Cbmn4104 multimedia networking dec10 edit-mac15

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
CBMN4104
Multimedia Networking
STUDY GUIDE
Copyright © Open University Malaysia (OUM)

uM4014NMBCEDIUGYDUTS ltimedia Networking
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FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
STUDY GUIDE
CBMN4104
Multimedia Networking
Writer: Khirulnizam Abd. Rahman
egelloCytisrevinUcimalsIlanoitanretnIrognaleS
Developed by: Centre for Instructional Design and Technology
Open University Malaysia
First Edition, December 2010
Copyright © Open University Malaysia (OUM), December 2010, CBMN4104
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means
without the written permission of the President, Open University Malaysia.

STUDY GUIDE CBMN4104 Multimedia Networking
2Copyright © Open University Malaysia (OUM)

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Contents
Course Introduction......................................................................................5
Synopsis ...................................................................................................5
Aims..........................................................................................................5
Outcomes..................................................................................................5
Load..........................................................................................................5
Course Requirements...................................................................................6
Prerequisites or Co-requisite ....................................................................6
Feedback and Course Evaluation.............................................................6
Course Resources and Requirements........................................................7
Set Textbook(S)........................................................................................7
Essential References................................................................................7
Extra Recommended Reading..................................................................7
my Virtual Learning Environment (myINSPIRE) .......................................8
OUM Digital Library Resources ................................................................8
Assessment...................................................................................................8
Assessment Format..................................................................................8
Assignment Question(S)...........................................................................8
Final Examination (Format).......................................................................9
Late Submission of Assignment(S)...........................................................9
Important Dates ........................................................................................9
Study Guide – By Tutorial Session ...........................................................10
Week 1....................................................................................................10
Week 2....................................................................................................16
Week 3....................................................................................................20
Week 4....................................................................................................28
Week 5....................................................................................................33
Week 6....................................................................................................37
Week 7....................................................................................................43
Week 8....................................................................................................51
Week 9....................................................................................................56
Week 10:.................................................................................................66
Appendix .....................................................................................................71

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COURSE INTRODUCTION
Course Synopsis
This course offers the knowledge on concepts and principles of delivering
multimedia elements through networks. With the rapid changes in networks
development, multimedia is also considered as part of complex elements that
has challenged networks experts in making sure the elements can be
delivered correctly. Learners will have an opportunity to learn how multimedia
should be delivered through the networks using certain methods, protocols,
standards, security and many more.
Aims
The broad aims of this course are to:
1. Recognize the importance of networks services, protocols, standards and
requirements for multimedia delivery.
2. Identify components of networks services, models and methods of
delivery multimedia elements over the networks.
3. Classify policy and security of delivery multimedia elements over the
networks.
Outcomes
At the completion of this course, it is expected that you will be able to:
1. Explain the importance of real time network capability for content
delivery by considering factors of digital items, protocols, service
models, multicast, multimedia sessions, security and many more.
2. Elaborate the network service models like RSVP, QoS, IP, ATM and
multicast.
3. Perform skills in coding and compression for audio and video over the
networks.
4. Identify the middleware and session protocols.
5. Evaluate the requirement for multimedia networking in terms of many
aspects like protocols, standards, hardware and software.

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6. Propose the best multimedia networking architectures, protocols,
standards, hardware or software especially in delivering multimedia
components.
Load
It is a standard OUM practice that learners accumulate 40 study hours for
every credit hour. As such, for a three-credit hour course, you are expected to
spend at least 120 hours of learning. Table 1 gives an estimation of how the
120 hours could be accumulated.
Table 1: Allocation of Study Hours
Activities No of Hours
Reading the module and completing the exercises 60
Attending 5 tutorial sessions (2 hours for each session) 10
Engage in online discussion 15
Completing assignment 20
Revision 15
Total 120
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
Prerequisites or Co-requisite
There are no prerequisites or co-requisites for this course.
Feedback and Course Evaluation
Besides attending lectures and tutorials, learners are expected to complete
assignments, final examination (short question and essay question),
presentation and participate in class and online discussion.

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COURSE RESOURCES AND REQUIREMENTS
Set Textbook(s)
Jenq-Neng Hwang. (2009). Multimedia Networking: From Theory to Practice.
Add New York: Cambridge University Press.
Essential References
Halsall F. (2001). Multimedia Communications: Applications, Networks,
Protocols and Standards. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Rao K.R, Bojkovic Z.S & Milovanovic D.A. (2002). Multimedia Communication
Systems: Techniques, Standards, and Networks. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall.
Rao K.R, Bojkovic Z.S & Milovanovic D.A. (2006). Introduction to Multimedia
Communications: Applications, Middleware, Networking. New Jersey:
John Wiley & Sons.
Crowcroft J., Handley M. & Wakeman I. (1999). Internetworking Multimedia.
San Francisco: Morgan Kauffman Publishers.
Extra Recommended Reading
Learners are expected to go through OUM’s Tan Sri Abdullah Sanusi Digital
Library to search reliable online readings such as journals, proceedings, book
or chapters, articles and etc using keyword of ‘multimedia networking’ and
suitable keywords that related with topics in this study guide.

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my Virtual Learning Environment (myINSPIRE)
myINSPIRE is an online Virtual Learning Environment that provides one stop
portal for learners to get to know their courses in details, including online
modules, forum discussion, announcement, online assignments and many more.
Learners are expected to frequently visit myINSPIRE, especially for reading
modules and participate in the forum discussion. Forum is useful medium for
discussion when learners got problems in learning their respective courses.
They can participate for discussion and exchange some idea with their
respective tutors and peers.
OUM Digital Library Resources
OUM Digital Library provides a lot of accesses to online and digital resources
such as ebooks, articles, journals, proceedings and theses for your further
readings. Make use this utility to support your study.
ASSESSMENT
Assessment Format
Continuous Assessment: 30%
Final Examination: 70%
Assignment Question(s)
This is a sample of assignment questions:
You are required to build a system for Open University Malaysia (OUM) to
deliver video lectures using streaming method over the Internet. Explain
preparation that should be taken, including video formats, standard recording,
scripting, storyboarding or etc, method and techniques of recording, encoding
and decoding video and finally the mechanism to publish the video on the
Internet. Do you think this kind of content is reliable to be published based on
our current Internet infrastructures?

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Final Examination (Format)
Final examination format consists of:
PART A – 5 short questions worth 4 marks for each (20 marks)
PART B – 5 short essay questions; candidate needs to answer 3
questions only worth 20 marks for each (60 marks)
PART C – 2 essay questions; candidate needs to answer only one
question worth 20 marks (20 marks)
So, total is 100 marks and its percentage turns to be 70% of the total
percentage of assessment.
Late Submission of Assignment(s)
Failure to submit an assignment by the due date without the granting of an
official extention of time by your course tutor will incur a penalty of ONE (1)
mark per day.
Important Dates
Please constantly refer to myINSPIRE for updates and latest announcement(s)
on this course.

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Study Guide – by Tutorial
Session
Week 1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Multimedia Networking
Readings
Hwang, Jenq-Neng. (2009). Multimedia networking: From theory to practice.
e-Content
The above reading can be accessed from TSASDL:
1. Login to OUM Portal.
2. Acess myLibrary.
3. Find Learning Resources > Online Databases on the left side of the
page.
4. Choose Books24x7 and connect to the database.
5. Search for the title of the book, and open the respective chapter.
Study notes
1. Why Multimedia Networking?.
(a) Rapid changes from conventional circuit-switching telephone
networks to the packet-switching, data centric and IP-based
Internet.

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(b) News, television and entertainment industry have started their
own streaming infrastructures to deliver their content, either live or
on-demand.
(c) Maturity of multimedia networking applications such as distance
learning, desktop video conferencing, instant messaging,
workgroup collaboration, multimedia kiosks, entertainment, and
imaging.
2. Paradigm Shift of Digital Media Delivery
(a) Radio broadcasting is gradually replaced by digital broadcasting
because of great advances of digital data compression (coding)
technologies, better resolution, better quality, higher noise
immunity and better interaction capabilities.
(b) Rapid growth of IP-based Internet for business and home usage:
(i) Quick deployment of broadband such as DSL/cable/T1 and
optical fiber. Look at Table 1.1.
(ii) Voice over IP (VoIP) is replacing traditional public-switched
telephone networks (PSTNs).
(iii) Local Area Networks (LAN, IEEE 802.3) or wireless LANs
(WLANs, also called Wi-Fi, 802.11), enable the connection
and content sharing of all office or home electronic
appliances (e.g. computers, media centers, set-top boxes,
personal digital assistants (PDAs), and smartphones). Look
at Figure 1.1.
(iv) Visionary of Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA), a digital
home consists of a network of consumer electronics, mobile
and PC devices that cooperate transparently, delivering
simple, seamless interoperability to enhance and enrich user
experiences. Look at Figure 1.2.
(v) Wireless connections are demanded, resulting in the fast-
growing use of mobile Internet whenever people are on the
move. Look at Figure 1.3.
(c) Two social trends:
(i) A shift from digital broadcasting to multimedia streaming
over IP networks.
 Digital broadcasting services (e.g.: digital cable for
enhanced definition TV (EDTV) and high-definition TV
(HDTV) broadcasting, direct TV via direct

