Cell
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe cells using a single lens microscope in the 17th century. He documented red blood cells and the circulatory system. The basic unit of structure and function of organisms is the cell. Cells come in many forms to carry out different functions in the body. The main parts of the cell are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell. The cytoplasm contains organelles that carry out cellular functions. The nucleus contains genetic material that directs cell activities.
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References
3.0 Cell Structure and function (2).pptx
The document discusses cell structure and function at both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic levels. It begins by introducing the basic living unit of structure and function as the cell, noting there are over 100 trillion cells in the human body. It then covers cell size, number and variety across organisms. The rest of the document delves into more specific structures and organelles at both the prokaryotic and eukaryotic levels, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and differences in cellular specialization between unicellular and multicellular organisms.
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THE HUMAN CELL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY / TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE /INTER C...
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Cell parts and functions transport across membranes
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Cell for teaching by pandian M tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, this ppt ...
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More from Abigail Abalos
Pathophysiology of bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is caused by a combination of predisposing genetic and environmental factors that trigger an inflammatory response. This results in bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, and airway obstruction. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. With medical intervention like inhaled steroids and bronchodilators, symptoms can be controlled and prognosis is good. Without treatment, respiratory function declines leading to hypoxemia, respiratory failure, and potentially death.
5. Cellular Aberration
The document discusses various types of cancers including lung carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, leukemia, and lymphomas. It provides information on the incidence, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, classification, and treatment options for each type of cancer. The key points are that lung carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide often due to smoking. Thyroid carcinoma symptoms include neck lumps and thyroid cancer treatment involves surgery and radiation. Pancreatic carcinoma has a very poor prognosis and Whipple procedure is commonly used to remove the pancreatic head. Leukemia is classified based on the affected cell and chronicity, and diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests. Lymphomas are classified by the WHO into non-Hod
Topic 3 NCM 106
The document discusses various diagnostic aids and methods used to detect cancer such as imaging studies, biopsies, blood tests, urine tests, and tumor markers. It also discusses the nomenclature used to describe benign and malignant tumors based on their tissue of origin. Screening guidelines are provided for several common cancer types based on age, gender, and screening method and frequency. The management of cancer is summarized including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and nursing care associated with these treatments. Key aspects of chemotherapy are outlined such as goals of treatment, undesirable side effects, and types of antineoplastic drugs.
3. Cellular Aberration
This document discusses various diagnostic aids and methods used to detect cancer such as imaging studies, biopsies, blood tests, tumor markers, and endoscopy. It also covers the nomenclature used to describe benign and malignant tumors based on their tissue of origin. Screening guidelines for common cancers like breast, cervical, colorectal, and prostate are provided. Finally, it summarizes cancer management approaches including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, and the nursing considerations for each treatment type.
4. Cellular Aberration
This document discusses several types of cancers that affect the female reproductive system. It notes that breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in women, with risk factors including age, family history, reproductive history, and lifestyle factors. It also describes different types of breast cancer surgery and treatments. Cervical cancer is discussed as being linked to HPV infection, with screening and vaccination helping to prevent it. Endometrial and ovarian cancers are also summarized, along with more rare cancers like leiomyosarcoma. Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tools and common treatments are outlined for each cancer type.
Topic 1 Cellular Abberation
1. Cellular aberration refers to abnormalities in cell appearance, size, shape, or structure. Normal cells have distinct morphologies and small nucleus to cytoplasm ratios that decrease as cells mature.
2. Abnormal cells may have unusual sizes, shapes, structures, or nucleus to cytoplasm ratios compared to normal cells of that type.
2. Cellular Aberration
Cancer begins with a genetic mutation in a cell's DNA that causes it to proliferate abnormally and ignore growth-regulating signals. Malignant tumors are invasive and tend to metastasize, spreading to other parts of the body. The characteristics that distinguish malignant tumors from benign ones include uncontrolled growth rate, ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites, and potential to cause death. Several genes play key roles in cancer development, including oncogenes that promote cell growth and tumor suppressor genes that normally inhibit cell proliferation.
