The document outlines the historical roots of American independence, covering key events from the arrival of early settlers to the Revolutionary War. It discusses the impact of colonial policies, significant conflicts with Native Americans, and the rise of influential leaders such as George Washington and Thomas Paine. Key milestones include the Declaration of Independence, the Revolutionary War, and the establishment of foundational governmental structures in the new nation.

1. US Second Struggle For Independence
(1789 – 1815)
Bakhtawar Baloch
214195052

2. Roots of the American
Nation (1492 – 1789)

3. Historical Background
• King Henry VIII, desired to divorce his wife Catherine (belonging to Spanish
Royal family) due to no legitimate male heir
• Catholic Church domination over all matters and Pope Clément's refusal to
Henry
• King Henry’s excommunication and marriage to Anne Boleyn
• Creation of the Church of England and rise of Protestant values
• Rule of Mary Tudor (Only child of King Henry and Catherine – Strict Catholic)
• Queen Mary’s Marriage to King Philip of Spain
• Killing of hundred of Noble families and stopping Protestant Reformation
Movements

4. King Henry (VIII) – Turned into a
Protestant
Queen Mary – Strict Catholic –
Daughter of King Henry

5. 1st
Reason
• Discovery voyages - led by Columbus and Vasco De Gama
• Period of religious crusades, scientific discoveries, and finding new routes to Asian lands
• Columbus was in search of the Indian continent but found America
• Discovery voyages – to search for Gold, Glory, and spread Christianity (God)
2nd
Reason
• Persecution of Puritans by the Queen Mary and later by King Charles (I)
• Puritans minded (chosen ones) royal families moved from England to America to be free from
persecution
• Other families including Puritans and Separatists moved to Netherlands
Discovery Voyages – 2 Major Reasons

6. • New English men settlements in the American continent
• 1610: John Rolfe with 150 men (early settlers) arrived in Jamestown (Virginia of North America)
• Sir Thomas Gates was the first Governor of Jamestown Virginia.
• Tobacco cultivation and trade – hellish, devilish, and damned tobacco
• Puritans and separatists in Netherlands (lived 10 years in Leiden), had poor living conditions and feared
influence of Dutch youth on their children
• 1620 - 102 people including, Pilgrims (separatists) and Puritans (non-separatists or strangers) sailed to
Southampton England to move to Virginia
• 1622 - Edward Winslow with Pilgrims arrived at Cape Cod – and settled at Plymouth
• Edward Winslow was the first Governor of Plymouth Colony.
• Second Wave of Settlers – 1630 – Under John Winthrop (Puritan leader) sailed with 700 puritans (11
fleets of ships)
• Few settled at Plymouth, while many followed John Winthrop and settled at Massachusetts Bay.
• John Winthrop – First Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
• Famous writing of John Winthrop – City Upon a Hill
Early Settlements of English Men to America

7. Influential Figures of American Colonies
John Rolfe –
Jamestown, Virginia
John Winthrop –
Massachusetts Bay
Edward Winslow -
Plymouth

8. First Struggle For
Independence (1750 – 1763)

9. • The early settlers (English Men) initially developed better understanding with Native Indians
• The Indians provided with skin, food, regional and agricultural knowledge, and supplies
• The new settlers traded beads and shells, also called as Wampum (local currency & jewelry)
• The problems grew with the increasing number of new settlers, cultural & religious differences
• “Multiplication Table” - a household with a single couple, had 8 to 10 children
• The English settlements carried diseases that they had developed immunity against and affected the Native
Indians (smallpox, tuberculosis, measles, cholera, and the bubonic plague).
• Puritan leaders (Increase Mather) declared the spread of illness as an act of God to support the colonists’
right to the land
• Some governments used this to convert the natives to Christianity and make them praying Indians
• The First Indian War (King Philip’s War in 1675) – took place when the government of Plymouth killed 3
Indians from the Wampanoag tribe.
• The divided Indian tribes and American colonies supported Plymouth, leading to signing a treaty
• This clash increased mistrust, anger, and the need to remove any Indian’s regional influence and control
Clashes with The Native Americans

10. Native Indians and English Settlers

11. • The Seven Years’ War (called the French and Indian War in the colonies) lasted from 1756 to 1763
• France’s expansion into the Ohio River valley, and increasing conflict with the British claimed American
colonies, especially Virginia
• In 1754, the French built Fort Duquesne at a location where Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers joined,
forming the Ohio River.
• The location was strategically important for France (supported by Indians) and Britain
• Governor William Shirley of Massachusetts, expelled hundreds of French settlers living in Nova Scotia
(Arcadia) to other colonies, fearing they would support France in a military intervention.
• George Washington of Virginia tired to establish talks with the French but failed
• In 1756, British formally declared war but their commander Loudoun gained little success against
French and their Indian allies.
• In 1757, William Pitt saw it as an opportunity to build a huge British Empire, borrowed huge sums of
money, paid Prussia to fight in Europe, and helped to raise troops in North America
• Followed by British victories in Louisburg and capturing of French Forts (1758), Battle of Quebec
(1759), and Fall of Montreal (1760)
French and Indian War (Seven Years War)