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broadcastsatellite (DBS) services, and digital video
broadcasting (DVB)) are maturing (see Table 1.2), while
people also spend more time on the Internet browsing,
watching video or movie by means of on-demand
services, etc.
 Consumer moved from “content push” to “content pull”.
 Interactive multimedia services are growing rapidly such
the use of video blogs and media podcasting.
 Soon Internet-based multimedia content will no longer be
produced by traditional large-capital-based media and
TV stations, because everyone can have a media station
that produces multimedia content whenever and
wherever they want, as long as they have media-
capturing devices (e.g., digital camera, camcorder, smart
phone, etc.) with Internet access (see Figure 1.4).
 A standardization body for TV over IP (IPTV) is formed,
i.e., the IPTV Interoperability Forum (IIF), which will
develop standards and to enable the interoperability,
interconnection, and implementation of IPTV systems
and services, including video-on-demand and interactive
TV services.
(ii) A shift from wired Internet to wireless Internet
 The wireless LAN (WLAN or Wi-Fi standards)
technologies, IEEE 802.11a/b/g and the next generation
very-high-data-rate (> 200 Mbps) WLAN product IEEE
802.11n, to be approved in the near future, are being
deployed everywhere with very affordable installation
costs (see Figure 1.5).
 Almost all newly shipped computer products and
consumer electronics come with WLAN receivers for
Internet access.
 Furthermore wireless personal area network (WPAN)
technologies, IEEE 802.15.1/3/4 (Bluetooth/UWB/
Zigbee), which span short-range data networking of
computer peripherals and consumer electronics
appliances with various bitrates, provide an easy and
convenient mechanism for sending and receiving data to
and from the Internet for the end devices.
 To provide mobility support for Internet access, cellular-
based technologies such as third generation (3G)
networking are being aggressively deployed with

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increased multimedia application services from traditional
telecommunication carriers.
 Furthermore, mobile wireless microwave access
(WiMAX) serves as another powerful alternative to
mobile Internet access from data communication
carriers.
3. Telematics: Infotainment in Automobiles
(i) Telematics is the integrated use of telecommunications and
informatics for sending, receiving, and storing information via
telecommunication devices in road-traveling vehicles.
(ii) It is growing fast because of mobile Internet access, such as the
general packet radio service (GPRS) or 3G mobile access.
(iii) It ranges from front-seat information and entertainment
(infotainment) such as navigation, traffic status, hand-free
communication, location-aware services, etc. to back-seat
infotainment, such as multimedia entertainment and gaming,
Internet browsing, email access, etc.
(iv) Telematics systems have also been designed for engine and
mechanical monitoring, such as remote diagnosis, care data
collection, safety and security, and vehicle status and location
monitoring (see Figure 1.7).
(v) It is also important to note the exponentially growing number of
WLAN and WPAN installations on vehicles that provides a good
indication of the wireless-access demand for vehicles in a local
vicinity, e.g., inside a parking lot and moving with a slow speed yet
still enjoying location-aware services.
4. Major Components of Multimedia Networking
(i) Data compression
(ii) Quality of service (QoS)
(iii) Wireless networks
(iv) Interoperability

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Study questions
1. Why we need to learn multimedia networking?.
2. Discuss the examples of the growth of IP-based Internet for business
and home usage.
3. Explain two social trends of multimedia networking.
4. Give some examples the usage of Telematics.
5. List major components of multimedia networking.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Why we need to learn multimedia networking?
Multimedia Networking is important because of rapid changing in
multimedia applications and streaming technology which are required to
be delivered via latest networks technologies and infrastructures.
2. Why the digital broadcasting becomes more popular?
Digital broadcasting becomes more popular because of great advances
of digital data compression technologies, better resolution, better
quality, higher noise immunity and better interaction capabilities.
3. Do we need to know or remember the standards of wireless
networks?
Yes of course, when you are responsible to manage the networks, or
building multimedia applications to be delivered on the Internet.
4. Do we use telematics only on vehicles?
No. It could be applied for any mobile devices or in the name of mobility.
Glossary of important terms
1. Packet switching (pensuisan bingkisan): a digital networking
communications method that groups all transmitted data - regardless of
content, type, or structure - into suitably-sized blocks, called packets.
2. Digital broadcasting (penyiaran digital): the practice of using digital
data rather than analogue waveforms to carry broadcasts over
television channels or assigned radio frequency bands.

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3. Multimedia streaming (penstriman multimedia): an enabling
technology for providing multimedia data delivery between clients in
various multimedia applications on the Internet.
4. Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) (Rangkaian Kawasan
Peribadi Tanpa Wayar): a network for interconnecting devices centered
around an individual person's workspace - in which the connections are
wireless.
5. Quality of Service (QoS) (Kualiti Servis): refers to a broad collection of
networking technologies and techniques. The goal of QoS is to provide
guarantees on the ability of a network to deliver predictable results.

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Week 2
Chapter 4: Digital Image Coding
Readings
e-Content
2. Acess myLibrary.
page.
5. Search for the title of the book, and open the respective chapter.
Study notes
Important note: Kindly ignore any complex formula and mathematical
calculation, unless stated in the following notes. You just need to focus on
concepts, architecture of networks and theory parts for this text book. You do
not have to learn complex and in-depth of technical aspect of the networks
infrastructures.
1. Image compression:
(a) Image compression is the application of data compression
techniques to two-dimensional digital images to reduce the
redundancy of the image data for storage or transmission in an
efficient form.
(b) Image compression can be classified into two categories: lossless
or lossy.

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(c) Lossless compression, which achieves smaller compression ratios
than lossy compression, mainly takes advantage of the image
contents containing a non-uniform probability distribution for a
variable-length representation of the image pixels. Such images
include technical drawings, icons or comics, and high-value
contents such as medical imagery or image scans made for
archival purposes.
(d) Lossy compressions are especially suitable for natural images,
such as photos, in applications where a minor loss of fidelity is
acceptable when it is desirable to achieve a substantial reduction
in bitrate.
(e) The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), a discrete cosine
transform (DCT)-based technique, is the most widely used
standardized lossy image compression mechanism; it was
designed for compressing either full-color or gray-scale images of
natural, real-world, scenes.
(f) It works well for photographs, naturalistic artwork and similar
material if the compression ratio is about 20 : 1, which is much
better than the 4 : 1 compression ratio provided by a lossless
compression method such as the Graphics Interchange Format
(GIF).
(g) To provide better efficiency in hierarchical JPEG coding,
JPEG2000 was proposed and standardized.
2. Information theory for image compression (Note: Ignore complex
formula of compression, just focus on description and theory parts):
(a) Entropy coding
(b) Huffman coding
(c) Arithmetic coding
(d) Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC)
(e) Run-length coding (RLC)
3. Lossy Image Compression
4. Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)
(a) JPEG progressive mode
(b) JPEG hierarchical mode
(c) JPEG lossless mode

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(d) JPEG codestream
5. JPEG2000
(a) Basic building blocks:
(b) Preprocessing
(c) Discrete wavelet transform and quantization
(d) Codeblock and precinct partition
(e) Bitplane entropy coding
(f) Bitstream organization
(g) Bitstream progression
(h) JPEG2000 for Digital Cinema Initiatives
(i) New parts of JPEG2000: JPIP, JPSEC, JP3D, and JPWL
Study questions
1. What is the meaning of image compression?
2. Distinguish lossy and lossless compression
3. Which type of compression is used for JPEG?
4. What is the Huffman coding?
1. What is lossy compression?
A compression technique that does not decompress data back to 100%
of the original. Lossy methods provide high degrees of compression and
result in very small compressed files, but there is a certain amount of
loss when they are restored.
2. What is lossless compression?
A compression technique that decompresses data back to its original
form without any loss. The decompressed file and the original are
identical. All compression methods used to compress text, databases

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and other business data are lossless. For example, the ZIP archiving
technology (PKZIP, WinZip, etc.) is a widely used lossless method.
3. Which one is better JPEG or GIF?
Depending to the usage. For natural or photography, JPEG is more
suitable and GIF is used for less colours of image.
1. Image compression (pemampatan imej): minimizing the size in bytes
of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image to an
unacceptable level.
2. Lossy compression (kompresi terhilang): Refers to data compression
techniques in which some amount of data is lost. Lossy compression
technologies attempt to eliminate redundant or unnecessary
information.
3. Lossless compression (kompresi tak hilang): Refers to data
compression techniques in which no data is lost. For most types of data,
lossless compression techniques can reduce the space needed by only
about 50%.
4. Bitstream (Strim bit): Refers to a stream of bits transmitted over a
communications line between two devices. A bit is the smallest element
of information in the digital system. Items are ingested into
ScholarSpace as bitstreams.
5. Encoder (Pengekod): An algorithm that converts raw data to an
encoded form, usually to physically compress the data.
6. Decoder (Penyahkod): An electronic or software device that converts
telecommunication signals from their transmitted form into a form
interpretable to other devices or to human beings.

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Week 3
Chapter 3: Digital Audio Coding
Chapter 5: Digital Video Coding
Readings
e-Content
2. Acess myLibrary.
page.
5. Search for the title of the book, and open the respective chapters.
Study notes
Important note: Kindly ignore any complex formula and mathematical
calculation, unless stated in the following notes. You just need to focus on
concepts, architecture of networks and theory parts for this text book. You do
not have to learn complex and in-depth of technical aspect of the networks
infrastructures.
1. Digital Audio Coding
History of the new digital audio disk for recording audio and music in
digital format:
(a) Compact disk (CD) standard.