The bucket list
The document discusses facing death without fear by accepting God as one's personal savior. It also talks about ministering to someone facing death by quickly explaining God's love for their soul's salvation. Finally, it provides examples from a movie where two cancer patients made a "bucket list" of things to do before dying, which helped them find joy and deal with their loss and grief.
The direct selling entrepreneurial mindset
The document discusses three options for starting a business - the traditional capital-intensive route, operating a small "mom and pop" store, and becoming an independent direct sales distributor. It notes that the direct sales option has a low barrier to entry beyond one's attitude, beliefs, and commitment level. Direct sales allows individuals to control how much they earn and spend on their business and can create long-term customer relationships, making it a sustainable business model.
Antwone fisher reaction paper
Antwone Fisher grew up without parents and was abused by his foster parents. This led him to have a volatile temper and get into frequent fights. He felt abandoned and like he didn't need a family. Navy psychiatrist Dr. Jerome Davenport helped Fisher by having numerous counseling sessions where Fisher was able to open up about his past. Fisher eventually found his biological mother and relatives, which helped him overcome his emotional problems. The film shows how finding family and getting therapeutic help can help address deep-rooted spiritual needs like feeling loved and having faith.
Pathophysiology of tonic clonic seizure
This document summarizes the pathophysiology of seizures. It outlines predisposing factors like family history and precipitating factors like sensory stimuli. It then describes how an epileptogenic focus becomes hyperexcitable, leading to partial depolarization and neurotransmitter release. This lowers the seizure threshold and can be activated by precipitating factors, spreading abnormal electrical discharges between hemispheres. During the tonic phase, muscles stiffen and consciousness is lost. The clonic phase involves rapid muscle contractions and jerking. Finally, the post-ictal phase involves exhaustion and impaired coordination or consciousness.
Bacterial meningitis
Bacterial meningitis can be severe and cause long term effects like hearing loss or learning disabilities, while viral meningitis is generally less severe and resolves without treatment. It is important to determine if meningitis is bacterial or viral and, if bacterial, to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection in order to guide treatment and preventative measures. Meningitis is diagnosed through spinal fluid analysis to check for signs of inflammation and look for bacteria. While some forms of bacterial meningitis can be transmitted between people, viruses that cause meningitis are not as contagious.
Angina pectoris
This document discusses angina pectoris, or chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. It defines three main types of angina - stable, unstable, and variant (Prinzmetal's angina). Stable angina occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest, while unstable angina happens more frequently and is less responsive to treatment. Variant angina involves coronary artery spasms, often occurring at certain times. The document outlines symptoms, risk factors, initiating factors, and common drug treatments for angina, including nitrates like nitroglycerin and calcium channel blockers.
Amoebiasis
This document summarizes amoebiasis, caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It is prevalent in warm climates with unsanitary areas and is acquired by swallowing cysts. The cysts can survive a few days outside the body and pass into the intestines, where they may invade tissues and form liver abscesses. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and tenderness. Treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole and prevention focuses on sanitation, water purification, and hygiene.
Physiologic Disabilities
This document discusses common physiologic disabilities and interventions. It identifies five major problems as pain, stiffness, decreased muscle strength, loss of dexterity, and loss of locomotor ability. Complications of immobility can impact the cardiovascular, respiratory, skin, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, urinary, and neurological systems. Common interventions include rest, assistive devices, heat/cold therapy, traction, bracing, positioning, exercise, medications, nutrition management, and surgery. The goal is to preserve function, prevent deformity, correct existing deformities, and help patients compensate and adapt.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of chronic arthritis that primarily affects the spine. It causes inflammation and stiffness of the spinal joints and surrounding tissues, which can eventually lead to a complete fusion of the spinal bones. The condition is strongly associated with the HLA-B27 genetic marker and tends to develop early, between ages 18-30. While the exact cause is unknown, genetics and immune system factors like tumor necrosis factor are thought to play a role. There is no cure, but treatments can help reduce symptoms, slow the progression, and manage pain.
