This is a short presentation which helps to understand Cell cycle and Regulation. But it is recommended to read Lodish as reference material to understand this.

1. Cell Cycle and Regulation
-Vinayak Jhunjhunwala

2. Cell Cycle

3. Introduction to Cell Cycle
The organism develops from a single cell zygote to a complete organism because of cell
division and cell growth.When cell cycles proceed inappropriately (e.g., cells divide
uncontrollably), pathological conditions like cancer can result.
There are 2 major phase: Interphase and M phase
Interphase includes:
G1 Phase: In this part of interphase, the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA
and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis
S Phase: S-phase (synthesis phase) is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is
replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase.
G2 Phase: After DNA replication, the cell leaves S phase and enters G2, when the cell
prepares for mitosis or meiosis.
M Phase: Mitosis or meiosis takes place in this part. The DNA is divided into two cells.

4. Mitosis v/s Meiosis
Mitosis Meiosis
Occurs in all somatic cells Occurs only in reproductive (sex) cells
Chromosome number remains same, i.e.,
diploid (2n), hence it is equational
division
Chromosome number reduces to half, i.e., haploid (n), hence it is
reductional division
Two daughter cells are produced Four daughter cells are produced
One cell division involves four phases
Consists of two sub-divisions: Meiosis - I and Meosis - II each
involving four phases. Prophase - I is again subdivided into five sub-
stages:-leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis
No crossing over Crossing over takes place during prophase1 of meiosis
Daughter cells have identical
chromosomes to parent cell, i.e., genetic
material remains constant
Daughter cells have chromosomes with combined genetic material
from both parents i.e., genetic variability occurs

5. Cell Regulation and checkpoints
A checkpoint is a stage in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which at which the cell
examines internal and external cues and "decides" whether or not to move forward
with division.
There are a number of checkpoints, but the three most important ones are:
G1 checkpoint at G1/S transition
G2 checkpoint at G2/M transition
In M phase, from Metaphase to Anaphase

6. First Checkpoint: The G1 checkpoint
The G1 checkpoint is the main decision point for a
cell – that is, the primary point at which it must
choose whether or not to divide. Once the cell
passes the G1checkpoint and enters S phase, it
becomes irreversibly committed to division. That is,
barring unexpected problems, such as DNA damage
or replication errors, a cell that passes the G1
checkpoint will continue the rest of the way
through the cell cycle and produce two daughter
cells.
G1 checkpoint checks for:
● Cell Size
● Nutrient
● Growth Factors
● DNA Damage
If a cell doesn’t get the go-ahead cues it
needs at the G1 checkpoint, it may leave
the cell cycle and enter a resting state
called G0. Some cells stay permanently
in G0 while others resume dividing if
conditions improve.

8. Second checkpoint: The G2 Checkpoint
To make sure that cell division goes smoothly (produces healthy daughter cells with complete,
undamaged DNA), the cell has an additional checkpoint before M phase, called the G2.At this
stage, the cell will check:
DNA integrity & DNA replication.
If errors or damage are detected, the cell will pause at the G2 checkpoint to allow for repairs.
If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the
cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA.
If the damage is irreparable, the cell may undergo apoptosis, or programmed cell death This
self-destruction mechanism ensures that damaged DNA is not passed on to daughter cells and
is important in preventing cancer.

9. Third Checkpoint:The spindle checkpoint
The M checkpoint is also known as the spindle checkpoint: here, the cell examines
whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules.
Because the separation of the sister chromatids during anaphase is an irreversible step,
the cycle will not proceed until all the chromosomes are firmly attached to at least two
spindle fibers from opposite poles of the cell.
How does this checkpoint work?
It seems that cells don't actually scan the metaphase plate to confirm that all of the
chromosomes are there. Instead, they look for "straggler" chromosomes that are in the
wrong place (e.g., floating around in the cytoplasm) If a chromosome is misplaced, the
cell will pause mitosis, allowing time for the spindle to capture the stray chromosome

10. Overview of
checkpoints in Cell
cycle

11. xx%
Use this slide to show a major stat. It can help enforce the presentation’s main
message or argument.

12. “The mers were also designed to reproduce
only at long intervals, in order to maintain
the natural balance of the environment in
which they were placed ”
- Joan D. Vinge

13. Thanks!
Contact us:
Vinayak Jhunjhunwala
vinayakjjw@gmail.com