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(b) An audio CD consists of one or more stereo tracks stored using
16-bit pulse code modulation (PCM) coding at a sampling rate of
44.1 kHz.
(c) Standard compact disks have a diameter of 120 mm and can hold
approximately 60–80 minutes of audio.
(d) Grown to encompass other applications, e.g., the CD-ROM (read-
only memory) and CD-R/W.
(e) Widely used as a data storage medium for computers and
consumer electronics.
(f) The original capacity requirement for recording digital audio is
about 635 megabytes (MB) per hour or 1.411 Mbps, i.e.,
44100(samples/s) X 2(byte/sample) X 3600(s/h) X 2(channels)
= 635 MB per hour of audio CD capacity
(g) The famous computer-based waveform audio storage format,
WAV (waveform audio format, with extension *.wav), was
originally developed by Microsoft and IBM.
2. The human auditory system:
Our ears consist of three fundamental physiological components, the
inner, middle and outer ear (see Figure 3.2).
3. Human Psychoacoustics (focus on description, ignore all formula or
calculation):
(a) Hearing sensitivity
(b) Frequency masking
(c) Temporal masking
4. MPEG-1 Audio Layers
(a) Adopted by the International Organization for Standardization and
the International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) at the
end of 1992.
(b) Originally proposed as one of three parts (audio, video, and
system) in the compression standard, at a total bitrate of about 1.5
megabits per second (Mbps).

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(c) Accepts captured audio with sampling rates of 32, 44.1, or 48 kHz.
(d) Compressed bitstream can support one or two audio channels
and have one of several predefined fixed bitrates ranging from 32
to 224 kbps per channel, equivalent to a compression ratio of 24
to 2.7.
(e) MPEG-1 audio offers three independent layers of compression:
Layer 1, Layer 2, and Layer 3.
5. Dolby AC3 Audio Codec
(a) AC3 was proposed and developed by Dolby Inc. for DVD, HDTV,
home theater systems (HTSs), etc, in order to provide a superior
audio coding for multichannel surround sound, so that it can be
used for High Definition Television (HDTV)
(b) The AC3 audio codec, so-called Dolby Digital Surround audio,
follows the recommendation made by the Society for Motion
Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE, http: //www.smpte.
org/home) that 5.1 channels (left, center, right, left surround, right
surround, subwoofer, as shown in Figure 3.25) with a target bitrate
of 320 kbps should be enough to provide the sound quality
achieved by the 70 mm surround-sound format used in the cinema
since 1979
6. MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)
(a) Research and development efforts from the world’s leading
audio coding laboratories, such as Fraunhofer Institute, Dolby,
Sony, and AT&T, to advance audio coding technologies beyond
MP3 and AC3. This effort was initiated to create a new audio
coder which can produce indistinguishable quality at 64 kbps per
monochannel.
(b) Technically, the AAC format can support up to 48 full-frequency
sound channels and 16 low-frequency enhancement channels
(c) It also supports sampling rates up to 96 khz, twice the maximum
afforded by MP3 and AC3 and is now the format used for songs
downloaded from the popular itunes music website
(www.itune.com)
(d) The AAC format, which was standardized in 1997, was built on a
similar structure to MP3 and thus retains most of its design
features

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(e) AAC uses a modular approach (see Figure 3.28): Filter bank;
Temporal noise shaping (TNS); Prediction; MS stereo;
Quantization; Huffman coding & Bitstream format;
7. MPEG-4 AAC (HE-AAC)
(a) The MPEG-2 AAC system has been further enhanced and
amended to become today’s most efficient audio coding standard,
the so-called High Efficiency AAC (HE-AAC or HE-AAC v1) and
HE-AAC v2.
(b) These two coding formats were standardized in the years 2003
and 2004 separately within MPEG-4 audio.
(c) The HE-AAC is the low-bitrate codec in the AAC family and is a
combination of the MPEG-2 AAC LC (advanced audio coding low-
complexity) audio coder and the spectral band replication (SBR)
bandwidth expansion technique.
8. Digital Video Coding
Overview:
(a) Sony’s D-1 format, which digitally recorded an uncompressed
standard definition (RGB) component video is produced in 1983.
(b) Apple released the first commercial version of QuickTime video for
streaming and playback in 1991, and this set a fast pace for
international standardization efforts for consumer digital video.
(c) Owing to the much larger amount of data generated by raw digital
video, video compression becomes critically needed.
(d) Many types of video coding standard are now available to serve
digital video playback, storage in CD or DVD, and broadcasting or
streaming over the Internet.
(e) Digital videos are captured in two different forms: interlaced scan
and progressive scan.
(i) Interlaced scan, which is the format used by analog
broadcast TV systems, records the image in alternating
sets of even and odd lines, each set of odd or even lines
being referred to as a field, and a consecutive pairing of
even and odd fields is called a frame: see Figure 5.1(a).

24
(ii) A progressive scanning digital video records each frame as
distinct, both fields being identical. Thus interlaced video
captures twice as many fields per second as progressive
video does when both operate at the same number of
frames per second:
R = W x H x D x Fs
where W denotes the width (in pixels) of the video frame,
H denotes the height of the video frame (in pixels),
D denotes the depth (in bits per pixel), and Fs denotes the
frame rate.
(f) Technical issues and formats (see Table 5.1) involved in digital
video coding:
(i) Chroma subsampling
(ii) Intraframe compression
(iii) Interframe compression
(iv) Entropy coding
(v) Rate control
9. Evolution of Digital Video Coding
(a) The first practical digital video coding standard was H.261,
proposed by theInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) in
1990, originally designed for transmission over ISDN lines on
which data rates are multiples of 64 kbps.
(b) All subsequent international video coding standards (MPEG-1,
MPEG-2/H.262, H.263, and even H.264) have been following a
similar architectural design and standardization process.
(c) The next international standard was MPEG-4. This was
undertaken as a major task in 1998 with intention of getting
compatibility between many multimedia components: video,
synthetic structures (graphics-like), audio, systems, reference
software, test bitstreams, digital rights management, and so on.
(d) The next format is H.264 standard, also known as AVC and
MPEG-4 Part 10. The H.264 standard was jointly developed by
the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) together with the

25
ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as a collective
partnership effort known as the Joint Video Team (JVT).
(e) Windows Media 9 Series is the latest generation of digital media
technologies developed by Microsoft, whose design objective is to
enable the effective delivery of digital media through any network
to any device.
10. Compression Techniques for Digital Video Coding (no need to learn
details about this topic)
(a) Simple techniques
(b) Subsampling and interpolation
(c) Entropy coding
(d) Predictive coding and motion estimation
(e) Transform domain coding
(f) Rate control in video coding
11. Video formats and compression:
(a) H.263 and H.263+ Video Coding
(b) MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Video Coding
(c) MPEG-4 Video Coding and H.264/AVC
(d) H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
(e) Windows Media Video 9 (WMV-9)
(f) Scalable Extension of H.264/AVC by HHI
Study questions
1. What is the audio CD capacity for stereo audio with 44.1kHz sampling
rate?
2. List FOUR (4) digital audio formats.
3. Discuss about interlaced scan and progressive scan for digital video.

26
4. What are the technical issues and formats involved in digital video
coding?
5. List digital video formats and compression.
1. What is meant by digital video?
Refers to the capturing, manipulation and storage of video in digital
formats. A digital video (DV) camcorder, for example, is a video camera
that captures and stores images on a digital medium such as a DAT.
2. What is meant by kHz?
Abbreviation for kilohertz. A unit of measurement of frequency, also
known as cycles per second. One kiloHertz (kHz) is equal to 1,000
Hertz (Hz) or 1,000 cycles per second.
3. What is the meaning of kbps?
Short for kilobits per second, a measure of data transfer speed.
Modems, for example, are measured in Kbps. Note that one Kbps is
1,000 bits per second, whereas a KB (kilobyte) is 1,024 bytes.
4. What is the meaning of video capture?
Converting analog video signals, such as those generated by a video
camera, into a digital format and then storing the digital video on a
computer's mass storage device.
1. Sampling rate (kadar persampelan): Also called a sample rate.
Typically expressed in samples per second, or hertz (Hz), the rate at
which samples of an analog signal are taken in order to be converted
into digital form.
2. Psychoacoustics (Psikoakustik): a branch of psychophysics studying
the relationship between acoustic stimuli and behavior.
3. Interlaced scan (Imbasan berjalin): Interlaced scan is designed for the
analog NTSC television system, uses two fields to create a frame. One
field contains all the odd lines in the image, the other contains all the
even lines of the image.
4. Progressive Scan (Imbasan Progresif): Progressive scan is one of two
methods used where the lines are drawn in one at a time in sequential

27
order. The entire single frame image is painted every 1/60th of a
second, allowing for twice the detail to be sent in the same amount of
time used in interlaced systems.
5. Digital media (Media digital): Any type of information stored in the
computer, including data, voice and video.

28
Week 4
Chapter 6: Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
Readings
e-Content
2. Acess myLibrary.
page.
Study notes
1. digital broadcasting permits a level of quality and flexibility unattainable
with analog broadcasting and provides a wide range of convenient
services, thanks to its high picture and sound quality, interactivity, and
storage capability.
2. European broadcasters initiated the first attempt to implement a
complete direct-to-home satellite digital television program delivery
infrastructure having a capacity in excess of 100 channels from a single
satellite.
3. This was the digital video broadcasting (DVB) project in 1993, and the
main standardization work for satellite (DVB-S) and cable (DVB-C)
delivery systems was completed in 1994.

