This document provides information on reinforced concrete design methods and concepts. It discusses the different types of loads considered in building design, the advantages of reinforced concrete, and disadvantages. It also covers working stress method assumptions, modular ratio definition, and limit state method advantages over other methods. Limit state is defined as a state of impending failure beyond which a structure can no longer function satisfactorily in terms of safety or serviceability.
The document provides guidance on loads and forces that should be considered when designing bridges, including:
1. Dead loads, live loads, dynamic loads, longitudinal forces, wind loads, centrifugal forces, horizontal water currents, buoyancy, earth pressures, temperature effects, and seismic loads.
2. It describes the various live load models (Class A, B, 70R, AA) and provides details on load intensity, wheel/track configuration, and load combinations.
3. Design recommendations are given for calculating impact factors, braking forces, wind loads, water current pressures, earth pressures, and seismic forces.
A continuous beam has more than one span carried by multiple supports. It is commonly used in bridge construction since simple beams cannot support large spans without requiring greater strength and stiffness. Continuous prestressed concrete beams provide adequate strength and stiffness while allowing for redistribution of moments, resulting in higher load capacity, reduced deflections, and more evenly distributed bending moments compared to equivalent simple beams. Analysis of continuous beams requires determining primary moments from prestressing, secondary moments induced by support reactions, and the combined resultant moments.
Shear, bond bearing,camber & deflection in prestressed concreteMAHFUZUR RAHMAN
This Presentation was presented as a partial fulfillment of Prestressed Concrete Design Lab Course. Behavior & Design of Prestress on above topic is shortly discussed on the presentation. The part "Shear & Shear Design in Prestressed" Concrete was prepared by me. Other topics were prepared by other members of my group. Thanks to all my teachers & friends who helped us in different stages during preparation of the total presentation.
The document provides information about prestressed concrete design. It discusses various topics related to prestress loss including immediate losses like elastic shortening, anchorage slip, and friction; and time-dependent losses like creep, shrinkage, and relaxation of steel. It describes the different types of prestressing systems and losses associated with pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. Methods to estimate total prestress losses including lump sum approximations and refined estimations are also presented.
The document describes designing a simple beam using STAAD.Pro software. It involves generating the beam geometry, applying loads and supports, analyzing the beam, and designing the beam for concrete. Key steps include assigning the beam properties, applying a fixed support at one end and distributed and point loads, obtaining the loading diagram, shear force and bending moment diagrams, and running the concrete design. The output includes structural drawings, input files, concrete takeoff, and beam design details.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8a - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
The document outlines a presentation on retrofitting concrete structures. It discusses two approaches to retrofitting: global (system) strengthening which adds new elements to enhance stiffness, and local (element) strengthening which targets insufficient member capacities. Examples of global retrofitting mentioned include adding reinforced concrete shear walls and buckling restrained braces. Local retrofitting examples discussed are reinforcement concrete jacketing of columns and beams.
Prestressed concrete combines high-strength concrete and high-strength steel in an active manner by tensioning steel tendons and holding them against the concrete, putting it into compression. This transforms concrete from a brittle to a more elastic material. It allows for optimal use of each material's properties and better behavior under loads. Prestressed concrete was pioneered in the 1930s and its use has expanded, finding applications in bridges and other structures. Common methods are pretensioning and post-tensioning, using various tendon types, with bonded or unbonded configurations. Tensioning is done using mechanical, hydraulic, electrical or chemical devices.
This document provides information about the design of strap footings. It begins with an overview of strap footings, noting they are used to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing to an interior column. The strap transmits moment caused by eccentricity to the interior footing to generate uniform soil pressure beneath both footings.
It then outlines the basic considerations for strap footing design: 1) the strap must be rigid, 2) footings should have equal soil pressures to avoid differential settlement, and 3) the strap should be out of contact with soil to avoid soil reactions. Finally, it provides the step-by-step process for designing a strap footing, including proportioning footing dimensions, evaluating soil pressures, designing reinforcement,
The document provides guidance on loads and forces that should be considered when designing bridges, including:
1. Dead loads, live loads, dynamic loads, longitudinal forces, wind loads, centrifugal forces, horizontal water currents, buoyancy, earth pressures, temperature effects, and seismic loads.
2. It describes the various live load models (Class A, B, 70R, AA) and provides details on load intensity, wheel/track configuration, and load combinations.
3. Design recommendations are given for calculating impact factors, braking forces, wind loads, water current pressures, earth pressures, and seismic forces.
A continuous beam has more than one span carried by multiple supports. It is commonly used in bridge construction since simple beams cannot support large spans without requiring greater strength and stiffness. Continuous prestressed concrete beams provide adequate strength and stiffness while allowing for redistribution of moments, resulting in higher load capacity, reduced deflections, and more evenly distributed bending moments compared to equivalent simple beams. Analysis of continuous beams requires determining primary moments from prestressing, secondary moments induced by support reactions, and the combined resultant moments.
Shear, bond bearing,camber & deflection in prestressed concreteMAHFUZUR RAHMAN
This Presentation was presented as a partial fulfillment of Prestressed Concrete Design Lab Course. Behavior & Design of Prestress on above topic is shortly discussed on the presentation. The part "Shear & Shear Design in Prestressed" Concrete was prepared by me. Other topics were prepared by other members of my group. Thanks to all my teachers & friends who helped us in different stages during preparation of the total presentation.
The document provides information about prestressed concrete design. It discusses various topics related to prestress loss including immediate losses like elastic shortening, anchorage slip, and friction; and time-dependent losses like creep, shrinkage, and relaxation of steel. It describes the different types of prestressing systems and losses associated with pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. Methods to estimate total prestress losses including lump sum approximations and refined estimations are also presented.
The document describes designing a simple beam using STAAD.Pro software. It involves generating the beam geometry, applying loads and supports, analyzing the beam, and designing the beam for concrete. Key steps include assigning the beam properties, applying a fixed support at one end and distributed and point loads, obtaining the loading diagram, shear force and bending moment diagrams, and running the concrete design. The output includes structural drawings, input files, concrete takeoff, and beam design details.
CE 72.52 - Lecture 8a - Retrofitting of RC MembersFawad Najam
The document outlines a presentation on retrofitting concrete structures. It discusses two approaches to retrofitting: global (system) strengthening which adds new elements to enhance stiffness, and local (element) strengthening which targets insufficient member capacities. Examples of global retrofitting mentioned include adding reinforced concrete shear walls and buckling restrained braces. Local retrofitting examples discussed are reinforcement concrete jacketing of columns and beams.
Prestressed concrete combines high-strength concrete and high-strength steel in an active manner by tensioning steel tendons and holding them against the concrete, putting it into compression. This transforms concrete from a brittle to a more elastic material. It allows for optimal use of each material's properties and better behavior under loads. Prestressed concrete was pioneered in the 1930s and its use has expanded, finding applications in bridges and other structures. Common methods are pretensioning and post-tensioning, using various tendon types, with bonded or unbonded configurations. Tensioning is done using mechanical, hydraulic, electrical or chemical devices.
This document provides information about the design of strap footings. It begins with an overview of strap footings, noting they are used to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing to an interior column. The strap transmits moment caused by eccentricity to the interior footing to generate uniform soil pressure beneath both footings.
It then outlines the basic considerations for strap footing design: 1) the strap must be rigid, 2) footings should have equal soil pressures to avoid differential settlement, and 3) the strap should be out of contact with soil to avoid soil reactions. Finally, it provides the step-by-step process for designing a strap footing, including proportioning footing dimensions, evaluating soil pressures, designing reinforcement,
The document discusses the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. It describes workability, segregation, and bleeding as important fresh properties. Workability is affected by water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape. The slump cone test and compaction factor test are described for measuring workability. Hardened properties discussed include compressive strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity. The compression test, flexural strength test, and stress-strain relationship determination are described for evaluating hardened properties.
Structural Analysis And Design is a structural analysis and design software. It includes tools for 3D modeling, analysis, and design of structures according to various international codes. The software was originally developed by Research Engineers International and later acquired by Bentley Systems. It allows engineers to generate models using different elements like frames, plates, and solids. Various types of structures like trusses, planes, and spaces can be modeled and analyzed. The software provides tools for assigning properties, loads, boundary conditions, and performing analysis to calculate member forces and deflections. The results can then be used for structural design of elements like beams, columns, slabs, and foundations.
