This document discusses different types of cast irons and their properties. It begins by explaining the composition of cast iron which contains more than 2% carbon along with alloying elements like silicon, sulfur, manganese, and phosphorus. The main types discussed are grey cast iron, which is the most widely used due to its low cost; white cast iron, which is very hard and brittle; malleable cast iron, which is made from white cast iron and given ductility through heat treatment; and spheroidal graphite cast iron, which has improved ductility from nodular graphite formation. The document also covers microstructures, properties, applications and effects of composition for each type of cast iron.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
CONTENTS
Ferrous metal
Type of ferrous metal
Pig iron
Cast iron
Working of cupola furance
Wrought iron
Steel
Stainless steel
Tools steel
Application of ferrous metal in automotive
Merits and Demerits of ferrous metal materials in automotive
What is cast iron, its process, properties and applicationsSearchnscore
Cast Iron is a ferrous alloy consisting of 2 to 4.5 % of Carbon, 0.5 to 3 % Silicon and small amount of Sulphur, Manganese and Phosphorous. It is generally cast as soft and strong or as hard and brittle iron. Usually made from Pig Iron, cast iron is formed by liquefying it, followed by pouring it in a mould and allowing it to cool.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
CONTENTS
Ferrous metal
Type of ferrous metal
Pig iron
Cast iron
Working of cupola furance
Wrought iron
Steel
Stainless steel
Tools steel
Application of ferrous metal in automotive
Merits and Demerits of ferrous metal materials in automotive
What is cast iron, its process, properties and applicationsSearchnscore
Cast Iron is a ferrous alloy consisting of 2 to 4.5 % of Carbon, 0.5 to 3 % Silicon and small amount of Sulphur, Manganese and Phosphorous. It is generally cast as soft and strong or as hard and brittle iron. Usually made from Pig Iron, cast iron is formed by liquefying it, followed by pouring it in a mould and allowing it to cool.
'Iron seemeth a simple metal but in its nature are many mysteries’. Many, but not all,of these mysteries have been solved over the past three hundred years using the combined skill of the foundryman and the knowledge of the scientist to provide today's design engineer with a family of casting alloys that offer a virtually unique combination of low cost and engineering versatility.
The various combinations of low cost with castability , strength,
Machinability , hardness, wear resistance ,corrosion resistance, thermal conductivity and damping are unequalled among all casting alloys and It makes Cast Iron most widely used metal in engineering purpose .
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. COMPOSITION
• GREATER Than 2 % of carbon
• And also Small amounts of ALLOYING
ELEMENTS (Silicon, Sulphur, Manganese and
phosphorus).
• Cast irons are least expensive of all metals. Because
of plenty of resource available.
• Molten cast iron can be cast in to any complex
shapes and can be easily machined.
3. Composition of cast iron
• Carbon- 3.0 - 4.0%
• Silicon- 1.0% - 3.0%
• Manganese- 0.5% - 1.0%
• Sulphur and phosphorus- up to 1.0%
4. Cast iron Features
• Most widely used cheap metal
• Using casting methods we can produce
complicated shapes.( Easy Castability)
• Easy to machine.
• Good mechanical rigidity
• Good strength in compression
• Example --- spheroidal graphite iron are
strong , malleable cast irons are tough
7. Effect of composition elements on
Cast Iron
1. CARBON ( 3 – 4 %)
– Its present in the form of flakes of Graphite or
cementite ( i.e. brittle iron carbide)
Note
– When the cast iron having cementite Structure ---
results poor mechanical property.
– so for application point of view its require to have
carbon in the form of flakes of graphite.
8. 1.carbon
• If the iron having more
cementite, it looks silvery
white in the broken area.
(cementite is a silvery
white component)
• We call it as white cast iron
• If the iron having the
presence of flakes of
graphite the broken area
looks grey colour --- this is
called as grey cast iron
9. 2.Silicon
• This will some extent governs the form in
which carbon is present in cast iron.
• Silicon causes cementite (unstable), so that it
decomposes, thus releasing free graphite.
• Therefore high silicon iron tends to be a grey
iron, whilst a low silicon iron tends to be a
white iron.
10. 3.Sulphur
• Sulphur tends to stabilize cementite. Thus
helps to produce white iron.
• It gives brittleness property to iron, so we
have to keep this percentage as low.
11. 4.Manganese
• It gives toughness and strength to iron.
• It also control the harmful effect(Reactions)
of sulphur in metal
12. 5.Phosphorus
• It gives the property of fluidity (in melting)
for cast iron.
• It also give brittleness like sulphur. For that
we have minimize the percentage level.
15. FACTOR -2----------Heat treatment
• Prolonged heating (700 degree Celsius) of white
cast iron causes graphitization to occur.
• The cementite decomposes into ferrite and
graphite during heating upto 700 degree Celsius.
• This decomposed ferrite and cementite will
occupy more space than the original cementite.
16. FACTOR -3 -------------ELEMENTS
• SILICON
• Highest percentage of silicon in iron results grey cast iron
structure.
• Low percentage of silicon results white cast iron.
17. TYPES OF CAST IRON
• Alloy cast iron --- ( Special Purpose)
1. Grey cast iron --- (General Purpose)
2. White cast iron – ( Heat and wear resistant)
3. Malleable cast iron-- ( Heat treated for
ductility)
4. Spheroidal Graphite cast iron – -(some
ductility)
18. GREY CAST IRON
• Least Expensive
• Most commonly used
• It is an alloy of carbon and silicon with iron.
