
pre-existing
cells by
division.
THEORY 3
All known
living things
are made
up of cells.
MODERN CELL THEORY
25. Distinguish the two types of cell according
to their distinguishing features.
TYPE OF
CELLS
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
MELC:
26. Starts with P & E
What do you think are the
two types of cells?
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
28. Features:
• DNA is free floating
• Lacks Nucleus
• Organelles Lack
Membranes
• Unicellular
• Bacteria & Archaea
• Smaller and simple
• Reproduction is asexual
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
PROKARYOTES
29. Features:
• Has Nucleus
• DNA is in the Nucleus
• Organelles have Membranes
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Plants, Animals, & Fungi
• Much Larger and complex
• Reproduces Asexual or Sexual
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
EUKARYOTES
30. IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING FEATURES
WHETER IT IS PROKARYOTES OR
EUKARYOTES. WRITE “P” IF IT
PROKARYOTE AND “E” IF IT IS
EUKARYOTES.
QUICK ASSESSMENT!
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
42. REALLY GREAT SITE | CREATIVE PORTFOLIO
THINK-PAIR-
SHARE ACTIVITY
DIRECTIONS: Identify whether the statements from #1-3 are true or
false. Then explain and justify your reason using the six postulates
of the modern cell theory. On the other hand, answer the #4 and
#5 questions comprehensively.
1. Are non-living things also made up of cells?
2. Is it possible for a rock to become an organism?
3. Without cell, do you think life would cease to exist?
4. Why do you think each individual is unique on their own? What
is the relationship of cell to it?
5. What are the distinguishing features of prokaryote and
eukaryotes that makes them similar from each other?
TRUE OR FALSE
43. PLANT &
ANIMAL CELL
MELC:
• Classify different cell types (of plant/animal
tissues) and specify the functions of each.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
46. CELL
MEMBRANE
• Outer boundary of
the cell.
• Regulates passage
of materials in and
out.
• Protection &
support.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CELL MEMBRANE
47. NUCLEUS
• Contains the DNA of
animals.
• It sends signals to the
cells to grow, mature,
divide and die
• Control center of the
cell.
GGENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
NUCLEUS
49. NUCLEUS
• Parts of the Nucleus:
• Nuclear Envelope- highly
regulated membrane
• Nucleolus- Contains RNA;
site of ribosome creation.
• Chromosomes- Contains
the genetic information.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
50. CYTOPLASM
• Watery, jelly-like area of
the cell
• Surrounds and protects
the organelles.
• Fills mostly the interior
of the cell
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CYTOPLASM
51. MITOCHONDRIA
• The powerhouse
of a cell.
• Rod-shape
organelle.
• It provides energy
in the form of ATP.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
MITOCHONDRIA
52. RIBOSOMES
• Composed of RNA.
• Where proteins are
made.
• Smallest of organelles.
• Attached to membranes
and free in cytoplasm.
• Attached to RER.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
RIBOSOMES
53. ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• Transports materials
within the cell.
• SMOOTH- Storage of
special enzymes.
• ROUGH- Involved in
protein synthesis; has
ribosomes.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
55. VACUOLE
• Stores food or
variety of nutrients
that a cell might
need to survive.
• It stores and throws
waste products.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
VACUOLE
56. LYSOSOME
• Digesting certain
materials in the cell.
• Removes the junk/waste
of the cell.
• Also called as Suicidal
bags/sac.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
LYSOSOME
57. CENTRIOLES
• Plays a major role in cell
division.
• It releases microtubules, a long,
stiff fiber.
• They help determine the
locations of the nucleus and
other organelles within the cell.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CENTRIOLES
58. Let’s Apply what you learned!
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
FUNCTION ORGANELLE
The city will need power.
The city generates waste.
The city requires raw materials
to process into food, clothing,
and housing materials
MITOCHONDRIA
LYSOSOMES
GOLGI APPARATUS
59. Let’s Apply what you learned!
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
FUNCTIONS/ALIAS ORGANELLE
Brain of the cell.
Subway system/network
Security Guard
Protein Factory
NUCLEUS
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
CELL MEMBRANE
RIBOSOMES
60. Let’s Apply what you learned!
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
FUNCTIONS/ALIAS ORGANELLE
Cafeteria/Canteen VACUOLE
61.
62. CHLOROPLAST
• Round, oval, or disk-
shaped body
• Stores the chlorophyll.
• The reason why plants
are green.
• Aids in
photosynthesis.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CHLOROPLAST
63. CELL WALL
• Protects and provide
structural support to
the cell.
• Located outside the cell
membrane
GGENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CELL WALL
65. NUCLEUS
• Control center of the
cell.
• Contains the DNA of
plant.
GGENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
NUCLEUS
66. CYTOPLASM
• Jelly-like area of the cell
• Surrounds and protects
the organelles.
• Fills mostly the interior
of the cell.
GGENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
CYTOPLASM
67. MITOCHONDRIA
• The powerhouse of a
cell
• Rod-shape organelle
• It provides energy in
the form of ATP.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
MITOCHONDRIA
68. RIBOSOMES
• Composed of RNA.
• Where proteins are
made.
• Smallest of organelles.
• Attached to membranes
and free in cytoplasm.
• Attached to RER.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
RIBOSOMES
69. ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• Transports materials
within the cell.
• SMOOTH- Storage of
special enzymes.
• ROUGH- Involved in
protein synthesis; has
ribosomes.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
71. VACUOLE
• Fills much of the plant
cell.
• Aids in regulation of H2O
in certain environment.
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
VACUOLE
72. WORDS TO PONDER
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
“Any work I do… I think is
important…like in acting
there is no small parts-
only small actors.”
- Holly Golightly-
73. Label the following parts of a cell.
ACTIVITY: LABELLING
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
76. On a one whole yellow paper, create a
Venn Diagram showing the similarities
and differences of plant and animal cells.
ACTIVITY: VENN DIAGRAM
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 – FIRST QUARTER
Editor's Notes
It comes from two Greek words, bios meaning “life” and logos meaning “study”.
3 Major divisions of biological science
1. Microbiology – bacteria, virus, fungi, archaea, too small to see with our naked eyes
2. Botany - plants
3. Zoology - animals
Virus are much smaller than bacteria
Virus can only infect living cells while bacteria can also infect non-living things like soil and water.
Bacteria needs anti biotic while virus is not.
Virus are often more deadly.
GERMS – MACRO LEVEL, HAS 4 TYPES, BACTERIA, VIRUS FUNGI (MOLDS, YEAST, MUSHROOM) AND PROTOZOA (MALARIA-MOSQUITO INFECTION, AMOEBIASIS)
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes whereas asexual reproduction does not require male and female individuals and no fusion of gametes takes place.
In sexual reproduction, an organism combines the genetic information from each of its parents and is genetically unique. In asexual reproduction, one parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring.
Asexual reproduction is used by many plants, e.g. spider plants, bacteria, hydra, yeast, and jellyfish. It is also involved in the creation of identical twins, when one zygote splits into two identical copies. Sexual reproduction is used by most mammals, fish, reptiles, birds and insects.
He is a Dutch microscopist.
He was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa.
In 1674 he likely observed protozoa for the first time and several years later bacteria. Those “very little animalcules” .
Robert Hooke was the one who discovered cell, by looking a cork in a microscope.
Bakit cell yung tinawag nya? Nung tiningnan ni robert hooke yung cork sa microscope may nakita syang maliliit na butas. And it reminds him of cella (small rooms) kung saan naninirahan yung mga monghe sa monasteryo.
The following are the personalities involved in the history, discovery, development, and formulation of cell theory.
It was improved by anton van leeuwenhoek
Aside sa inimproved nya yung microscope ni zacharias janssen, sya din yung kauna unahang nakakita ng bacteria/microorganism which he called animalcules.
cells form the parts or an organism and carry out all of the an organism's processes, or functions.
This means cells form the tissues, organs and organ systems in the different organisms.
New cells are always made from current cells. This means that all current life on the planet is descended from the very first cells, which first made an appearance on Earth roughly 3.5 billion years ago. Cells have been replicating themselves continuously ever since.
Spontaneous generation is the hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter.
Physiology is the study of how the human body, also animal body works.
Theory 4 – refers to DNA and the fact it is passed from parent cell to child cell.
Theory 5 – cells are made up of same chemicals: water, inorganic and organic molecules
Theory 6 - in all living cells, energy is continuously transformed from one type to another. Examples of these processes include photosynthesis (where plant cells convert light energy into chemical energy) and cellular respiration (where both plant and animal cells convert glucose into energy)
Unicellular – it composed of single cell (it performs all task) and have a short life span.
Asexual reproduction does not require male and female individuals and no fusion of gametes takes place.
In asexual reproduction, one parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring.
Asexual reproduction is used by many plants, e.g. spider plants, bacteria, hydra, yeast, and jellyfish. It is also involved in the creation of identical twins, when one zygote splits into two identical copies.
Multicellular – composed of multiple cells, many cell work together, and have a longer life span because cells can continue to replaced after death.
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion/UNION of male and female gametes.
In sexual reproduction, an organism combines the genetic information from each of its parents and is genetically unique.
Sexual reproduction is used by most mammals, fish, reptiles, birds and insects.
P
P
P
False
False
False
Organelles: Literally means “little organs”
Specialized structures found within the cell which performs specific functions vital to cellular life.
Kapag di nagfunction ang bawat organelle maaaring mamatay ang cell.
The cell membrane is a thin flexible layer around the cells of all living things. It is sometimes called the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane.
-Its basic job is to separate the inside of cells from the outside.
- It also regulates what comes in and what goes out of the cell. Basically para syang security guard. Bakit? It serves as barriers and gate keepers.