Concrete permeability is a key factor in its durability. Permeability is affected by water-cement ratio, with lower ratios producing less permeable concrete. Curing also impacts permeability. Proper curing, including moist curing, produces less permeable concrete. Permeability testing involves measuring water flow through a sample over time under pressure. Sulfate attack can occur when sulfates penetrate permeable concrete and form expansive compounds that crack the material. Resistance to sulfates is improved with lower permeability concrete.
This document provides a tutorial for modeling and analyzing a G+10 reinforced concrete building using the structural analysis software ETABS. It outlines the step-by-step process for creating an ETABS model, including defining materials, sections, geometry, loads, supports, and running the analysis. It also describes how to display and interpret the results tabularly and graphically. The tutorial uses the architectural plans and specifications of the example G+10 building to demonstrate modeling the building, assigning properties, meshing, applying loads, and checking the model before running the analysis in ETABS.
Distress of concrete structures & their repair techniquesZaid Ansari
This document discusses concrete distress and repair techniques. It begins by explaining that concrete structures may need repair after 25-30 years of service without maintenance. It then lists common causes of concrete distress like weathering, environmental effects, poor design/construction, and water leakage leading to corrosion. The document outlines expected service lives for different structure types. It also describes common concrete failure modes and causes of early deterioration. The remainder of the document discusses techniques for identifying distressed concrete, various repair materials and methods, and the need for trained concrete workers.
The document discusses concrete, providing information on its composition, types, factors affecting strength, advantages and disadvantages, properties, and applications. It defines concrete as a composite material made primarily of cement, aggregate, and water. Different types of concrete exist based on weight, strength, and purpose. The key components of modern concrete - aggregates, Portland cement, admixtures, and water - are also explained. Finally, the document notes concrete is a versatile construction material used widely in structures like buildings, bridges, and dams.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression prior to service loads being applied through tensioning of steel tendons. This counteracts tensile stresses from loads to improve the performance of the concrete. Eugene Freyssinet is considered the father of prestressed concrete, developing techniques like high strength steel wires and conical wedges for post-tensioning in the 1930s-1940s. Prestressing can be through pre-tensioning or post-tensioning, depending on if the steel is tensioned before or after the concrete is cast. Popular post-tensioning systems include Freyssinet, Magnel Blaton, Gifford-Udall, and Lee-McCall methods. Prestressed concrete provides
This document provides information on elementary structural design. It discusses different types of loads that structures must be designed for, including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, snow loads, and earthquake loads. It describes the classification of loads into vertical/gravity loads, horizontal loads, and longitudinal loads. It also covers design strength, stiffness, and philosophy. The limit state and working stress methods for structural design are introduced. Characteristic and design strengths are defined based on partial safety factors specified in the Indian code IS 456-2000.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HIGH RISE BUILDING BY USING ETABSila vamsi krishna
RESULT OF ANALYSIS:
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/results-of-etabs-on-high-rise-residential-buildings
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BUILDING BY USING STAAD PRO PPT link :
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/analysis-and-design-of-mutistoried-residential-building-by-using-staad-pro
FOR FULL REPORT:
vamsiila@gmail.com
The document describes the layers of a concrete road, including:
1) A filling or cutting layer for leveling the ground
2) A 300mm thick subgrade murrum layer underneath
3) A granular sub-base layer made of crushed stone 0-40mm aggregate
4) A dry lean concrete layer used as a base with a higher aggregate to cement ratio
5) A top pavement quality concrete layer made with 32mm aggregate designed for heavy traffic.
Design principles in prefabricated structures unit iii ce6016 pfsPrakash Kumar Sekar
CE6016 PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES - Design principles in prefabricated structures unit iii ce6016 pfs - Disuniting of structures- Design of cross section based on the efficiency of material used – Problems in design because of joint flexibility ---- Allowance for joint deformation
This document provides an introduction to steel-concrete composite structures. It explains that steel-concrete composite elements use concrete's compressive strength alongside steel's tensile strength, resulting in a highly efficient and lightweight unit commonly used for buildings and bridges. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of reinforced concrete structures, steel structures, and steel-concrete composite structures. Examples of existing steel-concrete composite buildings are also presented.
This document provides an introduction and literature review on concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns. Some key points:
1) CFST columns utilize the advantages of both steel and concrete by using a steel hollow section filled with concrete. They are widely used in building construction.
2) Previous research has shown CFST columns have improved structural performance due to confinement of the concrete core by the steel tube. They also have construction advantages due to their simple erection sequence.
3) The literature review covers the behavior of CFST under different load cases like axial, bending, and combined loads. It also discusses design concepts, analytical methods, and codes/standards for CFST columns.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
This document provides information on bridge planning, design, classification and components. It discusses:
1. The key steps in bridge planning including studying needs, alternatives, design and implementation.
2. Common bridge classifications including material (masonry, concrete, steel), structural type (slab, girder, truss), and purpose (road, rail).
3. The main components of a typical T-beam bridge including the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, abutments and foundations. Methods for designing the deck slab and cantilever portions are outlined.
Workability refers to the ease with which fresh concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. It is affected by factors like water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape, grading and surface texture. Increasing water content or using admixtures improves workability by acting as a lubricant between particles. Larger, rounded aggregates require less water than smaller, angular ones. Well-graded aggregates with minimal voids also increase workability. Workability can be measured using slump, compacting factor, flow, or Vee Bee tests.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
This document discusses the design of compression members subjected to axial load and biaxial bending. It introduces the concept of biaxial eccentricities and explains that columns should be designed considering possible eccentricities in two axes. The document outlines the method suggested by IS 456-2000, which is based on Breslar's load contour approach. It relates the parameter αn to the ratio of Pu/Puz. Finally, it provides a step-by-step process for designing the column section, which involves determining uniaxial moment capacities, computing permissible moment values from charts, and revising the section if needed. It also briefly mentions the simplified method according to BS8110.
The document discusses the different types of shrinkage that can occur in concrete, including plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, and carbonation shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage causes cracks on the surface of fresh concrete due to evaporation before setting. Drying shrinkage is defined as the contraction of hardened concrete from the loss of capillary water, which can lead to cracking, warping, and deflection without any external loading. In summary, the document outlines the main types of volume changes and shrinkage that concrete undergoes both during the plastic and hardened states.
This presentation summarizes the key aspects of one-way slab design. It defines one-way slabs as having an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, with bending primarily along the long axis. The presentation discusses the types of one-way slabs including solid, hollow, and ribbed. It also outlines the design considerations for one-way slabs according to the ACI code, including minimum thickness, reinforcement ratios, and bar spacing. An example problem demonstrates how to design a one-way slab for a given set of loading and dimensional conditions.
Reinforced concrete slabs are used in floors, roofs, and walls. They can span in one or two directions and be supported by beams, walls, or columns. This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete slabs, including types of slabs, load analysis, shear design, reinforcement details, and provides examples of designing solid slabs spanning in one direction. The goal is to teach students to properly design and analyze reinforced concrete slabs according to code.
The document discusses the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. It describes workability, segregation, and bleeding as important fresh properties. Workability is affected by water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape. The slump cone test and compaction factor test are described for measuring workability. Hardened properties discussed include compressive strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity. The compression test, flexural strength test, and stress-strain relationship determination are described for evaluating hardened properties.
Structural Analysis And Design is a structural analysis and design software. It includes tools for 3D modeling, analysis, and design of structures according to various international codes. The software was originally developed by Research Engineers International and later acquired by Bentley Systems. It allows engineers to generate models using different elements like frames, plates, and solids. Various types of structures like trusses, planes, and spaces can be modeled and analyzed. The software provides tools for assigning properties, loads, boundary conditions, and performing analysis to calculate member forces and deflections. The results can then be used for structural design of elements like beams, columns, slabs, and foundations.
Concrete permeability is a key factor in its durability. Permeability is affected by water-cement ratio, with lower ratios producing less permeable concrete. Curing also impacts permeability. Proper curing, including moist curing, produces less permeable concrete. Permeability testing involves measuring water flow through a sample over time under pressure. Sulfate attack can occur when sulfates penetrate permeable concrete and form expansive compounds that crack the material. Resistance to sulfates is improved with lower permeability concrete.
This document provides a tutorial for modeling and analyzing a G+10 reinforced concrete building using the structural analysis software ETABS. It outlines the step-by-step process for creating an ETABS model, including defining materials, sections, geometry, loads, supports, and running the analysis. It also describes how to display and interpret the results tabularly and graphically. The tutorial uses the architectural plans and specifications of the example G+10 building to demonstrate modeling the building, assigning properties, meshing, applying loads, and checking the model before running the analysis in ETABS.