12. • “Interest of The Great Britain Considered” by Benjamin Franklin partly convinced Britain to retain Canada
rather than Guadeloupe.
• Treaty of Paris (February 1763), British took over Canada from France and Florida from Spain
• Treaty allowed France to keep West Indian Sugar Islands and Spain was given Louisiana
• American colonies were strengthened by reduced European dominance (mainly France).
• British King George (II) was under heavy debt
• Permanent British army units were installed in the newly occupied lands in America
• Various taxes were imposed on the American colonies to pay for the spending on war
• Increased resistance and clashes between the colonies and the British rulers
• French internal support of the colonists in the American Revolutionary War
Outcome of the Seven Years War

13. Key Notes: 1st Struggle For Independence
• Clashes with Native Americans
• Seven Years War
• Reduced influence of Indians, France, and Spain
• Increased interest and influence of Britain
• Multiplication Table – term introduced by Andrew Kennedy, 8 to 10 children
with reduced infant mortality rates
• Benjamin Franklin’s famous writings – A defense of the Americans, The
Albany Plan, Great War for Empire, and The Interest of Great Britain
Considered.
• Mercantilist Theory was implemented as the economical ideology by Britain

14. Second Struggle For Independence

15. Events Leading to the Revolutionary War
• After the Seven Years War, British imposed various taxes to raise revenue
• Stamp Act – 1765
• Townshend Acts – 1767
• Tea Act – 1773
• The tax acts were met with resistance by the colonists
• Boston Massacre - A protest by colonists on 1770, when the British soldiers opened fired and killed 5 men
• Boston Tea Party - On 16th
Dec 1773, a group of Bostonian men, dressed as Indians dumped 342 chests of
Tea from British ships into Boston Harbor.
• Intolerable, or Coercive Acts were passed to reassert Britain imperial authority in Massachusetts
• First meeting of the Continental Congress (Sep 1774) – including, George Washington (Virginia), John and
Samuel Adams (Massachusetts), Patrick Henry (Virginia), and John Jay (New York) in Philadelphia
• On April 18 (1775), British troops marched to Massachusetts
• 19th
April - Battle of Lexington and Concord took place between British troops and local militias, starting
the Revolutionary War - “shot heard round the world”
• France internally supported the Revolutionary cause by providing weapons
• Thomas Paine famous writing “Common Sense” promoted the revolutionary cause published on 1776

16. Major Events During The War
• 2nd
Continental Congress in Philadelphia included other influential people, such as Benjamin Franklin and
Thomas Jefferson – formed a continental army with George Washington (Commander in Chief)
• 17th
June Battle of Bunker Hill – First major battle was fought. Won by British but faced heavy causalities
• 4th
July 1770 – Continental Congress decided to adopt the Declaration of Independence
• Declaration was drafted by a five-man committee including Franklin and John Adams but written by Jefferson
• First (Sep 19th
, 1778) and Second Battle of Saratoga (Oct 7th
, 1778), British John Burgoyne’s faced defeat against
by the American General Horatio Gates.
• June 1778 – France openly declared war against the Britain army
• The rebel troops were trained by the Prussian military officer Baron Friedrich von Steuben (sent by the French),
under the leadership of the French aristocrat Marquis de Lafayette
• During 1779 General Benedict Arnold of the Continental Army secretly allied with the British and in captured
Virginia for the British army
• Battle of Yorktown (1781) where French fleet stationed offshore preventing British from evacuation, British
army faced Washington’s 14000 soldiers, Lord Charles Cornwallis surrendered.
• September 3, 1783 – In Treaty of Paris, Britain recognized the independence of the United States and separate
treaties with France and Spain

17. Outcome of the Revolutionary War
• July 4th
1776 – America gained its independence
• 1787 – Jacob Shallus wrote the 1st
constitution of the United States signed in
Philadelphia by the Constitutional Convention
• Thomas Jefferson was the first Secretary of State - March 22, 1790, till
December 31, 1793
• George Washington became the first President of America on April 30, 1789
• Alexander Hamilton (Sep 11, 1789) was the first Secretary of the Treasury
• End of Mercantilist economy and introduced trade, agricultural (South) and
industrial (North) economy.

18. Key Notes
• Implementation of taxes caused resistance
• Battle of Lexington and Concord was the start of the American Revolutionary War
• France secretly supported and then openly declared war against Britain (1778)
• Continental Congress administered the revolutionary war
• George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Paine were
important personalities
• 4th
July 1776 – American Independence
• End of Mercantilist economy

19. Important Personalities
George Washington Thomas Paine Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin

20. References
• https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/puritans/
• https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/bloody-mary-tudor-brutal-brilliant-what-was-queen
-reign-like/
• https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pope-clement-vii-forbids-king-henry-viii-from-rema
rrying
• https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Winthrop-American-colonial-governor
• https://www.voanews.com/a/6199723.html#:~:text=The%20Pilgrims%20were%20the%20first,Ki
ng%20Henry%20VIII%20of%20England
.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop
• https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/john-rolfe
• https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/new-england-colonies-and-native-americans/
• https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/french-and-indian-war
• https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/american-revolution-history

21. Thankyou
Q & A Session