29
4. The fixed terrestrial version (DVB-T) was soon added to the DVB family
to offer one-to-many broadband wireless data broadcasting based on
roof-top antenna and the use of IP packets.
5. DVB provides superior picture quality with the opportunity to view
pictures in standard format or wide screen (16 : 9) format, along with
mono, stereo, or surround sound.
6. It also allows a range of new features and services including subtitling,
electronic program guides (EPGs), multiple audio tracks, interactive
content, multimedia content, etc.
7. Moreover, these programs may be linked to World Wide Web material
to be disseminated through the Internet.
8. The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) in established
in US.
9. ATSC committee adopted different standards such as the ATSC digital
television (DTV) standard A/53 and the digital audio compression (AC3)
standard A/52.
10. These ATSC standards, established in 1995, were the world’s first
standards for DTV, and they established the precedent for system
quality and flexibility that separates DTV from all the existing analog
television systems.
11. In 1999, a formal process began to get the four network affiliates (ABC,
CBS, NBC, Fox) in the top 30 markets on the air with DTV.
12. In 2001, the fourth-generation (4G) receivers had removed any doubts
regarding the viability of outdoor DTV reception and, in 2005, the fifth-
generation (5G) performance convinced many critics that successful
indoor reception equivalent to NTSC could be achieved.
13. By the encapsulation of Internet protocol (IP) based services in DVB
data streams, DVB networks are further opened up for transmission of
graphics, photos, and data.
14. The advent of the multimedia home platform (MHP,
http://www.mhp.org/), which is a set of Java-based interactive TV
middleware specifications developed by the DVB Project, was another
milestone since with MHP software applications can be run on all sorts
of terminal devices.

30
15. The DVB-T platform is a flexible system which can provide services for
both fixed roof-top antenna and portable or mobile receptions, with
some tradeoff between bitrate and signal robustness.
16. Another, competing, digital video broadcasting standard for handheld
devices was developed in Korea, terrestrial digital multimedia
broadcasting (T-DMB) standard.
17. The digital broadcasting offered in Japan is based on a highly versatile
system called integrated services digital broadcasting (ISDB).
18. DVB-T to DVB-H
(a) The two most important aspects of the DVB-T system are the use
of the MPEG-2 transport stream (TS) and the use of the coded
orthogonal frequency-division multiplex (COFDM) format.
(b) More specifically, once the video and audio data in DVB-T are
compressed according to MPEG-2 compression standards, they
are packed by the packetized elementary stream (PES) layer and
then each PES packet is divided into fixed-length packets of 188
bytes.
19. T-DMB Multimedia Broadcasting for Portable Devices
(a) Terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting (T-DMB), which was
developed in Korea on the basis of the European Digital Audio
Broadcasting standard (DAB, Eureka-147), has some similarities
with the competing mobile TV standard DVB-H for handheld
devices in terms of the use of multimedia data compression
techniques.
(b) More specifically, T-DMB uses MPEG-4 H.264/AVC for video
coding and MPEG-4 bit-sliced arithmetic coding (BSAC) [28] or
MPEG-4 HE AAC for audio coding.
20. ATSC for North America Terrestrial Video Broadcasting
(a) The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) digital
television (DTV, A/53) standard describes a system designed to
transmit high-quality video and audio, and ancillary data, within a
single 6 MHz terrestrial television broadcast channel.
(b) The system can deliver about 19 Mbps in a 6 MHz terrestrial
broadcasting channel and about 38 Mbps in a 6 MHz cable
television channel.

31
21. ISDB Digital Broadcasting in Japan
(a) The ISDB system was designed to provide integrated digital
information services consisting of audio, video and data via
satellite, terrestrial, or cable TV network transmission channels.
Study questions
1. Explain briefly the meaning of digital broadcasting?
2. What is the fixed reception standard for Asia region?
3. Describe briefly two important aspects of DVB-T system namely
MPEG-2 transport stream (TS) and the use of the coded orthogonal
frequency-division multiplex (COFDM) format
4. Draw a diagram to show multimedia specification architecture of a
T-DMB system
5. What is ISDB?
1. What is a digital media network?
A digital media network is a network consisting of different facets of
digital media, such as advertising, television properties, Internet
properties, and a wide selection of digital material.
2. What are the different types of digital media services?
Digital media includes audio, visual, and text media that is transmitted,
and usually created, digitally. Since digital media is commonly used in
business, entertainment, and communication, the types of digital media
services are many.
3. What is Digital Satellite TV?
Digital satellite TV is broadcast from a satellite located on orbit around
the Earth. A homeowner who subscribes to the service must put a
satellite dish outside that picks up the signal and delivers it into the
home.
4. What is DVB-T?
DVB-T broadcasters transmit data using a compressed digital audio-
video stream, with the entire process based on the MPEG-2 standard.

32
These transmissions can include all kinds of digital broadcasting,
including HDTV and other high-intensity methods.
5. What is DVB-H?
DVB-H offers high-speed streaming video that can be used either on its
own or as a piggyback signal on existing mobile telecommunication
networks. The signals are designed to account for the limited battery life
of small handheld devices by employing a technique called time-slicing,
in which bursts of data are sent periodically and then stored, avoiding
the need for a constant battery drain
1. Digital video broadcasting (penyiaran video digital): Digital Video
Broadcasting (DVB) is a suite of internationally accepted open
standards for digital television. DVB standards are maintained by the
DVB Project
2. Wide screen (skrin lebar): A widescreen image is a film, computer, or
television image with a width to height aspect ratio greater than the
standard 1.37:1, Academy Frame aspect ratio.
3. Middleware (perisian tengah): Middleware is a layer of software that
runs on top of set top box operating systems (OS) creating a consistent
environment to run application software over a wide variety of set top
boxes.
4. Robustness (keteguhan): Robustness is the quality of being able to
withstand stresses, pressures, or changes in procedure or circumstance
5. Ancillary (sampingan): An addition to.

33
Week 5
Chapter 7: Multimedia Quality of Service of IP
Networks
Readings
e-Content
2. Acess myLibrary.
page.
Study notes
1. Multimedia networking has to enable multimedia data that originate on a
source host to be transmitted through the IP networks (the Internet) and
displayed at the destination host
2. The Internet, which uses IP protocols and packet switching, has
become the largest network of networks in the world (it consists of a
combination of many wide area and local area networks, WANs and
LANs (see Figure 7.1)
3. Multimedia over the Internet is fast growing among service providers
and potential customers

34
4. Real-time multimedia applications (e.g., live video streaming and video
conferences), which are very sensitive to transmission delay and jitter
and usually require a sufficiently high bandwidth
5. To this end, various systems have been made available on network
protocols and architectures to support the quality of service (QoS)
6. The IP protocol is now commonly accepted as a top-down five-layer
model, having application, transport, network, data-link, and physical
layers (see Figure 7.2):
(i) Application layer
(ii) Transport layer
(iii) Network layer
(iv) Data-link layer
(v) Physical layer
7. In the networking community, quality of service (QoS) commonly refers
to the service level offered by the network to applications or users to
match their performance needs in terms of network QoS metric
parameters, including delay or latency, delay variation (delay jitter),
throughput or bandwidth, and packet loss or error rate, etc.
8. There have been several QoS mechanisms based on bandwidth
management, including traffic classification, packet scheduling,
resource reservation, channel access, and traffic policing.
(i) Traffic classification
(ii) Packet traffic management
(iii) Network resource management
9. To resolve effectively the matter of supporting a larger number of
receivers for the same live-streamed media, the IP multicast delivery of
UDP traffic was introduced; in this system the multicast receiver gets
only the video content he or she desires, and this allows a significantly
larger number of streams to be available.
(i) IP multicast
(ii) Application-level multicast

35
10. If the transmitted multimedia data rate is too high, this may cause
packet loss or even a congestion collapse whereas a low transmission
data rate will leave some receivers underutilized.
11. To solve this issue, the transmission source should have a scalable
rate, i.e., multirate, which allows transmission in a layered fashion.
(i) Receiver-driven layered multicast (RLM)
(ii) Receiver-driven layered congestion control (RLC)
(iii) Packet-pair layered multicast (PLM)
(iv) Bandwidth inference congestion control (BIC) layered multicast
Study questions
1. Why Quality of Service (QoS) is an important element in delivering
multimedia over the networks?.
2. What is meant by TCP/IP?.
3. Explain briefly the Application Layer of the Internet Protocol.
4. Explain briefly the several mechanisms of QoS.
5. What is the meaning of IP Multicast?.
1. What are the five top-down layers of the Internet Protocol?
The IP protocol consists of the top-down five-layer model namely
application, transport, network, data-link, and physical layers.
2. What are the causes of packet loss?
There are two factors:
(i) Network congestion, which results in dropped packets.
(ii) the presence of a noisy communication channel, especially in a
wireless channel.