Distress of concrete structures & their repair techniquesZaid Ansari
This document discusses concrete distress and repair techniques. It begins by explaining that concrete structures may need repair after 25-30 years of service without maintenance. It then lists common causes of concrete distress like weathering, environmental effects, poor design/construction, and water leakage leading to corrosion. The document outlines expected service lives for different structure types. It also describes common concrete failure modes and causes of early deterioration. The remainder of the document discusses techniques for identifying distressed concrete, various repair materials and methods, and the need for trained concrete workers.
The document discusses concrete, providing information on its composition, types, factors affecting strength, advantages and disadvantages, properties, and applications. It defines concrete as a composite material made primarily of cement, aggregate, and water. Different types of concrete exist based on weight, strength, and purpose. The key components of modern concrete - aggregates, Portland cement, admixtures, and water - are also explained. Finally, the document notes concrete is a versatile construction material used widely in structures like buildings, bridges, and dams.
Prestressed concrete is concrete that is placed under compression prior to service loads being applied through tensioning of steel tendons. This counteracts tensile stresses from loads to improve the performance of the concrete. Eugene Freyssinet is considered the father of prestressed concrete, developing techniques like high strength steel wires and conical wedges for post-tensioning in the 1930s-1940s. Prestressing can be through pre-tensioning or post-tensioning, depending on if the steel is tensioned before or after the concrete is cast. Popular post-tensioning systems include Freyssinet, Magnel Blaton, Gifford-Udall, and Lee-McCall methods. Prestressed concrete provides
This document provides information on elementary structural design. It discusses different types of loads that structures must be designed for, including dead loads, live loads, wind loads, snow loads, and earthquake loads. It describes the classification of loads into vertical/gravity loads, horizontal loads, and longitudinal loads. It also covers design strength, stiffness, and philosophy. The limit state and working stress methods for structural design are introduced. Characteristic and design strengths are defined based on partial safety factors specified in the Indian code IS 456-2000.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HIGH RISE BUILDING BY USING ETABSila vamsi krishna
RESULT OF ANALYSIS:
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/results-of-etabs-on-high-rise-residential-buildings
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BUILDING BY USING STAAD PRO PPT link :
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/analysis-and-design-of-mutistoried-residential-building-by-using-staad-pro
FOR FULL REPORT:
vamsiila@gmail.com
The document describes the layers of a concrete road, including:
1) A filling or cutting layer for leveling the ground
2) A 300mm thick subgrade murrum layer underneath
3) A granular sub-base layer made of crushed stone 0-40mm aggregate
4) A dry lean concrete layer used as a base with a higher aggregate to cement ratio
5) A top pavement quality concrete layer made with 32mm aggregate designed for heavy traffic.
Design principles in prefabricated structures unit iii ce6016 pfsPrakash Kumar Sekar
CE6016 PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES - Design principles in prefabricated structures unit iii ce6016 pfs - Disuniting of structures- Design of cross section based on the efficiency of material used – Problems in design because of joint flexibility ---- Allowance for joint deformation
This document provides an introduction to steel-concrete composite structures. It explains that steel-concrete composite elements use concrete's compressive strength alongside steel's tensile strength, resulting in a highly efficient and lightweight unit commonly used for buildings and bridges. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of reinforced concrete structures, steel structures, and steel-concrete composite structures. Examples of existing steel-concrete composite buildings are also presented.
This document provides an introduction and literature review on concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns. Some key points:
1) CFST columns utilize the advantages of both steel and concrete by using a steel hollow section filled with concrete. They are widely used in building construction.
2) Previous research has shown CFST columns have improved structural performance due to confinement of the concrete core by the steel tube. They also have construction advantages due to their simple erection sequence.
3) The literature review covers the behavior of CFST under different load cases like axial, bending, and combined loads. It also discusses design concepts, analytical methods, and codes/standards for CFST columns.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
This document provides information on bridge planning, design, classification and components. It discusses:
1. The key steps in bridge planning including studying needs, alternatives, design and implementation.
2. Common bridge classifications including material (masonry, concrete, steel), structural type (slab, girder, truss), and purpose (road, rail).
3. The main components of a typical T-beam bridge including the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, abutments and foundations. Methods for designing the deck slab and cantilever portions are outlined.
Workability refers to the ease with which fresh concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. It is affected by factors like water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape, grading and surface texture. Increasing water content or using admixtures improves workability by acting as a lubricant between particles. Larger, rounded aggregates require less water than smaller, angular ones. Well-graded aggregates with minimal voids also increase workability. Workability can be measured using slump, compacting factor, flow, or Vee Bee tests.
The document discusses ductility and ductile detailing in reinforced concrete structures. It states that structures should be designed to have lateral strength, deformability, and ductility to resist earthquakes with limited damage and no collapse. Ductility allows structures to develop their full strength through internal force redistribution. Detailing of reinforcement is important to avoid brittle failure and induce ductile behavior by allowing steel to yield in a controlled manner. Shear walls are also discussed as vertical reinforced concrete elements that help structures resist earthquake loads in a ductile manner.
This document discusses the design of compression members subjected to axial load and biaxial bending. It introduces the concept of biaxial eccentricities and explains that columns should be designed considering possible eccentricities in two axes. The document outlines the method suggested by IS 456-2000, which is based on Breslar's load contour approach. It relates the parameter αn to the ratio of Pu/Puz. Finally, it provides a step-by-step process for designing the column section, which involves determining uniaxial moment capacities, computing permissible moment values from charts, and revising the section if needed. It also briefly mentions the simplified method according to BS8110.
The document discusses the different types of shrinkage that can occur in concrete, including plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, and carbonation shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage causes cracks on the surface of fresh concrete due to evaporation before setting. Drying shrinkage is defined as the contraction of hardened concrete from the loss of capillary water, which can lead to cracking, warping, and deflection without any external loading. In summary, the document outlines the main types of volume changes and shrinkage that concrete undergoes both during the plastic and hardened states.
This presentation summarizes the key aspects of one-way slab design. It defines one-way slabs as having an aspect ratio of 2:1 or greater, with bending primarily along the long axis. The presentation discusses the types of one-way slabs including solid, hollow, and ribbed. It also outlines the design considerations for one-way slabs according to the ACI code, including minimum thickness, reinforcement ratios, and bar spacing. An example problem demonstrates how to design a one-way slab for a given set of loading and dimensional conditions.
Reinforced concrete slabs are used in floors, roofs, and walls. They can span in one or two directions and be supported by beams, walls, or columns. This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete slabs, including types of slabs, load analysis, shear design, reinforcement details, and provides examples of designing solid slabs spanning in one direction. The goal is to teach students to properly design and analyze reinforced concrete slabs according to code.
P Venkata Ramana Murthy has over 28 years of experience in operations management, quality management, planning, and team management. He is proficient in production operations, quality control, and project completion. Some of his responsibilities have included maintaining and upgrading quality systems, conducting audits, preparing standard operating procedures, and supplier development. He has worked in various industries like manufacturing, life sciences, and engineering. He holds a postgraduate diploma in marketing management and a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering.
This document summarizes the analysis and design of an RC beam according to Eurocode standards. It provides details of the beam geometry, materials, loading, and results of the structural analysis. The summary analyzes the beam over two zones for positive and negative bending moments to check reinforcement requirements for strength and crack control are satisfied according to code specifications.
Sachpazis RC Slab Analysis and Design in accordance with EN 1992 1-1 2004-Two...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
- GEODOMISI Ltd is a civil and geotechnical engineering consulting company located in Greece.
- The document provides details on the analysis and design of a reinforced concrete slab according to Eurocode standards, including slab dimensions, material properties, loading, and reinforcement design calculations at various locations.
- The reinforcement designs at midspan and supports in both span directions meet code requirements for area of steel and bar spacing.
This document discusses the types and design of slabs. It covers one-way slabs that are supported on beams, joists, walls or columns and directly on the ground. It also discusses determining the thickness of one-way slabs based on the equivalent beam width and including temperature and shrinkage reinforcement.
This document discusses the design of one-way and two-way concrete slabs. It provides formulas and steps for determining slab thickness, loads on the slab, bending moments, and steel reinforcement ratios and amounts. An example problem is presented that demonstrates the design of a two-way slab with given dimensions, live load, and material properties. The loads, moments, and reinforcement ratios and areas are calculated for the slab.