Composition:
• Carbon - 2.5 – 4 %
• Manganese – 0.4 – 1%
• Sulphur – 0.02 – 0.15%
• Silicon – 1 – 3 %
• Phosphorus – 0.15 – 1 %
• Remaining iron
19. Grey Cast iron
• Its Consists of graphite flakes ( like potato Chips)
• Graphite flakes are surrounded by alpha ferrite or
pearlite matrix.
• Because of graphite it shows grey in colour
• These flakes not having much strength --- this lead
to crack formation in edges and brittleness.
• The shape, size and distribution of flakes decide the
property of grey cast iron.
20. Characteristics
• Good strength
• Excellent compressive strength
• Good torsional and shear strengths
• Good corrosion resistance
• Excellent fluidity
• Good wear resistance
• Excellent Machinability
• Good vibration damping capacity
21. Applications of Grey cast iron
USED IN
• Machine tool bodies
• Engine blocks
• Engine cylinders
• Brake drums
• Crank shaft
• Pipe and pipe fittings
• Rolling mills
• Agriculture appliances
22. White cast iron
• White cast iron derives its names fact that fracture
surface has a white or silvery appearance
• White iron combined with cementite.
• The broken cast iron area looks like silvery white.
• When the cooling is fast ----- Carbon content
changes to cementite results white cast iron
24. Microstructure
• Cementite is caused by quick cooling of molten
iron it produces White cast iron is very hard and
brittle.
• RAPIDLY COOLED FROM THE CASTING
TEMPERATURE The Cast iron is termed as
“CHILLED IRON”
25. Characteristics of white cast iron
• Very hard and brittle
• Very high resistance to abrasion
• High tensile strength and low compressive
strength
• Cannot be machined because its hard.
26. Applications of white cast iron
• White cast iron is Used as a raw material in the
production of malleable cast iron.
• Used in rolls, wear plates(brakes), pump linings,
balls
• Used in outer surface for car wheels.
27. MALLEABLE CAST IRON and its
MICROSTRUCTURE
• By heat treating the white cast iron we get malleable cast
iron.
• For having malleable and ductile property .
• During heat treatment the cementite breaks into ferrite
and graphite nodules.
• The graphite nodules called as tempered carbon-- it
appears like popcorn.
• This rounded graphite permits a good combination of
strength and ductility
29. Types of Malleable irons
• Ferritic malleable iron,
• Pearlitic malleable iron
30. 1. Ferritic Malleable cast iron
• Here the white iron is heated up to upper critical
(815 ͦ
c to 1230 ͦ
c) temperature and hold it for
prolonged time, so carbon in the cementite
converts in to graphite.
• Subsequently the low cooling through the eutectoid
reaction results in a ferritic matrix
• Finally the cast iron obtained is called ferritic
malleable cast iron.
31. 2.Pearlitic Malleable cast iron
• The Rapid cooling of molten white cast iron in eutectoid
transformation range results pearlitic matrix.
• This is due in fast cooling , the carbon in austenite will have
not enough time to form additional graphite. So its retained
in the pearlite matrix
CHARACTERISTICS:
• It has higher strength and Lower ductility
33. CHARACTERISTICS OF
MALLEABLE CAST IRON
• Good ductility and malleability than grey cast iron
• High yield and tensile strength
• Its not brittle as grey cast iron
• High young’s modulus and low co-efficient of expansion
• Excellent impact strength
• Good wear resistant
• Good vibration damping capacity
• Excellent machinability
34. Applications of Malleable cast iron
USED IN
• Due to their Castability , machinability and shock
resistance it Most widely used in automobile industries
• In brake shoe
• Wheel hub
• Axle housing
• Transmission gears
• Connecting rod
• Levers
• Pipe fittings
• Agriculture machineries and parts
• Switch gear equipments
35. SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE
OR
NODULAR CAST IRON
• Its also called ductility cast iron
• In the grey cast iron they are adding magnesium
or cerium
• This magnesium converts flakes graphite into
perfect nodules.
• This perfect nodules improves the ductility of
the cast iron. (nearly 20 % increased)
36. Characteristics of
spheroidal graphite cast iron
• Excellent ductility
• Good toughness than grey cast iron
• Good fatigue strength
• Good impact strength
• Good hardness
• High modulus of elasticity
• Good wear resistance
• Good machinability
• Good oxidation resistant
• Excellent castability
37. Applications
Used in
• Valves
• Pump bodies
• Crank shaft ,
• Pinion and gears
• Rollers
• Rocker arm
• Flanges
• Power transmission equipments
• Earth moving machineries
38. ALLOY CAST IRON
• The cast iron Discussed so far called Plain cast
irons.
• The cast irons contains only small amount of
impurities.
• The ALLOY CAST IRONS can be produced by
adding Ni, Cr, Mo, Cu, Si and Mn.
PURPOSE:
• For High strength materials
• Hard and abrasion resistance
• Corrosion resistance irons
39. Purpose of alloying elements in cast iron
S.N
O
ALLOYING
ELEMENT GENERAL EFFECTS
1 Ni Graphitize the cementite and help to produce grey
iron
Reduce the formation of coarse grains
Give toughness to thin sections
2 Si Same effect as that of nickel
3 Cr For hard and wear resistant irons
4 Mo Increase hardness and toughness
5 V Increase strength and hardness
Give heat - resistance to metal
6 Cu It gives resistance to corrosion
40. Applications of alloy cast irons
• Cylinder block
• Brake drums
• Clutch castings
• Automobile components like piston rings,
crank shaft.
• Corrosion and heat resisting areas