36
3. How does the Application Layer works?
The application layer works in the following ways:
(i) First, the application or user sends the connection request to the
central station.
(ii) Then, if the new connection is admitted, it will be assigned a
unique ID number.
(iii) Packets from the application will be associated with this ID
number.
4. What is the example of application that uses P2P technique?
Any torrent applications such as BitTorrent, Transmission, Deluge and
etc.
1. Destination host (hos destinasi): A host to which ping sends request
packets and from which it expects reply packets.
2. WAN (Wide Area Network) (Rangkaian Kawasan Luas): A WAN spans
a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs
often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks
(LANs) or metro area networks (MANs).
3. LAN (Local Area Network) (Rangkaian Kawasan Setempat): A LAN
connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked
office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though
sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per
room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings.
4. Multicast (multisiar):Multicast is communication between a single
sender and multiple receivers on a network.
5. Receiver (penerima): A device that accepts signals. Contrast with
"transmitter," which sends signals. The term is used generically to refer
to "the side being sent to.” For example, “by the time the signal gets to
the receiver...” refers to whichever hardware device is at the other end
of the communication.

37
Week 6
Chapter 8: Quality of Service Issues in Streaming
Architectures
Readings
e-Content
2. Acess myLibrary.
page.
Study notes
1. Multimedia streaming is an important component of many Internet
applications such as distance learning, digital libraries, video
conferencing, home shopping, and video-on-demand.
2. However, the current best-effort Internet does not offer any quality of
service (QoS) guarantees to streaming media over the Internet.
3. In terms of multimedia streaming over IP networks, there are two
common delivery mechanisms in which multimedia information can be
distributed over the Internet, namely, live streaming and on-demand
streaming.
4. QoS Mechanisms for Multimedia Streaming. There are six key
components of a multimedia streaming system:

38
(a) Multimedia compression
(i) Non-scalable audio coding is the most widely used coding in
streaming systems.
(ii) Scalable video is more adaptable to the varying available
bandwidth in the network in comparison with non-scalable
video coding.
(iii) Streaming audio and/or video (A/V) requires bounded end-
to-end delay so that packets can arrive at the receiver in
time to be decoded and displayed.
(iv) It is desirable that an A/V stream be robust to packet loss.
(b) Application-layer QoS control
(i) The objective of application-layer QoS control is to avoid
congestion and maximize video quality in the presence of
packet loss.
(ii) The application-layer QoS control techniques include
congestion control and error control.
(c) Continuous media distribution services
(i) Continuous media distribution services are built on top of the
best-effort Internet with the aim of achieving QoS and
efficiency for media streaming.
(ii) Some representative techniques include network filtering,
application-level multicast, content replication, etc.
(d) Streaming servers
(i) Streaming servers play a critical role to process multimedia
data under strict timing constraints in order to provide
synchronized A/V and data presentation as well as to
prevent artifacts (e.g., jerkiness in video motion and pops in
audio) during playback.
(ii) Streaming servers also need to support VCR-like control
operations, such as stop, pause or resume, fast forward, and
fast backward.

39
(e) A streaming server typically consists of the following three
subsystems:
(i) A communicator to handle the application-layer and
transport protocols.
(ii) A real-time operating system to satisfy real-time
requirements for streaming applications.
(iii) A storage system to support continuous media storage and
retrieval in the streaming services.
(f) Media synchronization mechanisms.
(i) Media synchronization refers to the maintaining of temporal
relationships within one data stream and between various
media streams.
(ii) There are three levels of synchronization, corresponding to
three semantic layers of multimedia data:
 Intramedia (e.g., between audio and video streams).
 Intermedia.
 Interobject (including texts and images).
(g) Protocols for the streaming media
The protocols directly related to Internet streaming video can be
classified into the following three categories:
 Network-layer protocols
 Transport protocols
 Session control protocols
5. Windows Media Streaming Technology by Microsoft
(a) Microsoft Windows Media Services 9 Series is the server
component of the Windows Media 9 Series platform, and works in
conjunction with Windows Media Encoders and Windows Media
Players to deliver audio and video streaming content to clients
over the Internet or an intranet.

40
(b) The container file format is known as the advanced systems
format, and the files have extensions .WMV, .WMA, or .ASF,
depending on whether they contain video and audio (WMV), only
audio (WMA), or content that is not coded by Windows Media
codecs (ASF).
(c) Some technical features have been uniquely developed for
Windows Media streaming systems, such as the fast streaming
and dynamic content delivery technologies.
6. SureStream Streaming Technology by RealNetworks
(a) RealMedia is a streaming technology, offered by RealNetworks,
which runs on Windows and Linux.
(b) Both the container format and the codecs are proprietary, and the
files have extensions .RA, .RAM, .RM, and .RPM.
(c) A RealMedia server called Helix Universal Server can handle
RTSP and MMS control protocols and is able to deliver a large
variety of container formats, including RealMedia, Windows Media
(WM), Apple’s QuickTime (QT), MPEG, and others.
(d) It can also accept connections from WM, QT, and MPEG-4
encoders, and from any of these players.
(e) RealSystem G2 uses the standard RTSP protocol for session
control, and supports the RTP standard for framing and
transporting of data packets.
(f) The key technological components of RealSystems G2 are:
(i) An adaptive stream management (ASM) protocol
(ii) SureStream file format access and rendering mechanisms
(iii) Source and channel coding algorithms
7. Internet Protocol TV (IPTV)
(a) The technological advances in the past decades for VoIP, last-
mile IP connections, video streaming, and video conferencing over
IP can now be applied to an emerging technology, Internet
protocol TV (IPTV), which will provide a more function-rich, user-
interactive form of TV to consumers.

41
(b) It requires approximately 2 Mbps to transmit a broadcast-quality
video stream using MPEG-2 compression; a DVD-quality TV
signal takes 4 to 5 Mbps; and high-definition television (HDTV)
requires approximately 9 Mbps.
(c) These TV programs can now be delivered digitally to the ordinary
household with the use of advanced DSL (ADSL2+ and VDSL) or
fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) technologies.
(d) Internet protocol TV is formally defined as multimedia services,
such as audio and video, delivered over IP-based networks that
are managed in such a way as to provide the required level of
QoS and quality of experience (QoE), security, interactivity, and
reliability.
(e) requirements for various important aspects: IPTV architecture,
QoS and performance, security and content protection, network
and control, end systems and middleware, and public interest.
Study questions
1. Name TWO (2) delivery mechanisms for multimedia elements over the
Internet.
2. Discuss SIX (6) key components of multimedia streaming system.
3. What is the objective of application-layer QoS control?.
4. List protocols for the streaming media.
5. List extension supported by Windows Media Streaming by Microsoft.
1. Do you think the streaming media is good on the Internet?
It depends to the current best-effort Internet does not offer any quality of
service (QoS) guarantees to streaming media over the Internet.
2. What is meant by live-streaming?
Broadcasting in real time using steaming media.

42
3. What is streaming video or audio?
Streaming video or audio is video (as on television) or sound (as on the
radio) delivered over the Internet via a modem or broadband
connection.
4. What difference does it make if content is streamed, rather than
downloaded?
Audio and video files can be very large. You would spend many minutes
or even hours waiting for them to be downloaded to your computer if
they weren't streamed. Streaming media technology allows you to see
or hear the content in just a few seconds, instead of having to wait for it.
5. Can I receive streaming media via Web TV?
Earlier versions of Web TV can't receive streaming media, but some
later versions can. You should check your manual or ask the Web TV
folks to see if your model supports streaming video/audio.
1. Multimedia streaming (Penstriman multimedia): Generally includes
one or several forms of media which are streamed or transported to the
client over a network.
2. Quality of service (QoS) (Kualiti Perkhidmatan): QoS (Quality of
Service) refers to a broad collection of networking technologies and
techniques. The goal of QoS is to provide guarantees on the ability of a
network to deliver predictable results. Elements of network performance
within the scope of QoS often include availability (uptime), bandwidth
(throughput), latency (delay), and error rate.
3. Bandwidth (Lebarjalur):Bandwidth is often used as a synonym for data
transfer rate - the amount of data that can be carried from one point to
another in a given time period (usually a second).
4. Data synchronization (penyamaan data): Data synchronization
technologies are designed to synchronize a single set of data between
two or more devices, automatically copying changes back and forth.
5. Codecs (kodeks): a codec is any technology for compressing and
decompressing data. Codecs can be implemented in software,
hardware, or a combination of both.

43
Week 7
Chapter 9: Wireless Broadband and Quality of
Service
Readings
e-Content
2. Acess myLibrary.
page.
Study notes
1. Overview
(a) Wireless technology describes telecommunications in which
electromagnetic waves carry the signal over part of or the entire
communication path without cables.
(b) Wireless broadband is an extension of point-to-point wireless
communication for the delivery of high-speed and high-capacity
pipe that can be used for voice, multimedia, and Internet access
services.
(c) The main focus is on 3G, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX.

44
(d) The wireless LAN (WLAN or the so-called Wi-Fi standards)
technologies IEEE 802.11a/b/g and the next generation very-high-
data-rate (> 200 Mbps) IEEE 802.11n are being deployed
everywhere for Internet access (the so-called hotspot) with very
affordable installation costs.
(e) WiMAX is regarded as the next generation (4G) wireless system.
(f) A key distinction between 3G, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX is that the 3G
and WiMAX technologies use a licensed spectrum, while Wi-Fi
uses an unlicensed shared spectrum.
2. Evolution of 3G Technologies
(a) The first generation mobile service was called the advanced
mobile phone service (AMPS) and was based on analog
frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) technology.
(b) In the 1990s, mobile services were upgraded to digital mobile
technologies; these are known as the second generation (2G) of
mobile services.
(c) To further support higher-bandwidth wireless digital data
communications, a vision of the next generation (i.e., third
generation, 3G) cellular networks for public land mobile
telecommunications systems, called international mobile
telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000), was proposed by the
Telecommunication Standardization Section of ITU.
(d) As shown in Figure 9.4, for a technically stationary user operating
in a picocell (100 m coverage area, within a building), the data
rate would be up to 2.048 Mbps.
(e) For a pedestrian user operating in a microcell (0.5 km coverage
area, in an urban neighborhood), the data rates would be up to
384 kbps.
(f) For a user with vehicular mobility operating in the macrocell (5–10
km metropolitan coverage area), the data rates would be up to
144 kbps.
(g) The 3G wireless system evolved from GSM is called wideband
CDMA (WCDMA) and is also referred to as the universal mobile
telecommunications system (UMTS) in the European market.