This document discusses joist floor systems which use closely spaced precast concrete beams or joists to form long-span floors. Removable metal pans are typically used to form the T-shaped joists during casting. It provides details on standard joist construction including pan dimensions, spacing requirements, minimum slab thicknesses based on fire ratings, and guidelines for layout including use of distribution ribs.
This document provides design guidelines for one-way joist slabs. It discusses calculating loads and moments for the top slab and joists. For the top slab, the document describes checking if the un-cracked moment capacity is greater than the factored moment, and if not, calculating temperature and shrinkage reinforcement. For the joists, it outlines calculating span length, thickness, loads, moments and shear, then determining reinforcement by checking the depth of the neutral axis and reinforcement ratios and spacing.
This document provides information about the course "Design & Detailing of RC Structures 10CV321" taught by Dr. G.S. Suresh at NIE Mysore. It lists several reference books for the course and provides the evaluation pattern for both theory and drawing components. It also outlines the course content which includes limit state design method, stress-strain behavior of materials, assumptions in limit state design, behavior of reinforced concrete beams, stress block parameters, and calculation of ultimate flexural strength.
Construction Insitu Rc Suspended Floors Using Bm Bending Moment Formula MathsDaniel Ross
Ribbed floors are used to reduce the depth of traditional cast-in-place concrete beam and slab floors. They replace wide, deep beams with narrow, shallow beams or ribs that carry a small amount of slab loading. Ribbed floors can be designed as either one-way or two-way spanning systems. They are usually cast against removable molds to form the ribs and are temporarily supported by decking and props.
1. The nominal resisting moment of reinforced concrete beams with compression steel is calculated as the sum of two parts: the moment due to compression concrete and tensile steel, and the moment due to compression steel and tensile steel.
2. The strain in the compression steel is checked to determine if it has yielded, and then the compression stress is calculated.
3. The analysis procedure involves determining the neutral axis location, checking compression steel yield, and calculating section ductility and design moment strength.
This document provides an introduction to the analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the American Concrete Institute building code and the strength design method. It describes different types of loads like dead and live loads. It then gives an overview of common reinforced concrete structural systems like flat plate, beam-column frame, and shear wall systems. Finally, it discusses the basic behavior and properties of structural members like beams, columns, slabs, and walls.
Lec.2 statically determinate structures & statically indeterminate struct...Muthanna Abbu
The student will learn the determination of internal forces in different structures and the
kind of forces distribution due to external & internal effects .He will also learn about the
structures deformation due to these effects .
This document discusses hollow block and ribbed slabs, which are concrete slabs reinforced with either hollow concrete blocks or concrete ribs. It outlines the benefits of hollow block slabs, including improved insulation, easier installation without formwork, and reduced weight. Various international codes have different limitations on the design of these slabs, such as the maximum distance between ribs. The document also provides pictures from construction sites and gives an overview of the design process and limitations for hollow block and ribbed slabs according to different codes like ACI, BS, and Eurocode. It concludes with a solved example problem.
The document discusses different types of concrete hollow blocks used in construction. It describes concrete hollow blocks as large rectangular bricks made of cast concrete containing Portland cement and aggregates. The document outlines five main types of concrete hollow blocks: hollow load-bearing blocks, solid load-bearing blocks, hollow non-load bearing blocks, concrete building tiles, and concrete bricks. It also discusses different block arrangements used in masonry structures and defines terms like stretcher, corner, double corner, bull nose, and jamb blocks.
This report compares design codes for hollow block and ribbed slabs. It includes:
- A comparison of limitations between Egyptian, British, Euro and American codes on rib spacing, slab thickness, and other parameters.
- Solved examples for one-way and two-way slabs according to different codes, finding the Egyptian code most economical.
- Analysis of using one or two cross-ribs, determining one rib at midspan is sufficient.
- Different modeling methods for the slabs in structural analysis software, with minor differences in results.
- Case studies presented for one-way, cantilever, two-way hollow block slabs, and ribbed slabs using
Design of reinforced concrete structures(one way slab)+with calculation.Rifat Bin Ahmed
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides details on the design of a continuous one-way reinforced concrete slab. It includes minimum thickness requirements, equations for calculating moments and shear, maximum reinforcement ratios, and minimum reinforcement ratios. An example is then provided to demonstrate the design process. The slab is designed to have a thickness of 6 inches with 0.39 in2/ft of tension reinforcement in the negative moment region and 0.33 in2/ft in the positive moment region.
1. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of reinforced concrete as a structural material and its wide use in structures.
2. It outlines key design assumptions used in reinforced concrete design including strain compatibility between concrete and steel, stress-strain relationships of materials, and failure conditions.
3. It describes the behavior of reinforced concrete beams under increasing loads and how cracking occurs initially in the tension side before steel reinforcement engages to resist bending.
This document discusses reinforced concrete design. It covers topics such as constituent materials and properties, basic principles, analysis methods, strength of concrete, stress-strain curves, modulus of elasticity, assumptions in design, failure modes, design philosophies, safety provisions, structural elements, and analysis of reinforced concrete sections. Flexural failure modes and equations of equilibrium for reinforced concrete design are also presented.
Effect of creep on composite steel concrete sectionKamel Farid
Creep and Shrinkage are inelastic and time-varying strains.
For Steel-Concrete Composite beam creep and shrinkage are highly associated with concrete.
Simple approach depending on modular ratio has been adopted to compute the elastic section properties instead of the theoretically complex calculations of creep.
2 marks Question with Answer for Design of Reinforced Cement Concrete Elements shielaBalanta2
This document contains a question bank with answers related to the design of reinforced cement concrete elements. It includes 37 questions covering topics like the definition of reinforced concrete, ingredients of plain cement concrete, imposed loads on buildings, working stress method assumptions, factor of safety, ultimate load design method, advantages of limit state method, partial safety factors, limit states of collapse and serviceability, stress-strain curves, nominal vs design concrete mixes, factors governing mix design, differences between working stress and limit state design methods, expressions for modulus of elasticity and flexural strength, formulas for neutral axis depth and lever arm factors, definitions of under reinforced, over reinforced and balanced sections, span to depth ratios, limiting neutral axis depth, characteristic strength, limit
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
IRJET- Flexural Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Hollow Core at Vari...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams with hollow cores at various depths below the neutral axis. Four beams were cast - one control beam without a hollow core, and three beams with a hollow core created using a 25mm PVC pipe placed at depths of 46.5mm, 79mm, and 112.5mm below the neutral axis. The beams were tested after 28 days and the load carrying capacity, deflection behavior, crack patterns, and flexural strength were analyzed and compared. The results showed that the beam with a hollow core at 79mm depth had the highest load carrying capacity and flexural strength, indicating the optimal depth is below the neutral axis. Introducing a hollow core provided
Name: Sadia Mahajabin
ID : 10.01.03.098
4th year 2nd Semester
Section : B
Department of Civil Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of design in reinforced concrete according to BS 8110. It discusses the basic materials used - concrete and steel reinforcement - and their properties. It describes two limit states for design: ultimate limit state considering failure, and serviceability limit state considering deflection and cracking. Key aspects of beam design are summarized, including types of beams, design for bending and shear resistance, and limiting deflection. Reinforcement detailing rules are also briefly covered. Design examples are provided to illustrate bending and shear design of beams.
Deflection control in rcc beams by using mild steel strips (an experimental i...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses an experimental investigation into using mild steel strips as a composite material with traditional reinforced concrete beams to help control deflection.
2) Three types of beams were tested - a control RCC beam, and two beams with mild steel strips embedded vertically along the sides in different configurations to increase stiffness.
3) Preliminary results found that deflection was reduced by about 30% and strength increased by about 25% in the composite beams compared to the control beam.
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This document presents an overview of the theory and design of composite beams with steel decks according to the AISC Specification. It discusses general considerations for composite beam design including that it is most efficient for heavy loading and long spans. It also summarizes provisions for fully and partially composite beams, requirements for shored and unshored construction, and considerations for end reactions, deflection, use of different material strengths, and use of cover plates.
Experimental Investigation on Steel Concrete Composite Floor SlabIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel-concrete composite floor slabs. Cold-formed steel decking with trapezoidal profiles was used to construct composite floor slabs with concrete. Shear connectors in the form of stud bolts connected the steel decking to the concrete. Three specimens were tested - an RCC slab, a composite slab, and a composite truss. The composite truss was fabricated from steel and connected to the decking and concrete with shear connectors. All specimens were tested for load carrying capacity. The composite truss performed comparably to the RCC slab and was found to effectively transfer loads through composite action between the steel and concrete components.
