Seminar about apoptosis a type of programmed cell death in Soran University by Mahmood Khaleel Pirani (MSc Student) for Medical Physiology lecture on 24 November 2018
Content-
1. Background
2. Introduction
3. Difference between apoptosis and necrosis
4. Apoptosis in biologic processes
5. Apoptosis in pathologic processes
6. Morphologic features
7. Techniques to identify and count apoptotic cells
8. Biochemical changes
9. Molecular mechanism of apoptosis
10. Recent advancement and emerging trends in apoptosis
11. References
A detailed description of programmed cell death mechanism also called Apoptosis.
It explains about the factors, mechanism and pathways involved in the apoptosis.
Content-
1. Background
2. Introduction
3. Difference between apoptosis and necrosis
4. Apoptosis in biologic processes
5. Apoptosis in pathologic processes
6. Morphologic features
7. Techniques to identify and count apoptotic cells
8. Biochemical changes
9. Molecular mechanism of apoptosis
10. Recent advancement and emerging trends in apoptosis
11. References
A detailed description of programmed cell death mechanism also called Apoptosis.
It explains about the factors, mechanism and pathways involved in the apoptosis.
Cell death, particularly apoptosis, is probably one of the
most widely-studied subjects among cell biologists.
Understanding apoptosis in disease conditions is very
important as it not only gives insights into the pathogenesis
of a disease but may also leaves clues on how
the disease can be treated. In cancer, there is a loss of
balance between cell division and cell death and cells
that should have died did not receive the signals to do
so. The problem can arise in any one step along the way
of apoptosis.Apoptosis is an ordered and orchestrated cellular process that occurs in physiological and pathological conditions.
It is also one of the most studied topics among cell biologists. An understanding of the underlying mechanism of
apoptosis is important as it plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In some, the problem is due
to too much apoptosis, such as in the case of degenerative diseases while in others, too little apoptosis is the
culprit. Cancer is one of the scenarios where too little apoptosis occurs, resulting in malignant cells that will not
die. The mechanism of apoptosis is complex and involves many pathways. Defects can occur at any point along
these pathways, leading to malignant transformation of the affected cells, tumour metastasis and resistance to
anticancer drugs. Despite being the cause of problem, apoptosis plays an important role in the treatment of
cancer as it is a popular target of many treatment strategies. The abundance of literature suggests that targeting
apoptosis in cancer is feasible. However, many troubling questions arise with the use of new drugs or treatment
strategies that are designed to enhance apoptosis and critical tests must be passed before they can be used safely
in human subjects.. It is used,
in contrast to necrosis, to describe the situation in
which a cell actively pursues a course toward death
upon receiving certain stimule
Apoptosis also known as cell suicide. Difference between necrosis and apoptosis. Changes in apoptosis. Mechanism of apoptosis. Functional significance of apoptosis. Applied aspects of apoptosis
Apoptosis is a
-pathway of cell death that is
-induced by an internally regulated program
-in which cells destined to die activate intrinsic enzymes that --degrade the cells’ own nuclear DNA and also nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins
-With minimal host reaction.
here is some information about autophagy, how it happend, when it happend and it's mechanism.
and some information about it's effect on cancer and some disorders.
Cell death, particularly apoptosis, is probably one of the
most widely-studied subjects among cell biologists.
Understanding apoptosis in disease conditions is very
important as it not only gives insights into the pathogenesis
of a disease but may also leaves clues on how
the disease can be treated. In cancer, there is a loss of
balance between cell division and cell death and cells
that should have died did not receive the signals to do
so. The problem can arise in any one step along the way
of apoptosis.Apoptosis is an ordered and orchestrated cellular process that occurs in physiological and pathological conditions.
It is also one of the most studied topics among cell biologists. An understanding of the underlying mechanism of
apoptosis is important as it plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In some, the problem is due
to too much apoptosis, such as in the case of degenerative diseases while in others, too little apoptosis is the
culprit. Cancer is one of the scenarios where too little apoptosis occurs, resulting in malignant cells that will not
die. The mechanism of apoptosis is complex and involves many pathways. Defects can occur at any point along
these pathways, leading to malignant transformation of the affected cells, tumour metastasis and resistance to
anticancer drugs. Despite being the cause of problem, apoptosis plays an important role in the treatment of
cancer as it is a popular target of many treatment strategies. The abundance of literature suggests that targeting
apoptosis in cancer is feasible. However, many troubling questions arise with the use of new drugs or treatment
strategies that are designed to enhance apoptosis and critical tests must be passed before they can be used safely
in human subjects.. It is used,
in contrast to necrosis, to describe the situation in
which a cell actively pursues a course toward death
upon receiving certain stimule
Apoptosis also known as cell suicide. Difference between necrosis and apoptosis. Changes in apoptosis. Mechanism of apoptosis. Functional significance of apoptosis. Applied aspects of apoptosis
Apoptosis is a
-pathway of cell death that is
-induced by an internally regulated program
-in which cells destined to die activate intrinsic enzymes that --degrade the cells’ own nuclear DNA and also nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins
-With minimal host reaction.
here is some information about autophagy, how it happend, when it happend and it's mechanism.
and some information about it's effect on cancer and some disorders.