45
(h) Another effort moving GSM toward 3G in the US market was
enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE), which can
provide data rates up to 384 kbps.
(i) The WCDMA variations include frequency-division duplex (FDD),
time-division duplex (TDD), and time-division CDMA (TDCDMA).
(j) But, as of 2006, the growing interest in high-speed downlink
packet access (HSDPA) provides a smooth evolutionary path for
UMTS networks to higher data rates and higher capacities, in the
same way as EDGE does in the GSM world.
(k) Even with today’s fast growing use of 3G mobile services, there
are still important disadvantages in comparison with those of wired
networks. One main concern is that the bandwidth is still not as
large and as stable as for fixed wired networks.
(l) These considerations call for the following three 4G wireless
systems: the long term evolution (LTE) of 3GPP, the ultra mobile
broadband (UMB) of 3GPP2, and the IEEE 802.16e WiMAX.
(m) There are two main goals of 4G wireless systems. First of all,
higher and more stable bandwidth is required. Second, and more
importantly, 4G networks will no longer have a circuit-switched
subsystem as do the current 2G and 3G networks.
3. Wi-Fi Wireless LAN (802.11)
(a) In 1989, the IEEE 802.11 Working Group began elaborating on
WLAN medium access control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layer
specifications.
(b) Since then 802.11-based WLANs have been rapidly accepted and
recently deployed widely in many different environments, including
campuses, offices, homes, and hotspots.
(c) In the communication architecture of an IEEE 802.11, all
components that can connect into a wireless medium in a network
are referred to as stations (STAs).
(i) All stations are equipped with wireless network interface
cards (WNICs).
(ii) Wireless stations fall into one of two categories, access
points and clients.

46
(iii) An access point (AP) is the base station for the wireless
LAN.
(iv) It transmits and receives the radio frequencies at which
wireless enabled devices can communicate.
(v) The transmitter of a WLAN AP sends out a wireless signal
that allows wireless devices to access it within a circle of
roughly 100 meters.
(vi) The zone around the transmitter is known as a hotspot.
(vii) A wireless client can be a mobile device such as a laptop, a
personal digital assistant (PDA), an IP phone, or a fixed
device such as a desktop or workstation equipped with a
WNIC.
 The growth of hotspots, free and fee-based public
access points, has added to Wi-Fi’s popularity. There
were several standards under the umbrella of IEEE
802.11 Wi-Fi as listed in Table 9.2.
4. QoS Enhancement Support of 802.11
(a) Two medium-access coordination functions are defined in the
original 802.11 MAC: a mandatory distributed coordination
function (DCF) and an optional point coordination function (PCF).
(b) To improve the QoS and the overall system performance of
802.11, there have been several efforts to introduce service
differentiation for the IEEE 802.11 based on the DCF MAC
mechanism:
(i) Varying the DIFS and backoff time
(ii) Limiting the maximum frame length
(iii) Varying the initial contention-window size
(iv) Blackburst
(v) Distributed fair scheduling
(c) The IEEE 802.11e standard, which was finalized in 2003, is an
approved amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard that defines a

47
set of QoS enhancements for WLAN applications through
modifications to the MAC layer.
(d) The IEEE 802.11e standard supports QoS on the basic of a hybrid
coordination function (HCF), which defines two medium-access
mechanisms: one is contention-based channel access and the
other is controlled channel access.
(e) To build a small-to-large-scale wireless distribution system based
on the WLAN infrastructure, the IEEE 802.11s extended service
set (ESS) was proposed for the installation, configuration, and
operation of a WLAN multi-hop mesh.
5. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
(a) The IEEE 802.16 standard, commonly referred to as worldwide
interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), specifies the air
interface, including the MAC and PHY layers, for the next
generation wireless broadband access.
(b) First published in 2001, the IEEE 802.16 standard specified a
frequency range 10–66 GHz with a theoretical maximum
bandwidth of 120 Mbps and maximum transmission range of 50
km.
(c) A variant of the standard, IEEE 802.16a-2003, approved in April
2003, can support non-LOS (NLOS) transmission and adopts
OFDM at the PHY layer.
(d) The IEEE 802.16 standard evolved to the 802.16–2004 standard
(also known as 802.16d).
(e) To further support mobility, which is widely considered to be a key
feature in wireless networks, the new IEEE 802.16e (also known
as 802.16–2005) added mobility support and is generally referred
to as mobile WiMAX.
(f) Figure 9.20 shows a common protocol architecture of the WiMAX
standard, where the MAC layer consists of three sublayers: the
service-specific convergence sublayer (CS), the MAC common
part sublayer (MAC CPS), and the security sublayer.

48
6. Internetworking Between 802.16 and 802.11
(a) Figure 9.26 shows an integrated 802.16 and 802.11 system,
where a WiMAX BS operating in a licensed band serves both
WiMAX SSs and Wi-Fi APs or routers in its coverage area.
(b) Protocol adaptation is critically required for two different wireless
infrastructures, WiMAX and Wi-Fi, to internetwork with each other.
Some protocol adaptation mechanisms originally proposed for
internetworking between 3G and Wi-Fi can be extended for
WiMAX–Wi-Fi integrated networks.
(c) Quality of service support would be required for real-time (e.g.,
video and voice) traffic in an integrated WiMAX–Wi-Fi network.
(d) The radio resource allocation mechanisms need to be developed
accordingly. Specifically, optimal and adaptive bandwidth sharing
mechanisms that satisfy both the WiMAX and Wi-Fi service
providers need to be developed.
Study questions
1. What is the meaning of wireless technology?.
2. Differentiate between 3G, Wi-Fi and WiMAX technologies.
3. How 3G has been evolved to CDMA technology?.
4. What are the mechanisms that can be used to improve QoS?.
5. Describe the protocol of WiMAX using a diagram.
1. Why wireless technologies always keep changing?
The technologies always keep changing to cater the new findings,
development and improvement of wireless technologies and also for
user requirements.
2. I can see MAC configuration in my modem-router. What it does
means?
Short for Media Access Control address, a hardware address that
uniquely identifies each node of a network. In IEEE 802 networks, the
Data Link Control (DLC) layer of the OSI Reference Model is divided

49
into two sub-layers: the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer and the Media
Access Control (MAC) layer. The MAC layer interfaces directly with the
network medium. Consequently, each different type of network medium
requires a different MAC layer.
3. Do I need to know different WLAN standards produced by IEEE?
Yes of course, so that you can understand the cronology of WLAN
development.
4. What is Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs)?
A wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN) is a form of wireless
networking that has an intended coverage area “a range” of
approximately the size of a city. A WMAN spans a larger area than a
wireless local area network (WLAN) but smaller than a wireless wide
area network (WWAN).
5. What is different between IEEE 802.16 and IEEE 802.11?
The basic difference between “normal wireless” or Wi-Fi and WiMAX is
that they have different radio technologies that enable the delivery of
high-speed internet access.
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) is a relatively mature technology, with equipment
widely available for both domestic and office use. In addition, there are
thousand of hotspots around the UK, offering wireless access in hotels,
coffee shops and airports.
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) on the other hand is a very new technology, with
very few services available in the UK. It offers higher bandwidth
services over a longer range, compared with Wi-Fi. This means that
when it becomes more mainstream, WiMAX is expected to give faster
internet over a wider area.
1. Wireless (tanpa wayar): Wireless is a term used to describe
telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some
form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the communication path.
2. Hotspot (titik utama): A specific geographic location in which an access
point provides public wireless broadband network services to mobile
visitors through a WLAN. Hotspots are often located in heavily
populated places such as airports, train stations, libraries, marinas,
conventions centers and hotels. Hotspots typically have a short range of
access.

50
3. Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi): A communication system that uses low-power microwave
radio signals to connect laptop computers, PDAs, and web-enabled cell
phones to the Internet.
4. WiMAX (WiMAX): WiMAX, meaning Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology that provides
wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes,
from point-to-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet
access.

51
Week 8
Chapter 10: Multimedia Over Wireless Broadband
Readings
e-Content
2. Acess myLibrary.
page.
Study notes
1. Overview
(a) Wireless multimedia delivery faces several challenges, such as a
high error rate, bandwidth variation and limitation, battery power
limitation, and so on.
(b) Wireless networks were not designed with real-time multimedia
communication services.
(c) Media coding over wireless networks are governed by two
dominant rules:
(i) Moore’s law, which states that computing power doubles
every 18 months.