The Study of Flexural and Ultimate Behavior of Ferrocement Lightweight Beam b...IRJET Journal
1. The study examines the flexural and ultimate behavior of ferrocement lightweight beams using autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks.
2. Six beams were tested - three reinforced concrete beams and three ferrocement beams. Testing involved applying a single point load until failure and recording the first crack load, ultimate load, and deflections.
3. Test results found that ferrocement beams gave early warning of failure through initial cracking compared to sudden failure in reinforced concrete beams. Ferrocement beams also experienced greater deflections than reinforced concrete beams under the same loads.
T-Beam Design by USD method-10.01.03.102Sadia Mitu
This document defines and describes T-beams, which are concrete beams with a flange formed by a monolithically cast slab. It provides definitions of T-beams, explaining that the slab acts as a compression flange while the web below resists shear and separates bending forces. The document outlines the ultimate strength design method and effective flange width concept used in T-beam analysis and design. It then presents the design procedure for T-beams, discussing analysis of positive and negative bending moments as well as singly and doubly reinforced beams. Advantages and disadvantages of T-beams are listed at the end.
Calulation of deflection and crack width according to is 456 2000Vikas Mehta
This document discusses the calculation of crack width in reinforced concrete flexural members. It provides information on:
1) Crack width is calculated to satisfy serviceability limits and is only relevant for Type 3 pre-stressed concrete members that crack under service loads.
2) Crack width depends on factors like amount of pre-stress, tensile stress in bars, concrete cover thickness, bar diameter and spacing, member depth and location of neutral axis, bond strength, and concrete tensile strength.
3) The method of calculation involves determining the shortest distance from the surface to a bar and using equations involving member depth, neutral axis depth, average strain at the surface level. Permissible crack widths are specified depending on exposure
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Effect of Relative Stiffness of Beam-Column Joint on Internal Forces i...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of relative stiffness of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete structures. It presents research analyzing the behavior of partially restrained beam-column connections using the STAAD.Pro software. The study varies the grade of concrete to change the relative stiffness of the joint and observes the impact on internal forces. It calculates section properties and compares results from two methods - considering the full cross-sectional area versus accounting for the moment of inertia of steel reinforcement. The objectives are to study how relative joint stiffness and concrete/steel properties affect flexural and compressive strengths.
The document compares the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams and prestressed concrete beams. It discusses the materials and specifications used, including concrete grades of M20 for reinforced concrete and M35 for prestressed concrete. An experimental program is described that involved casting and testing beams of both types with the same cross-section but different reinforcement. The results showed that prestressed concrete beams had 12.4% higher moment resistance and 60% less ultimate deflection compared to reinforced concrete beams. Prestressed beams also had a higher cracking moment and shear failure rather than flexural failure. Overall, the prestressed concrete beams exhibited better structural behavior than the reinforced concrete beams.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
This document summarizes a study on the flexural behavior of beams made of hollow concrete blocks with reinforcement. Four reinforced concrete masonry beams were constructed and tested. The results showed that the moment capacity of the beams increased with higher percentages of tensile reinforcement. Cracks initially formed in the middle of the beams where bending moments were highest. Cracks propagated through the mortar joints which are the weakest points. The failure loads from testing matched closely with values calculated from ultimate limit state theory. In conclusion, reinforced hollow concrete block masonry can effectively resist bending forces when properly designed.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Ce1302 design of rc elements
1. Page 1
04. What are the different types of loads that have to be considered in the design of a
building?
The different types of loads that have to be considered in the design of a building are
a. Dead load
b. Live load
c. Wind load
d. Snow load
e. Earth quake load
01. List out the advantages of reinforced cement concrete when compared with other
building materials.
The advantages of reinforced cement concrete are
a. Concrete is workable when green and strong when hardens
b. It can be moulded into any required shape and size
c. The raw materials required are easily available
d. Skill is not required for casting concrete elements
e. Concrete is durable, fire resisting and rigid
f. Concrete requires less maintenance.
02. List out the disadvantages of reinforced cement concrete when compared with other
building materials.
The disadvantages of reinforced cement concrete are (Any four)
a. The self-weight of the structural elements will be more while concrete is used
b. Concrete has a very low tensile strength. Hence cracks will form in the tension zone if
reinforcement is not provided properly.
c. Cracks develop in concrete, also due to shrinkage, creep, temperature etc. which
permit seepage of water into the concrete. This causes corrosion of steel
reinforcement and thereby peeling of concrete
d. Concrete has poor insulating property
e. Dismantling and reusing of concrete elements are mostly not possible
f. Concrete is brittle in nature and hence has low impact resisting capacity.
03. State the important factors to be considered while designing structural elements.
The important factors to be considered while designing structurfal elements are Strength,
Serviceability, durability and fire resistance.
SUBJECT NAME: CE1302 DESIGN OF RC ELEMENTS YEAR / SEM : III / V
UNIT – I
PART - A
2. Page 2
05. What are different methods used in design of reinforced concrete members? (or)
Name the different methods of design of reinforced concrete members, which are
accepted in practice.
The different methods used in design of reinforced concrete members are as follows.
a.Working Stress Method or Modular Ratio Method
b.Ultimate Load Method or Load Factor Method
c.Limit State Method
06. What is meant by working stress method? Or What does the working stress
mean?
Working stress method is based on the elastic theory in which the materials (concrete
and steel), are assumed to be stressed well below their elastic limit under the design
loads.
(Or)
.
WSD is based on the working loads and the criterion for the strength of the structure is
its capacity to sustain the loads and forces imposed on it.
07. State the advantages of Working Stress Method.
The advantages of working stress method are as follows:
a. The design usually results in relatively large sections of structural members,
compared to ultimate load. Due to this, structures designed by working stress
method give better serviceability performance under working loads.
b. This method is only the method available when one has to investigate the
reinforced concrete section for service stresses and for the serviceability state
of deflection and cracking.
08. List out the disadvantages of Working Stress Method.
The disadvantages of working stress method are as follows:
a. This method deals with only the elastic behaviour of the structure. It will not
show its real strength or the true factor of safety against failure.
b. The modular ratio itself is an imaginary quantity, It will give larger design, thus
resulting in uneconomical sections with compression members when
compression steel is used in bending members.
c. Due to creep and non-linear stress-strain relationship, concrete does not have a
fixed young’s modulus as in steel.
d. The working stress method fails to discriminate between different types of loads
that act simultaneously but have different uncertainties.
09. State the assumptions in case of working stress theory of bending as applied in
case of reinforced concrete section.
3. Page 3
The fundamental assumptions involved in the method based on elastic theory are:
a) At any cross-section, plane sections before bending remain plane after bending.
b) All tensile stresses are taken up by the reinforcements and none by concrete.
c) The stress-strain relationship of steel and concrete under working load is linear.
d) There is proper bond between steel and concrete.
e) The modular ratio m has the value
cbcσ3
280
, where σcbc is the maximum
permissible stress due to bending in concrete in N/sq.mm.
10. What is modular ratio?
The ratio of modulus or elasticity of steel (Es) to the modulus of elasticity of concrete
(Ec) is called as modular ratio and it is denoted by the symbol m.
(Or)
According to IS code, the modular ratio m has the value
cbcσ3
280
, where σcbc is the
maximum permissible stress due to bending in concrete in N/sq.mm.
11. Why is the prescribed value of modular ratio ‘m’, of any grade of concrete much
greater than those obtained by general formula, m =
C
S
E
E
?
The creep or any long-term effect goes on continuously deforming the elements during
the whole life time of a Reinforced concrete structure and, in effect, lowers the modulus
of elasticity of concrete. Thus actual smaller value of EC results in higher modulus ratio
‘m’.
12 What is Equivalent area of section?
The area of concrete plus modular ratio times area of steel whether tension or
compression, is called as Equivalent area of section.
13 Define the terms i) Gross section, ii) Transformed section, iii) Cracked section
based on IS 456.
Gross section : The cross-section of the member ignoring reinforcement.
Transformed section : The concrete area plus the area of reinforcement transformed on
the basis of modular ratio.
Cracked section : The area of concrete in compression plus the area of
reinforcement transformed basis of the modular ratio.