A presentation about Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) or (Hypochromic anemia) and its diagnose, causes, treatments, cautions - subjected to a task for biochemistry lecture - postgraduation study - Soran University
by Mahmood Khaleel Pirani
mahmoud_pirani@yahoo.com
mahmud.khalil.p@gmail.com
+964 (0) 750 412 8959
توێژینهوهیهك له زانكۆی سۆران له بهشی بایۆلۆجی لهبارهی قهوزه و پارامیتهری ئاوی سێ
سهرچاوهی سروشتی له گهلی عهلی بهگدا
ئامادهكردنی:
محمود خلیل پیرانی
شۆرش شاكر گهردی
بهسهرپهرشتی:
م.بهلقیس حاجی رهسول
*********************************************************************
پێشكهشه به ههموو پێشمهرگه قارهمانهكانی كوردستان و ههموو ماله شههیده نهمر و سهربهرزهكان
*********************************************************************
Kurdistan Regional Government
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Soran University
Faculty of Science-Biology Department
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A study of algal species with some water parameters in three springs within Gali Ali-bag valley
******************************************************************
Summary:
In the present study, three spring locations were selected in Gali Ali-Bag valley,
within Arbil province for limnological and phycological studies.
The ranges of physico-chemical parameters for studied springs were as follows:
17.7 -12°C for water temperature. The pH values never fall below 7.3 and with
maximum value of 7.9. Specific electrical conductivity was varied form 200 –
370 μs.cm -1 , the alkalinity was in range of 95-136 mg.CaCO 3. l -1 . Acidity values
were at levels of 1.8 -3.3 mg.CaCO 3. l -1 . The Chloride was varied form 4.9-8.9
mg.l -1 .
A total of 25 non diatom algal species belong to 3 divisions, 5 classes, 8 orders, 9
families, 12 genera were identified.
*****************************************************************
By
Shoreh Sh. Yaseen
Mahmoud Kh. Mahmoud
*******************************************************
Supervised by
Balqis H. Rasul
*********************************************************
Dedications:
Dedicate to all Peshmarga, immortal Peshmarga martyrs and their proud families
*********************************************************
Acknowledgment:
Of course, we are satisfied with our subject in this project, however it is our first
experience, but we could pass our tasks successfully with the help of some
teachers and friends for which we appreciate them especially head of the biology
department Mr. Shoresh who let us do this project.
Our special thanks to:
- Mrs. Balqis who was our supervisor and helped us to develop and complete
the thesis by her advices, guidance and comments.
- All friends who helped us in this project.
***************************************************************
Email: mahmoud_pirani@yahoo.com
mahmud.khalil.p@gmail.com
Mobile Phone: (00964) 0750 412 8959
www.facebook.com/mahmoud.shab3
**************************************************************
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. Types of cell death
• Non-programmed Cell Death
▫ Necrosis
• Programmed Cell Death
▫ Non-inflammatory
Apoptosis
Autophagy
▫ Proinflammatory
Necroptosis (A type of programmed necrosis)
Pyroptosis (A type of programmed necrosis)
3.
4. Autophagy
• The word autophagy is derived from Greek words
“auto” meaning self and “phagy” meaning eating
• consumption of the body’s own tissue as a
metabolic process occurring in starvation and
certain diseases.
5. Necrosis
• Necrosis has been defined as a type of uncontrolled
cell death that can occur in response to infection,
toxins, chemicals, injury, or lack of blood supply.
• Morphologically, necrosis is associated with
cytoplasmic swelling (oncosis), rupture of the
plasma membrane, swelling of cytoplasmic
organelles, and moderate chromatin condensation.
7. Characteristics of Apoptosis
• Cell membrane blebbing
• Cell shrinkage
• Chromatin condensation
• Chromosomal DNA fragmentation.
8. There are two basic apoptotic pathways
▫ Extrinsic pathways
▫ Intrinsic pathways
9.
10. Extrinsic (membrane receptor) Pathway
• Initiated by the binding of death ligands (FasL,
TNFs(TRAIL, and TNF-α).
• Followed by death-inducing signaling complex (DISC)
which consist of Fas-associated death domain
(FADD) and procaspases-8/10.
• DISC activates downstream effector caspases (3, 6,
and 7)
• Directly induce cell death Or cleaves the Bcl-2 family
member Bid into tBid to activate intrinsic pathway.
13. Intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway
• Apoptosis can be activated by stimuli coming
within the cell, including cell stressors, such as
hypoxia or lack of nutrients, and agents that
cause damage of DNA or other cell structures
• Maintained between two group of proteins
(Anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-x)
other one is (Pro-apoptotic proteins such as BAK
and BAX)
16. Apoptosis has two biological processes
▫ Physiological process
▫ Pathological process
17. Physiological Apoptosis
• Embryology- fingers and toes
• Neutrophils (PMNs) disappear in acute
inflammation
• Cytotoxic T cells eliminate virus-infected cells
18.
19.
20. Pathological Apoptosis
• Radiation and anticancer drugs damage DNA
and apoptosis follows ( p53 expression)
• Hypoxia- apoptosis (if mild) or necrosis if the
hypoxia is severe or prolonged
21. Apoptosis compared to necrosis
Feature Apoptosis Necrosis
Regulated by organism Yes: involves a series of
enzyme-controlled reactions
No: can occur as a result
of injury
DNA broken down Yes Only after cell has lysed
Cell membrane
disintegration
No Yes
Nuclear membrane
broken down
Yes No
Number of cells affected May be single cells Usually sheets of cells
Energy requirement ATP dependent (active
process)
Energy input not
required (passive
process)
Fate of dead cells Ingested by neighbouring
cells or phagocytes
Ingested by phagocytes
Leakage of cell contents No Yes
End point Cell fragments into smaller
bodies
Lysis of whole cell
22. Why do multicellular organisms need to
regulate the death of their cells?
To allow body structures to grow and develop
correctly.
To remove body structures that are no longer
required.
To regulate the sizes of cell populations in adult
bodies cell proliferation must be balanced with cell
death.
This allows organisms to precisely control the
sizes of their tissues and organs.
23. Thank you for attention!
mahmoud_pirani@yahoo.com
+964 (0) 750 412 8959
Any questions?
Contact information!
Mahmood Kh Pirani (M.Sc Student)