52
(ii) The huge bandwidth gap (one or two orders of magnitude)
between wireless and wired networks.
2. End-to-End Transport Error Control
(a) In a wireless network environment, common channel errors due to
multipath fading, shadowing, and attenuation may cause bit errors
and packet loss; this is quite different from the packet loss caused
by network congestion.
(b) In congestion control, packet loss information can serve as an
index of network congestion for effective rate adjustment;
therefore wireless packet loss can mistakenly guide congestion
control and lead to dramatic performance degradation.
(c) For a network topology containing wireless links, packet loss can
be caused by either congestion loss or wireless channel errors
resulting from multipath fading, shadowing, or attenuation.
(d) Packet loss due to wireless channel errors will result in an
improper reduction in sending rate and dramatically throttle the
throughput.
(e) In general, two kinds of packet loss, congestion loss and wireless
loss, as shown in Figure 10.2, are commonly categorized.
3. Error Resilience and Power Control at the Source Coding Layer
(a) In addition to the error control techniques created for the various
layers of multimedia-over-wireless-network protocols, there have
been a great deal of efforts to provide error control and recovery
technologies at the source coding layer
(b) The standardized error-resilient encoding schemes include
resynchronization marking, data partitioning, and data recovery
(c) There are two basic approaches for error concealment, spatial
and temporal interpolation:
(i) The H.264 network abstraction layer for network adaptation
(ii) Power control with rate–distortion optimization
4. Multimedia Over Wireless Mesh

53
(a) To build a small-to-large-scale wireless distribution system based
on a WLAN infrastructure, the IEEE 802.11s extended service set
(ESS) was proposed for the installation, configuration, and
operation of WLAN multi-hop mesh.
(b) The 802.11-based wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have
emerged as a key technology for a variety of new multimedia
services that require flexible network support.
(c) Therefore, in addition to the 802.11s standardization efforts, some
proprietary radio technologies are used instead of IEEE 802.11-
based radio technology, such as the products made by Radiant
and MeshNetwork; their systems are, however, incompatible with
others. And also MIT Roofnet and Microsoft Research.
(d) In a typical WMN, the network configuration maintains the ad hoc
communication structure but with two architectural levels, mesh
routers and mesh clients.
5. Wireless VoIP and Scalable IPTV Video
(a) Voice over IP (VoIP) applications in wireless networks have
gained increasing popularity in recent years.
(b) the advances in IEEE 802.16e wireless broadband and scalable
video technologies have also made it possible for Internet protocol
television (IPTV) to become the next “killer” application for modern
Internet carriers in metropolitan areas with mobility support.
(c) End-to-end WLAN-based VoIP system
(d) Scalable IPTV video over WiMAX
(e) Cross-layer congestion control for video over WLAN
(f) Cross-layer scalable video over WiMAX
Study questions
1. What are the challenges of wireless multimedia technology?
2. What are the common channel errors in wireless network environment?
3. In addition to the error control techniques created for the various layers
of multimedia-over-wireless-network protocols, there have been a great

54
deal of efforts to provide error control and recovery technologies at the
source coding layer. Discuss the standardized error-resilient encoding
schemes to control the errors.
4. Discuss the advantages of Wireless Mesh Networks.
5. Explain briefly the Wireless VoIP and Scalable IPTV Video.
1. What are the benefits of using a wireless mesh networking
system?
A wireless mesh network provides a secure information grid for use
virtually anywhere. Users can transmit data instantly, intelligently, and
securely over a highly redundant wireless network consisting of
autonomous routers or nodes. The network can be deployed on land or
sea, in rural or urban environments, to and from fixed or temporary
sites, and even in remote or inhospitable terrain.
2. How does a mesh network work?
Each node in a mesh network is a wireless router that connects to every
other node in the system by forwarding data to neighboring nodes until
the data reaches its final destination. This wireless peer-to-peer
forwarding of data eliminates the need for wired networking
infrastructure, greatly reducing the cost and time to deploy a network.
3. How is a wireless mesh network different from a standard wireless
network?
A standard Wi-Fi network operates on unlicensed radio spectrum with
each router or node hardwire connected to the internet. A mesh network
operates on the same radio spectrum but only one node in a particular
network needs to be hardwired to the internet. This allows network
signals to freely route via the most efficient path back to the hardwired
node enhancing the speed and reliability of communications.
4. How would you describe the relationship between WMN and Wi-Fi?
Technologically speaking, WMN is fully compatible with the Wi-Fi
standard on the physical layer and the link layer; in addition, it
strengthens the Wi-Fi standard. The traditional Wi-Fi technology
requires each AP to be equipped with one wire to provide wireless
coverage for a target area; in contrast, WMN employs a radio frequency
to substitute its wired counterparts. Without the limitation of wires, WMN
allows users to deploy dynamic networks in an area as vast as they
may desire.

55
5. What is Wireless VoIP?
Wireless VoIP is VoIP running over a Wireless LAN (WLAN). These
WLANs are typically compliant with the 802.11 standard. As long as
callers are within range of a WLAN access point and using a VoIP
enabled handset, they can make and receive calls over the wireless
network. Wireless VoIP is gaining adoption in certain vertical industries,
such as health care and retail, where worker mobility is critical to a
productive workforce.
1. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) (Suara melalui IP): VoIP is a
technology that allows telephone calls to be made over computer
networks like the Internet. VoIP converts analog voice signals into
digital data packets and supports real-time, two-way transmission of
conversations using Internet Protocol (IP).
2. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) (Protokol Datagram Pengguna): UDP is
a communications protocol that offers a limited amount of service when
messages are exchanged between computers in a network that uses
the Internet Protocol (IP).
3. Network abstraction layer (NAL) (Lapisan Pengabstrakan
Rangkaian): The Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) is a part of the
H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard. The main goal of the H.264/AVC
NAL is the provision of a "network-friendly" video representation
addressing "conversational" (video telephony) and "non conversational"
(storage, broadcast, or streaming) applications.
4. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (Nisbah isyarat-hingar): Signal-to-noise
ratio (often abbreviated SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and
engineering to quantify how much a signal has been corrupted by noise.
It is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power corrupting
the signal. A ratio higher than 1:1 indicates more signal than noise.
5. Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) (Rangkaian Jejaring Tanpa Wayar):
A wireless mesh network (WMN) is a mesh network created through the
connection of wireless access points installed at each network user's
locale. Each network user is also a provider, forwarding data to the next
node. The networking infrastructure is decentralized and simplified
because each node need only transmit as far as the next node.
Wireless mesh networking could allow people living in remote areas and
small businesses operating in rural neighborhoods to connect their
networks together for affordable Internet connections.

56
Week 9
Chapter 11: Digital Rights Management of
Multimedia
Readings
e-Content
2. Acess myLibrary.
page.
Study notes
1. Overview
(a) Owing to the proliferation of digitized media applications, such as
e-Book, streaming videos, web images, shared music, etc., there
is a growing need to protect the intellectual property rights of
digital media and prevent illegal copying and falsification.
(b) This explains the strong demand for digital rights management
(DRM), which is an access control technology that protects and
enforces the rights associated with the use of digital content, such
as multimedia data.

57
(c) The most important functions of DRM are to prevent unauthorized
access and the creation of unauthorized copies of digital content,
and moreover to provide a mechanism by which copies can be
detected and traced (content tracking).
(d) effective DRM system should have the following four
requirements:
(i) The DRM system must package the content to be protected
in a secure manner.
(ii) The DRM system must obtain the access conditions
(license) specified by the owner of the protected content.
(iii) The DRM system must determine whether the access
conditions have been fulfilled.
(iv) The DRM system must be tamper-proof to prevent or deter
attempts to circumvent, modify, or reverse-engineer the
security protocols used by the DRM system.
2. A Generic DRM Architecture
(a) Figure 11.1 shows a generic DRM architecture, which consists of
three modules: client, license server, and content server.
(b) A user uses the client device to obtain, either by downloading in
advance or live streaming online, multimedia content packages
from the content server, and then requests operation (e.g., view,
play) of these contents.
(c) The DRM controller residing in the client device starts to collect
information, such as the content ID, the user ID, and the
requested rights, etc.
(d) When the necessary information has been collected, the DRM
controller contacts the license generator residing in the license
server; the license generator validates (authorizes) the forwarded
content ID and user ID, and calls for the requested rights from the
client device to be imposed on the downloaded or streamed
multimedia content.
(e) The license generator goes on to extract the data encryption keys
(commonly based on secret key encryption technologies such as
DES or AES, to be discussed later) from the key repository
corresponding to the downloaded or streamed multimedia content,

58
then creates and sends the license to the client device; this is
followed by the generation of a financial transaction, if necessary.
(f) The sending of the license from DRM server to client again calls
for the help of public key encryption, i.e., sending a digitally signed
license.
(g) The DRM controller at the client side, after receiving and opening
the license from the DRM server, will extract data encryption keys
from the received license to decrypt the downloaded or live
streamed multimedia contents and will generate a financial
transaction on the client side if necessary.
(h) The DRM controller then hands the decrypted content to the
rendering (i.e., media decoding) application to be played back.
(i) DRM content server
 A content server is a computer system that provides content or
media to devices that are connected to a communication
system. The main function of a content server is to receive and
process requests for media content, to set up a connection to
the requesting device, and to manage media transfer during
the communication session.
(j) DRM license server
 A license server is a system that maintains a list of license
holders and their associated permissions to access licensed
content. The main function of a license server is to confirm or
provide the necessary codes or information elements to users
or systems with the ability to provide access to licensed
content.
(k) DRM client
 A DRM client is either a hardware device or a software
program that is configured to receive from the network the
content package from the content server and request a DRM
license from license server.
(l) Separating content from license
 In the common architecture for most modern DRM systems,
the content and license are handled by the content server and
license server separately, as shown in Figure 11.1.