4. Page 4
PART – B
1 A singly reinforced concrete beam is of width 450mm and effective depth 715mm. It is reinforced
with 8Nos.20mm mild steel bars. Assuming M20 concrete, determine its moment of resistance
according to the working stress method. Determine also the stress in steel when the beam is
subjected to the above moment.
2 Determine the reinforcement for a T beam with flange width = 1500mm, web width = 300mm,
thickness of slab = 100mm, effective depth 735mm, to carry a moment of 380kNm due to
characteristic loads. Use M25 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Using Working Stress Design.
3 A singly reinforced concrete beam is of width 400mm and effective depth 615mm. It is reinforced
with 8Nos.20mm mild steel bars. Assuming M25 concrete, determine its moment of resistance
according to the working stress method. Determine also the stress in steel when the beam is
subjected to the above moment.
4 Design a rectangular slab supported on its all four edges (600mm thick) over a classroom of size
4.8m x6.2m. Two adjacent edges of the slab are discontinuous and the remaining two edges are
continuous. A finishing surface of cement concrete of 20mm shall be provided over the slab. The
slab shall be used as classroom. M20 grade of concrete and HYSD bars shall be used. The unit
weight of finishing surface concrete is 24KN/m3.
5 Design a rectangular beam section subjected to an ultimate moment of 120kNm. Use concrete M20
and steel Fe415. Adopt limit state method.
5. Page 5
UNIT - II
PART- A
1 Define Underreinforced section.
A beam reaches its permissible stress in steel under the working moment before concrete
reaches its stress is called as Underreinforced section.
(Or)
A section having actual neutral axis less than the critical neutral axis is known as
Underreinforced section.
(Or)
A section having steel percentage less than the critical percentage is known as
Underreinforced section.
(Or)
Underreinforced section is one in which the area of tensile reinforcement provided is less
than the required for balanced section.
2 Define Overreinforced section.
A beam reaches its permissible stress in concrete under the working moment before steel
reaches its stress is called as Overreinforced section.
(Or)
A section having actual neutral axis greater than the critical neutral axis is known as
Overreinforced section.
(Or)
A section having steel percentage greater than the critical percentage is known as
Overreinforced section.
(Or)
An overreinforced section is one in which the area of tensile reinforcement provided is
more than the required for balanced section.
3 What is singly reinforced section?
The section reinforced in tension zone only is known as singly reinforced section.
4 What is Doubly Reinforced section?
The section reinforced in both tension and compression zone is known as doubly
reinforced section.
5 What is meant by limit state? (Or ) Define limit state.
6. Page 6
A limit state is a state of impending failure beyond which a structure ceases to perform
its intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either safety or serviceability.
(Or)
The condition or the state at which the structure or part of a structure becomes unfit
for its use is called limit state.
6 State the advantages of limit state method over the other methods.
Advantages of limit state method over the other methods
a. In the limit state method of analysis, the principles of both elastic as well as
plastic theories used and hence suitable for concrete structures.
b. The structure designed by limit state method is safe and serviceable under
design loads and at the same time it is ensured that the structure does not
collapse even under the worst possible loading conditions.
c. The process of stress redistribution, moment redistribution etc., are
considered in the analysis and more realistic factor of safety values are used
in the design. Hence the design by limit state method is found to be more
economical.
d. The overall sizes of flexural members (depth requirements) arrived by limit
state method are less and hence they provide better appearance to the
structure
e. Because of the modified assumptions regarding the maximum compressive
strains in concrete and steel, the design of compressive reinforcement for
double reinforced beams and eccentrically loaded columns by limit state
method gives realistic valued which is not so in other methods.
7 List out the types of limit state (or) What are the various limit states? (or) State
the different limit states considered in the design.
7. Page 7
The different types of limit state are
a. Limit state of Collapse
i. Flexure
ii. Compression
iii. Shear and Torsion
b. Limit state of Serviceability
i. Deflection
ii. Cracking
c. Limit state of Durability
i. Fire resistance
ii. Environmental and chemical actions
iii. Resistance to accidental collapse
8 Draw the stress-strain curve for concrete.
STRESS
0
STRAIN
0.00350.002
0.67 fck
0.67 fck / m
fck
Stress - Strain for Concrete
9 Sketch the typical stress-strain curve for mild steel bars and HYSD bars.
8. Page 8
0
E = 2 ,0 0 ,0 0 0 N / s q .m
S T R A INSTRESS
S T R E S S - S T R A IN C U R V E
F O R M IL D S T E E L B A R S
S T R A IN
STRESS
S T R E S S - S T R A IN C U R V E
F O R H Y S D B A R S
10 Classify the slabs depending on the direction of spanning (direction of
distribution of loads).
The slab depending on the direction of spanning (direction of distribution of loads)
a. One way slabs
b. Two way slabs
11 What is One-way Slab
If the ratio of long span to short span is greater than or equal to 2, the slab is to be
defined as one-way slab or slab spanning in one direction.
(or)
When the slab is supported only on two opposite sides, the slab bends in one direction
only; hence it is called a one-way slab.
12. Define Two- way Slab
If the ratio of long span to short span is less than or equal to 2, the slab is to be defined
as two-way slab or slab spanning in one direction.
(or)
When the slab is supported on all four sides, the slab bends in both directions; hence it
is called a two-way slab.
13. What type of slabs are usually used in practice, underreinforced or
overreinforced?
The depth of slab chosen from deflection requirements will be usually greater than the
depth required for balanced design. Hence the area of steel required will be less than
the balanced amount. So, the slab is designed as underreinforced section.
14. List the types of beams based on structural application.
The types of beams based on structural application are as follows:
a. Rectangular beam
b. T beam
c. L beam
15. Sketch the stress and strain distribution of R.C.C. beam.
9. Page 9
16. What do you understand by Flanged beams?
The concrete in the slabs, which is on the compression side of the beam (in the middle
portions of continuous beams), can be made to resist the compression forces, and the
steel in the tension side of the beam can carry the tension. These combined beam and
slab units are called Flanged beams.
PART – B
1. A rectangular beam has b=200mm, d=400mm if steel used is Fe 415 and grade
of concrete is M25. Find the steel required to carry a factored moment of
12kNm. Design of roof slab for an interior panel of size 5mx6m. Live load is
5.0KN/m2. Use M30 Concrete and Fe 415 Steel.
2. Design a simply supported R.C.C.SLAB for a roof of a hall 4mx10m (inside
dimensions) with 230mm walls all around. Assume a live load of 4kN/m2 and
finish 1KN/m2.Use grade 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
3. A T beam continuous over several supports has to carry a factored negative
support moment of 1000kNm. Determine the area of steel at supports if bW =
Cross
Section
Strain
Distribution
εS
C
Stress
Distribution
σst / m
cbc
N A
10. Page 10
2 Name the different modes of shear failure and sketch it.
400MM, bfy =1600mm, Df = 100mm, D=610mm, d’ = 60mm, fck = 30N/mm2, f =
415 N/mm2.
4. A doubly reinforced concrete beam is 250mm wide and 510mm depth the
center of tensile steel reinforcement. The compression reinforcement consists of
4 Nos. of 18mm dia bars placed at an effective cover of 40mm from the
compression edge of the beam. The tensile reinforcement consists of 4Nos. of
20mm diameter bar. If the beam section is subjected to a BM of 85kNm,
calculate the stresses in concrete and tension steel.
5. Design a smallest concrete section of a RC beam to resist an ultimate moment
of 62kNm, assuming width 230mm, concrete grade M20 and HYSD bars of
grade Fe415.
6. A rectangular beam of width 300mm and effective depth 500mm reinforced with
4 bars of 12mm diameter. Find the moment of resistance and stresses in the top
compression fiber of concrete and tension steel. Use concrete M20 and steel
Fe415. A dopt working stress method.
7. Design the interior span of a continuous one way slab for an office floor
continuous over tee beams spaced at 3 meters. Live load = 4kN/m, Floor finish
= 1kN/m2.Use concrete M20 and steel Fe415. Adopt limit state method. Sketch
the steel reinforcement.
UNIT - III
1 Define shear strength.
The resistance to sliding offered by the material of beam is called shear strength.
11. Page 11
The different modes of shear failure are
a. Shear – Torsion
b. Shear – bending
c. Shear - bond
d. Shear – compression
3 What are the important factors affecting the shear resistance of a Reinforced
concrete member without shear reinforcement?