Cell membrane is semi permeable-
permit some materials to pass through the cell
May mga materials na hindi pinapadaan ng cell membrane papunta sa cell. In this way the cell maintains its equilibrium and stays normal
In our nexr topic we are going to discuss how certain molecules/materials are transported across the cell membrane.
The nucleus is the most important structure inside animal and plant cells. It is the main control center for the cell and acts kind of like the cell's brain.
Chromatin refers to a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms.
Each nuclear pore is a large complex of proteins that allows small molecules and ions to freely pass, or diffuse, into or out of the nucleus. Nuclear pores also allow necessary proteins to enter the nucleus from the cytoplasm if the proteins have special sequences that indicate they belong in the nucleus.
The nucleolus is a spherical structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes.
The nuclear envelope (NE) is a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells.
Chromosomes: XX girls and XY boys
Chromosomes: Normally, each cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total chromosomes).
It is where organelles are suspended/float.
Cytoplasm is mostly salt and water.
-It provides a structure for the cell parts. It is where the organelles are suspended.
-It is where different cellular processes happens such as cellular respiration for breathing, synthesizing proteins and having division of cells by both mitosis and meiosis.
Produces chemical energy needed to power the cell in the form of ATP
The main function of mitochondria is to produce energy for the cell.
It make most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that cells use as a source of energy.
Site of protein synthesis.
A ribosomes is a small organelle involved in the process of making protein, which is called protein synthesis.
Ribosomes can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
Network of pathways through which materials flow to the different parts of the cytoplasm
Highway- dito dumadaan yung mga materials papunta sa mga specific areas kung saan sila kailangan
We have 2 types of ER
Smooth- lipid metabolism
Rough- may embedded ribosomes- responsible for making protein
Transporting, modifying, and packaging particles called proteins and lipids.
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that acts as the packaging center of the cell. It takes in protein, modifies it, and then places it in shipping containers called vesicles. The Golgi apparatus also makes lysosomes, which are organelles that contain digestive enzymes.
The main function of Vacuoles is to store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive.
They are found in both animal and plant cells but are much larger in plant cells.
For animals only
These are organelles that contain digestive enzymes.
Cellular digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Kapag may mga foreign substances the lysosomes ingest it and break it down.
Lysosomes work like the digestive system to break down, or digest, proteins, acids, carbohydrates, dead organelles, and other unwanted materials.
For animal only
paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. Centrioles play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.
Let’s compare the different organelles in a big city!
For Plants only
Green pigment = chlorophyll (the natural compound present in green plants that gives them their color.)
Chloroplasts, which are found in plants and algae (LUMOT, color green in the bodies of water), are the sites of photosynthesis. This process converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
For plants only
The cell membrane is a thin flexible layer around the cells of all living things. It is sometimes called the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane.
-Its basic job is to separate the inside of cells from the outside.
- It also regulates what comes in and what goes out of the cell. Basically para syang security guard. Bakit? It serves as barriers and gate keepers.
Cell membrane is semi permeable-
permit some materials to pass through the cell
May mga materials na hindi pinapadaan ng cell membrane papunta sa cell. In this way the cell maintains its equilibrium and stays normal
In our nexr topic we are going to discuss how certain molecules/materials are transported across the cell membrane.
It is the main control center for the cell and acts kind of like the cell's brain.
It is where organelles are suspended/float.
Cytoplasm is mostly salt and water.
-It provides a structure for the cell parts. It is where the organelles are suspended.
-It is where different cellular processes happens such as cellular respiration for breathing, synthesizing proteins and having division of cells by both mitosis and meiosis.
Produces chemical energy needed to power the cell in the form of ATP
The main function of mitochondria is to produce energy for the cell.
It make most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that cells use as a source of energy.
Site of protein synthesis.
A ribosomes is a small organelle involved in the process of making protein, which is called protein synthesis.
Ribosomes can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
Network of pathways through which materials flow to the different parts of the cytoplasm
Highway- dito dumadaan yung mga materials papunta sa mga specific areas kung saan sila kailangan
We have 2 types of ER
Smooth- lipid metabolism
Rough- may embedded ribosomes- reponsible for making protein
Transporting, modifying, and packaging particles called proteins and lipids.
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that acts as the packaging center of the cell. It takes in protein, modifies it, and then places it in shipping containers called vesicles. The Golgi apparatus also makes lysosomes, which are organelles that contain digestive enzymes.
The main function of Vacuoles is to store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive.
They are found in both animal and plant cells but are much larger in plant cells.
Just like the organelles of the cell. All of us has a specific role na ginagampanan. maliit man nya o malaki as long as alam mo sa sarili mo na ginagawa ang best mo that’s the most important. Everyone’s work is equally important.
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes
Rough Endoplasmic
Golgi
NA
Smooth
Mitochondria
vacuole
Cytoplasm
NA
CENTRIOLES
Cell membrane