59
 There are several reasons to support this separate server
design:
– There are normally multiple sets of rights for a given
content, since there are multiple types of users with
different access requirements.
– One set of rights can be applicable to multiple content
items, especially with regard to subscription to a library of
content.
– Contents such as the live streaming media from networks
may not reside on a user’s device; this would make the
license delivery with content more difficult.
3. Encryption
(a) The encryption process uses a cryptographic algorithm scrambling
confidential data (called plaintext) to an unintelligible form (called
ciphertext) so as to keep it safe from external “eyes” and thus
ensure a high level of security.
(b) In multimedia networking applications, the plaintext is normally
referred as a block (say 128 bits) of compressed audio or video
bitstream data.
(c) There are two major types of encryption: one is symmetric
encryption (secret key cryptography, SKC) and the other is
asymmetric encryption (public key cryptography, PKC).
Note: Ignore mathematical formula and calculation in this topic.
(i) Secret key cryptography (SKC)
 Since only a single key is used for both encryption and
decryption, secret key cryptography (SKC) is called
symmetric encryption.
 In SKC the sender uses the key to encrypt the plaintext
and sends the ciphertext to the receiver. The receiver
applies the same key to decrypt the cyphertext and
recover the plaintext.
(ii) Public key cryptography
 One of the most challenging issues of secret key
cryptography (SKC) is the key exchange (or key
distribution) problem, i.e., the problem of securely
transmitting keys to the users who need them.

60
 Diffie and Hellman in 1976 and independently Merkle in
1978 proposed a radically different approach, called
public key cryptography (PKC), to resolve the key
distribution problem in SKC.
 Furthermore, PKC also resolves the problem of digital
signature, which would provide the recipient of a purely
digital electronic message with a way of demonstrating to
other people that the message had come from a
particular person, just as a written signature on a letter
allows the recipient to trust the authenticity of the author
and the content.
4. Digital Watermarking
(a) Encryption is very effective in restricting access to data;
however, once the encrypted data has been decrypted,
encryption techniques cannot offer any protection at all.
(b) Digital watermarking has thus been proposed as a
complementary means (rather than a replacement) for content
protection even after data has been decrypted or when using the
existing multimedia appliances.
(c) Digital watermarking is defined as the imperceptible insertion or
embedding of information into multimedia data, i.e., the digital
data is modified in an imperceptible way so as to avoid
degradation of the host data or easy perceptual identification of
the embedded information.
(d) Digital watermarking, being a technique for embedding
information into digital content, requires no decryption for playing
back the digital content unless an attempt has been made to
extract the embedded watermark.
(e) This technique is not the same as the use of digital signatures,
which encrypt a hashed file.
(f) Watermarking applications
(i) Identification of legal ownership
(ii) Usage restriction
(iii) Fingerprinting or content tracking
(iv) Authenticity checking

61
(g) Components of digital watermarking
(i) Watermark embedding
(ii) Watermark attack
(iii) Watermark detection
5. MPEG-21
(a) MPEG-21, formally referred to as ISO/IEC 21000 multimedia
framework, was thus proposed to address the secure and
interoperability problem by standardizing interfaces and tools to
facilitate the exchange of multimedia resources across
heterogeneous devices, networks, and users.
(b) More specifically, MPEG-21 standardizes the requisite elements
for packaging, identifying, adapting, and processing these
resources as well as managing their usage rights.
(c) The basic unit of transaction in the MPEG-21 multimedia
framework is the digital item (DI), which packages resources
along with identifiers, metadata, licenses, and methods that
enable interaction with the Dis.
(d) Another key concept in the MPEG-21 multimedia framework is
that of a user, which stands for any entity that interacts in the
MPEG-21 environment or makes use of DIs. Such users include
individuals, consumers, communities, organizations,
corporations, consortia, and governments.
(e) Digital item declaration
(i) A digital item (DI) is defined as a structured digital object
with a standard representation, identification, and
metadata.
(ii) The relationship between these resources and how they
relate to the DI itself is expressed in a digital item
declaration (DID), which is a document that specifies the
makeup, structure, and organization of a DI.
(iii) The MPEG-21 abstract model defines several constituent
entities of a DID. These entities make up the backbone of
a DID and are presented in a bottom-to-top approach for
declaring digital items.

62
(f) Digital item identification
(i) The digital item identification (DII) part of MPEG-21 simply
integrates existing identification schemes for various
application space into the MPEG-21 framework, instead of
creating a new identification scheme.
(g) Intellectual property management and protection (IPMP)
(ii) MPEG-21 Part 4 defines an interoperable framework for
intellectual property management and protection (IPMP),
which is a much more interoperable extension of MPEG-4
IPMP.
(iii) The project includes standardized ways of retrieving IPMP
tools from remote locations and exchanging messages
between IPMP tools and between these tools and the
terminal.
(iv) It also addresses the authentication of IPMP tools and has
provisions for integrating rights expressions according to
the rights expression language (REL) and the rights data
dictionary.
(h) Digital item adaptation (DIA)
(i) The standardization of metadata interfacing to adaptation is
highly desired. The MPEG-21 digital item adaptation (DIA)
was thus proposed, to achieve interoperable transparent
access to distributed multimedia content by shielding users
from network and terminal installation, management, and
implementation issues.
(i) Digital item processing
(i) Digital item processing (DIP, ISO/IEC 21000-10) was
proposed to incorporate more interoperable descriptions of
programmability related to multimedia experience and to
further allow interactions between a user (the term includes
both human end users and machines, as defined in
MPEG-21), a digital item (DI), and the other parts of
MPEG-21, MPEG-21 Part 10.

63
Study questions
1. An effective DRM system should have four requirements. Describe
briefly the requirements.
2. Describe briefly the process of encryption and two major types of
encryption.
3. What is meant by Digital Watermarking?.
4. What is the purpose of introducing MPEG-21 standard?.
5. Explain the RDD context model with the support of appropriate diagram.
1. Why DRM is important?
DRM (digital rights management) is a way to protect digital files from
copyright theft, and it can apply in several different circumstances.
Many big companies are now using DRM (digital rights management) to
protect their goods. So for example, you might buy a DVD of your
favorite television program and find that you cannot make a copy of it.
2. Why we need data encryption?
Intellectual property such as your employee and client information,
product descriptions and business outline all qualify as invaluable
information. These critical details should be secured at all times to
ensure the integrity and confidentiality of your organization. This
information is the core of your business and without it, you can't
operate. If a criminal is able to access this data, there is no limit to the
damage they can inflict.
3. Can I Remove a Watermark from a Picture?
People generally put a watermark on a picture to acknowledge the
creator and because they don't want the images to be altered or used
without permission. A watermark is intentionally hard to remove.
Graphic design, digital art, and photography are valuable skills and the
artists should be recognized and compensated for their time and their
work. If you want to use someone else's photos or images, you should
purchase them or ask permission.

64
4. Can you explain the difference between MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and
MPEG-4 and what their possible uses are?
(a) MPEG stands for Motion Picture Experts Group, the standards
body made up of many large companies involved in technology
and content creation in the video industry.
(b) MPEG-1 compression is the oldest MPEG compression standard.
At its highest quality level, MPEG-1 formatted video is
compressed to approximately 1.5Mbps. MPEG-1 video is used for
VCD video disks and is typically no better than VHS quality video.
(c) MPEG-2 improves upon the MPEG-1 standard by increasing the
data throughput a video file is capable of. Where MPEG-1 maxes
out around 1.5Mbps, MPEG-2 is typically compressed to between
3.5Mbps and 6Mbps. MPEG-2 is the standard used by DVD and
SVCD formats for encoding video, as well as the digital cable and
satellite industries.
(d) MPEG-4 compresses files in a range from 5Kbps to 10Mbps
making it adaptable for delivering video to everything from cell
phones to HD quality output. MPEG-4 compresses images by
dealing with objects in the video, meaning it efficiently reuses
image information without throwing away as much image data.
Two of the more commonly available uses for MPEG-4 are DivX
movies, widely found on p2p networks and the audio and video
data being created through Apple's QuickTime format as MP4
video and AAC audio.
1. Digital Rights Management (DRM) (Pengurusan Hak-Hak Digital):
DRM refers to a collection of systems used to protect the copyrights of
electronic media. These include digital music and movies, as well as
other data that is stored and transferred digitally. For example, the
Apple iTunes Music Store uses a DRM system to limit the number of
computers that songs can be played on.
2. Digital Asset Management (DAM) (Pengurusan Aset Digital): Digital
asset management (DAM) consists of management tasks and decisions
surrounding the ingestion, annotation, cataloguing, storage, retrieval
and distribution of digital assets. Digital photographs, animations,
videos and music are samples of media asset management (a sub-
category of DAM).

65
3. Cryptographic (cryptographic): Based on cryptography - is the science
of information security. Cryptography includes techniques such as
microdots, merging words with images, and other ways to hide
information in storage or transit.
4. Intellectual property (harta intelektual): Intellectual property (IP) is a
term referring to a number of distinct types of creations of the mind for
which property rights are recognized - and the corresponding fields of
law. Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain
exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical,
literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words,
phrases, symbols, and designs.
5. Metadata (metadata): Metadata is commonly used to describe three
aspects of digital documents and data.

Cbmn4104 multimedia networking dec10 edit-mac15

Cbmn4104 multimedia networking dec10 edit-mac15

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