The important factors affecting the shear resistance of a reinforced concrete member
without shear reinforcement are
e.Characteristic strength of concrete
f. Percentage of longitudinal steel
g.Shear span to depth ratio
h.Axial compressive / Tensile force
i. Effect of cross section
j. Effect of two way action
4 What are the types of reinforcement used to resist shear?
The types of reinforcement used to resist shear are
a. Vertical Stirrups
b. Inclined Stirrups
c. Bent up bars along with stirrups
5 List the different types of shear reinforcement of beam and sketch them.
F i g u r e 1 - S h e ar - te n sio n
F i g u r e 3 - S h ea r - b o n d
F i g u r e 4 - S h e a r - c o m p re s s io n
F i g u r e 2 - S h e a r - b e n d in g
12. Page 12
The different types of shear reinforcement of beam are
a. Vertical Stirrups
b. Inclined Stirrups
c. Bent-up bars with Vertical Stirrups
6 State the minimum requirement of shear reinforcement.
minv
sv
s
A
=
yf0.87
b0.4
Where
Asv = Total cross sectional area of legs of one stirrups
Sv = Spacing of stirrups along the length of member
B = Breadth of beam
fy = Characteristic strength of stirrup reinforcement (not to exceed 415
N/mm2)
7 Define Torsion.
Equal and opposite moments applied at both ends of structural element (Member) or its
part about its longitudinal axis is called Torsion. Also termed as torsional moment or
twist or torque.
8 What is compatibility torsion? Give an example
Compatibility torsion is the torsion induced in the member due to compatibility of
rotations at the joint of interconnected members.
Examples:
Spandrel beam rigidly connected to cross beam, inter connected bridge
girder and grids in horizontal plane.
9 Explain Equilibrium Torsion.
Torsional moment developed in one or more elements of a structure to maintain
equilibrium is called as equilibrium torsion. It is also known as determinate torsion or
Primary Torsion.
10 How can torsional resistance of R.C. members be enhanced?
Increasing strength of concrete and the amount of longitudinal as well as transverse
reinforcements over and above those required for bending and shear can enhance the
torsional resistance of a member.
Figure 1 - Vertical Stirrups F i g u r e 2 - I n c l i n e d S t i r r u p s
F i g u r e 3 - B e n t - u p b a r s w i t h
V e r t i c a l S t i r r u p s
13. Page 13
11 Define bond. (Or) What is bond?
Bond is defined as grip between concrete and steel.
(Or)
The force that prevents the relative movement between concrete and steel is known as
bond.
(Or)
Bond in reinforced concrete beams is the adhesive force developed between concrete
and steel bars embedded in concrete, which resists any force that tends to push or pull
the bars.
12 List out the different types of bond.
The different types of bond are
d. Flexure bond
e. Anchorage bond
13 Define flexure bond
In flexure member on account of shear of a variation in bending moment, which inturn
causes a variation in axial tension along the length of bar.
14 What is meant by Anchorage bond?
Over the length of anchorage provided for a bar or near the end (or cutoff point) of a
reinforcing bar.
15 Reinforced concrete slabs are generally safe and do not require shear
reinforcement. Why?
The thickness of slab (controlled by limiting deflection criteria) is usually adequate in
terms of shear capacity.
(Or)
Normally the thickness of slab is so chosen that the shear can be resisted by concrete
itself and the slab does not need extra shear reinforcements
PART - B
14. Page 14
1 A rectangular beam width b=350mm and d=550mm has a factored shear of 400kN
at the critical section near the support. The steel at the tension side of the section
consists of four 32mm bars which are continued to support. Assuming fck=25 and
fy=415(N/mm2) design vertical stirrups for the section.
2 A reinforced concrete rectangular beam has a breadth of 350mm and effective depth
of 800mm. It has a factored shear of 105kN at section XX. Assuming that fck=25,
fy=415(N/mm2) and percentage of tensile steel at that section is 0.5percent, determine
the torsional moment the section can resist if no additional reinforcement for torsion is
provided. Workout the problem according to IS456 principles of design for torsion.
A simply supported beam is 5m in span and carries a characteristic load at 75kN/m. If
6Nos. of 20mm bras are continued into the supports. Check the development length at
the supports assuming grade M20 concrete and Fe415steel.
3 A rectangular RCC beam is 400x900mm in size. Assuming the use of grade M25
concrete and Fe415 steel, determine the maximum ultimate torsional moment at the
section can take it.
No torsion reinforcement is provided and
Maximum torsion reinforcement is provided.
4 A rectangular beam width b = 250mm and effective depth 500mm reinforced with 4
bars of 20mm diameter. Determine the shear reinforcement required to resist a shear
force of 150kN. Use concrete M20 and steel Fe415.
5 Design a rectangular beam section of width 250mm and effective depth 500mm,
subjected to an ultimate moment of 160kNm, ultimate shear force of 30kN and ultimate
torsional moment of 10kNm. Use concrete M20 and steel 415.
6 A RC beam 300x450mm in cross section in reinforced with 3 Nos. 20mm diameter of
grade Fe250, with an effective cover of 50mm. The ultimate shear at the section of
138kn.Design the shear reinforcement (i)Using only vertical strips without bending any
bar for resisting. (ii) Bending 1 bar dia 20mm at 45 degree to resist shear at the section.
Assume concrete of grade M20.
7 A reinforced concrete beam 500mm deep and 230mm wide is reinforced with
8Nos.20mm diameter bars at mid span to carry a UDL of 22.5kn/m (inclusive of its own
weight) over simple span of 8m. Assuming concrete grade M20, steel grade Fe415, load
factor 1.5 and width of support 230mm (i) determine the minimum development length
required for 20mm diameter bar to develop full strength (ii) apply check for flexural
development length at support assuming all bar to continue at support (iii) determine the
minimum number of bars required at support for development length of flexure.
UNIT – IV
15. Page 15
PART - A
1 What is column?
When a member carrying axial load is vertical and having an effective length exceeding
three times the least lateral dimension is called as Column.
2 Classify the columns according to the materials.
The columns according to the materials are as follows:
a.Timber
b.Stone
c.Reinforced Cement Concrete
d.Prestressed concrete
3 Classify the columns according to slenderness.
The columns according to the slenderness (l/D) are as follows:
a.Short
b.Long
4 Classify the columns based on type of loading.
Columns can be classified into the following three types, based on the nature of loading.
a. Column with axial loading
b. Column with Uniaxial eccentric loading
c. Column with Biaxial eccentric loading
5 Classify the columns according to transverse reinforcement.
The columns according to the transverse reinforcement are as follows:
a.Tied
b.Spiral or Helical
6 Define Short column.
A column will be considered as short when the ratio of the effective length to its lateral
dimension is less than or equal to 12.
7 Explain the term Long column.
A column will be considered as long when the ratio of the effective length to its lateral
dimension is greater than or equal to 12.
8 What is axially loaded column? (or) Write short notes on axially loaded column?
An axial loaded column transmits the compressive force without an explicit design
requirement to carry lateral loads or end moments.
(or)
When the line action of load passes through from the centre of gravity of column, it is
called as axially loaded.
9 What is eccentrically loaded column? (or) Write short notes on eccentrically
loaded column?
16. Page 16
An eccentrically loaded column transmits the compressive force with an explicit design
requirement to carry lateral loads or end moments.
(or)
When the line action of load passes away from the centre of gravity of column, it is
called as eccentrically loaded.
10 What is uniaxial bending? (or) Write short notes on uniaxial bending?
A column is subjected to eccentric load along one axis only. Such a column is said to be
under uniaxial bending.
(Or)
The moment due to load transferred from one direction of column is called as uniaxial
bending.
11 What is biaxial bending? (or) Write short notes on biaxial bending?
A column is subjected to eccentric load along both X and Y axes. Such a column is said to be under biaxial bending.
The moment due to load transferred from both direction of column is called as biaxial bending.
12 What is a braced column? (or) Write short notes on braced column?
When relative transverse displacement between the upper and lower ends of a column
is prevented, the frame is said to be braced column.
13 What is unbraced column? (or) Write short notes on braced column?
When relative transverse displacement between the upper and lower ends of a column
is not prevented, the frame is said to be unbraced column.
17. List out the various edge conditions for braced column and their effective length.
End Conditions Effective length
a. Both ends fixed rotationally - 0.5 L
b. Pinned ends - 1.0 L
c. One end fixed and the other pinned - 0.7 L
18. Listout the various edge conditions for unbraced column and their effective length.
End Conditions Effective length
a. Both ends fixed rotationally - 1.2 L
b. One end fixed and the other partially fixed - 1.5 L
c. One end fixed and the other free - 2.0 L
19. State the assumptions in case of limit state design of compression as applied in
case of reinforced concrete section.