Nutrients
This document discusses the nutrients carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. It defines each nutrient and classifies them into different types. Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Proteins are made of amino acids and are classified as complete, incomplete, or essential/nonessential. Lipids contain fatty acids and are classified by degree of saturation. The document also describes the functions of each nutrient in the body.
National prevention of blindness program
The document outlines the National Prevention of Blindness Program which aims to eliminate avoidable blindness in the Philippines by 2020 in accordance with the global VISION 2020 initiative. It identifies the top three preventable causes of blindness - cataract, refractive errors, and childhood blindness. The program's vision is for all Filipinos to enjoy the right to sight by 2020 through strengthening partnerships, empowering communities, providing quality eye care, and alleviating poverty by restoring sight. Key objectives include increasing cataract surgeries and reducing visual impairment from refractive errors and childhood blindness.
Minerals
Minerals are inorganic elements needed by the body for functions like building tissues, regulating fluids, and assisting in bodily processes. Major minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and potassium are required in amounts greater than 100mg daily, while trace minerals such as iron, iodine, and zinc are needed in lesser amounts. The document provides details on common food sources, functions, and deficiency/toxicity symptoms for each major and trace mineral.
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Cell
- 1. The Cell
- 6. Image under Compound microscope Scanning EM Transmission EM
- 13. Plasma Membrane
- 14. rane
- 20. Diffusion
- 22. Simple Diffusion
- 27. Passive Processes 2. OSMOSIS = net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane - water moves from an area of higher water to an area of lower water concentration - or, from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration OSMOTIC PRESSURE – depends on the concentration of its solute particles - the higher the solute conc., the higher the osmotic pressure
- 28. Osmosis
- 29. EFFECT of OSMOSIS in CELLS ISOTONIC = any solution in w/c cells maintain their normal shape and volume, concentrations of solutes are same on both sides = tissue fluids, blood plasma, 0.9% NSS, 5% dextrose (glucose) HYPOTONIC = lower concentration of solutes (higher conc. of H2O) than the cytosol inside the cell = cell swells --> ruptures HYPERTONIC = higher concentration of solutes (lower conc. of water) than the cytosol inside the cell = cell shrinks
- 31. Passive Processes 3. FILTRATION = process by w/c H2O and solutes are forced through a membrane (or capillary wall) by fluid or hydrostatic pressure (pressure gradient) e.g. filtering capacity of the kidney (e.g. in urine formation)
- 32. Active Processes 1. ACTIVE TRANSPORT - cellular energy is used to transport substances across the membrane against a concentration gradient (from an area of low to an area of high concentration), needs ATP - splitting of ATP changes the shape of a transporter protein (PUMP) --> moves a substance across the membrane against its conc. gradient - Na, K, H, Ca, I, Cl
- 33. Active Transport
- 34. Active Processes 2. TRANSPORT IN VESICLES - VESICLE – small round sac formed by budding off from an existing membrane - transport substances, take in and release substances - requires energy (ATP)
- 35. 2 Types of Transport in Vesicles 1. ENDOCYTOSIS – materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane - substances are surrounded by a piece of the plasma membrane w/c buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested substances.
- 38. 2 Types of Transport in Vesicles 2. EXOCYTOSIS – results in secretion (release of materials from a cell) a. SECRETORY CELLS – release digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus, etc. b. NERVE CELLS – during release of neurotransmitters * membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles form inside the cell, fuse w/ the cell membrane, and release contents into the ECF
- 39. Exocytosis
- 40. Table. 3.2
- 45. 1. Cytoskeleton 2. INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS – found in parts of cells subject to tension (stretching), hold organelles in place, intercellular attachment 3. MICROTUBULES – long, hollow tubes, determines cell shape, movement of organelles w/in the cell, migration of chromosomes during cell division, movement of cilia and flagella
- 51. 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- 67. Base pairing
- 74. DNA Replication