17. Page 17
The assumptions involved in the limit state design of compression are:
a. Plane sections normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.
b. The maximum strain in concrete at the extreme fiber in compression has a
value of 0.0035 in bending.
c. The design stress-strain relationship for concrete is taken as the curve against
the value 0.67 fck / m.
d. The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
e. The stresses in the reinforcements are derived from representative stress-strain
curve for the type of steel used.
f. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as
0.002.
g. The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in
concrete subjected to axial compression and bending and when there is no
tension on the section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least
compressed fibre.
20. What is meant by slenderness ratio of compression member?
Slenderness ratio is a geometrical property of a compression member which is related
to the ratio of its effective length to its least lateral dimension.
21. Define slenderness ratio. How columns are classified based on this ratio?
Slenderness ratio is a geometrical property of a compression member which is related
to the ratio of its effective length to its least lateral dimension.
The columns according to the slenderness (l/D) are as follows:
a.
D
l
ratio is less than 12 is said to be Short
b.
D
l
ratio is greater than 12 is said to be Long
22. Under which condition a column is designed with axial load and biaxial bending.
A column with axial load and biaxial bending is commonly found in structures, because
of two major reasons.
a. Axial load may have natural eccentricities, through small, with respect to both the
axes.
b. Corner columns of a building may be subjected to bending moments in both the
directions along with axial load.
The diameter shall not be less than
a. one fourth of the largest longitudinal bar
b. 6 mm
18. Page 18
PART – B
1. An R.C.Column 500x400mm is subjected to an axial ultimate load of 2500kN
and bent in single curvature about the minor axis with My(top)=90knm and
My(bottom)=120knm as ultimate moments. If L0=7.2m and Le=5.75m on both
axes, calculate the design moments for the column.
2. Design the reinforcement in a spiral column of 400mm diameter subjected to
a factored load of 1500kN.The column has an supported length of 3.4m
and is braced against side way. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
3. A column 300x400mm has an unsupported length of 3m and effective length
of 3.6m.If it is subjected to pu=1100kNm and Mu=230kNm about the major
axis, determine the longitudinal steel using fck=25N/mm2.
4. Calculate the ultimate strength in axial compression of column 400mm in
diameter and reinforced with 8Nos. of 20mm dia. of grade Fe250 when the
column in helically reinforced by 8mm dia at (i) 60mm pitch, (ii) 30mm pitch.
Assume concrete of grade M20. Assume clear cover equal to 40mm.
5. Design an axially loaded tied column 400mmx400mm pinned at both ends
with an unsupported length of 3m for carrying a factored load of 2300kN.Use
M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
6. Design a circular column with helical reinforcement of 400mm diameter and
4m in length to carry factored load of 1000kN.The column is hinged at both
ends. Use concrete M25 and steel Fe415.
7. A column 300mmx400mm has an unsupported length of 4m and fixed at both
ends. It is subjected to a factored load of 1000KN and an ultimate moment of
200kNm about the major axis. Determine the longitudinal reinforcement and
lateral ties. Use concrete M25 and steel Fe415 d’=60mm.
8. A rectangular column of effective height of 4m is subjected to a characteristics
axial load of 800kN and bending moment of 100kNm about the major axis of the
n. Design a suitable section for the column so that the width should not exceed
400mm. Use the minimum percentage of longitudinal steel. Assume
fy=415N/mm2 and fck=20N/mm2.
19. Page 19
UNIT –V
PART - A
1 List out the different types of footings.
The different types of footings are
a) Isolated footing
i. Flat
ii. Stepped
iii. Sloped
b) Combined footing
i. Rectangular footing
ii. Trapezoidal footing
c) Strap footing
d) Wall footing
2 Sketch the different types of isolating footings.
Flat Footing Stepped Footing Sloped Footing
3 Define Wall footing and also sketch it.
A footing provided under a wall used to be continuous along the length of wall.
W all Footing
20. Page 20
4 When do you need combined footing? (or) When do you provide combined
footing for two columns?
Combined footing for two columns are provided for the following reason
a) When two or more columns/walls are located close to each other and/or if they
are relatively heavily loaded and/or rest on soil with low safe bearing capacity.
b) An exterior column located along the periphery of the building is so close to the
property line that an isolated footing cannot be symmetrically placed without
extending beyond the property line.
5 Under what circumstances combined footing is preferred.
The following circumstances are preferred for combined footing
a) When isolated footings for individual columns are touching or overlapping each
other.
b) When the columns are located near the boundary lines or expansion joints.
6 Under what circumstances is a trapezoidal shape preferred for a two-column
combined footing.
When loads are unequal and there is restriction on sides, then the shape of the footing
will be trapezoidal being wider on greater load side.
7 Under what circumstances is a rectangular shape preferred for a two-column
combined footing.
When loads are equal and no restriction on sides, the footing will be rectangular with
equal overhang on both sides.
(or)
When loads are unequal and no restriction on sides, the footing will be rectangular with
smaller overhang on lesser load (P1) and greater overhang on greater load (P2) side.
8 Sketch the different types of combined footings.
C o m b in e d F o o t in g T r a p e z o id a l F o o tin g
21. Page 21
9 What is meant by eccentric loading on a footing and under what circumstances
does this occur?
The load P acting on a footing may act eccentrically with respect to the centroid of the
footing base. This eccentricity e may result from one or more of the following effects
a. the column transmitting a moment M in addition to the vertical load
b. the column carrying a vertical load offset with respect to the centroid of the
footing
c. The column (or Pedestal) transmitting a lateral force located above the
foundation level, in addition to the vertical load.
10 Sketch the strap footings.
S trap F o o tin g
S tra p B e a m
In terio r C o lu m nE x te rio r C o lu m n
In te rio r F o o tin gE x terio r F o o tin g
11 Draw a neat sketch of the continuous strip footings.
Footing's Flange
Footing's W eb
C o ntinuo us S trip Footing
12 Write down the formula for calculating bending moment in design of
rectangular footings?
MXX =
L
P
8
(B – b)2 ; MYY
B
P
8
(L – D)2 ;
Where
P = Load from the column or walls
L = Length of footing
B = Width of footing
b & D = Dimension of column
22. Page 22
PART - B
1. A rectangular column 300mmx400mm reinforced with 20mm diameter bars carries a load of
1400kN. Design a suitable footing for the column. The safe bearing capacity of the soil is
200kN/m2.Use concrete M20 and steel Fe415.
2. Design a combined rectangular footing for two columns spaced at 5 centers. The first column
400mmx400mm carries a load of 1200kN and the second column 450mmx450mm carries a
load of 1800kn at service state. Weight of Soil = 20kN/m2, angle of repose=300 and safe
bearing capacity of soil = 150kN/m2. Use concrete M20 and steel Fe415.
3. Design a interior wall of a single storied workshop of height 5.4m surrounding a RCC roof. The
bottom of the wall rests over a foundation block. Assume roof load equal to 45kN/m. A pier
provided at a spacing of 3.6m along length of wall.
4. Design a compound wall of height 1.8m to the top of 100mm thick coping. Assume wind
pressure is equal to 1kN/m2 and is UDL. The safe bearing pressure of soil is 120kN/m2.
5. A solid footing has to transfer a dead load of 1000kn and an imposed load of 400kn from a
square column 400mmx400mm. Assuming fck=20N/mm2 and fy=415N/mm2 and safe bearing
capacity to be 200KN/m2, Design the footing.
6. Design a combined rectangular footing for two columns spaced at 500cm centers. The first
column 300mmx300mm carried load of 1000kn.and second column 300mmx300mm carries a
load of 1500kn at service state. Weight of Soil = 20kN/m2, angle of repose=300 and safe
bearing capacity of soil = 150kN/m2. Use concrete M25 and steel Fe415.
7. A solid footing has to transfer a dead load of 1000kN and an imposed load of 400kN from a
square column 400x400mm (with 16mm bars.) Assuming fy=415 and fck=20N/mm2 and safe
bearing capacity to be 200kN/m2. Design the footing.
8. Design a plain concrete footing for a 450mm wall carrying 300kN per meter length. Assume
grade 20 concrete and the bearing capacity of soil to be 200kN/m2.