Case study of TAJ MAHAL
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The document summarizes the pollution problems affecting the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. Emissions from nearby industries like the Mathura oil refinery contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides that cause acid rain, corroding the marble of the Taj Mahal. This phenomenon is known as "marble cancer." The Supreme Court of India has ordered industries to switch to cleaner fuels and for monitoring stations to be set up to measure air quality. The court case M.C. Mehta vs. UOI & Ors aimed to address the pollution issues impacting the Taj Mahal. The government has since implemented various actions and regulations to help protect the historic monument from further damage by air pollution.
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Case study of taj mahal
The document discusses the construction and history of the Taj Mahal, as well as the environmental threats it faces from pollution. It took over 25 years to build, requiring thousands of workers, and was commissioned by Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his wife. However, increasing pollution from nearby industries and traffic has caused damage, turning the white marble yellow. Various government organizations are taking steps like planting trees and regulating industries to help protect the monument.
Taj Mahal - The corroding beauty
Acid rain caused by nearby factories and vehicles is damaging the white marble of the Taj Mahal, turning it yellow. This "marble cancer" occurs as the acid rain causes a chemical reaction when it touches the marble. Additionally, waste from factories is polluting the nearby Yamuna River, causing mosquitoes and algae that further damage the monument. Nearby oil refineries also emit toxic gases and dust that contribute to acid rain and air pollution damaging the Taj Mahal. The government has taken steps to reduce pollution and protect the monument, but more needs to be done.
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A study on the corrosion of the Taj Mahal over the recent years and causes that have led to this sorry state.
Also includes steps taken by the Indian government for restoration.
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The document provides details about the Taj Mahal, including its construction history, architecture, and myths. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan between 1632-1653 as the tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Some key points:
- Construction took over 20 years and thousands of workers to complete the white marble mausoleum and surrounding gardens in Agra.
- The complex symmetrical design combines elements of Persian, Islamic and Indian architectural styles.
- Over the centuries it has been damaged and restored, and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site that receives millions of visitors annually.
- Several myths surround its construction and purpose, but it remains a monument to love
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The document provides information about the Taj Mahal, considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. It was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan between 1632-1653 in the city of Agra, India as a mausoleum for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum located on the southern bank of the Yamuna River and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, renowned for its architectural symmetry and beauty.
Save Taj Mahal from pollution!
After a report saying pollution is turning the Taj Mahal yellow, authorities have taken a number of steps to cut emissions in the area. Vehicles have been banned within a half-mile radius. The report said the white marble structure is gradually turning yellow from pollution from gas powered vehicles. Authorities have also set up pollution monitoring stations around the Taj Mahal.
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The document discusses the architectural and mathematical design of the Taj Mahal. It was commissioned by Emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal complex incorporates symmetrical Islamic and Persian architectural elements and is designed according to the golden ratio. It features intricate decorative elements and is the centerpiece of a complex that includes gardens, additional tombs, and outlying buildings. The construction involved thousands of workers and materials from across Asia over two decades.
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Case study of taj mahal
The document discusses the construction and history of the Taj Mahal, as well as the environmental threats it faces from pollution. It took over 25 years to build, requiring thousands of workers, and was commissioned by Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his wife. However, increasing pollution from nearby industries and traffic has caused damage, turning the white marble yellow. Various government organizations are taking steps like planting trees and regulating industries to help protect the monument.
Taj Mahal - The corroding beauty
Acid rain caused by nearby factories and vehicles is damaging the white marble of the Taj Mahal, turning it yellow. This "marble cancer" occurs as the acid rain causes a chemical reaction when it touches the marble. Additionally, waste from factories is polluting the nearby Yamuna River, causing mosquitoes and algae that further damage the monument. Nearby oil refineries also emit toxic gases and dust that contribute to acid rain and air pollution damaging the Taj Mahal. The government has taken steps to reduce pollution and protect the monument, but more needs to be done.
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Also includes steps taken by the Indian government for restoration.
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The document provides details about the Taj Mahal, including its construction history, architecture, and myths. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan between 1632-1653 as the tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Some key points:
- Construction took over 20 years and thousands of workers to complete the white marble mausoleum and surrounding gardens in Agra.
- The complex symmetrical design combines elements of Persian, Islamic and Indian architectural styles.
- Over the centuries it has been damaged and restored, and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site that receives millions of visitors annually.
- Several myths surround its construction and purpose, but it remains a monument to love
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The document describes the three main styles of Indian temple architecture - Nagara, Dravida, and Vesara. The Nagara style originated in North India and is characterized by a cruciform plan and curved, tapering tower. The Dravida style is associated with South India and features temples with multiple sides and a pyramid-shaped tower made of progressively smaller stories. The styles differ in plan, tower shape, and elements like pillars versus cruciform shapes.
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The document provides information about the Taj Mahal, considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. It was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan between 1632-1653 in the city of Agra, India as a mausoleum for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is a white marble mausoleum located on the southern bank of the Yamuna River and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, renowned for its architectural symmetry and beauty.
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After a report saying pollution is turning the Taj Mahal yellow, authorities have taken a number of steps to cut emissions in the area. Vehicles have been banned within a half-mile radius. The report said the white marble structure is gradually turning yellow from pollution from gas powered vehicles. Authorities have also set up pollution monitoring stations around the Taj Mahal.
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The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a tomb for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died giving birth to their 14th child. Construction of the white marble mausoleum took over 20 years to complete. Seen as a symbol of eternal love, the Taj Mahal is a fusion of Islamic and Hindu architectural styles that attracts millions of visitors annually to Agra, India.
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A range of architectural varieties have developed in the
parts of the country due to its diversified socio-cultural,
traditional and religious background as well as most
importantly climatic variations. Among all the aspects, the
religious diversity has played a vital role in the development
of distinctive architectural styles chronologically. It is the
result of above-mentioned aspects which contributed
towards the formation of a set of architectural assets within
a single piece of land. There may be a lot of research works
done in the field of traditional Indian architecture; still my
study attempts partially to contribute in the existing body of
literature through a documentation of major traditional
architectural styles found across the different regions of
India.
Development of the Mughal architecture under the different rulers
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2) Thousands of artisans and craftsmen from India and countries like Iran, Syria, and Persia were involved in its construction, which utilized materials from across Asia and over 1,000 elephants to transport them.
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The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a tomb for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died giving birth to their 14th child. Construction of the white marble mausoleum took over 20 years to complete. Seen as a symbol of eternal love, the Taj Mahal is a fusion of Islamic and Hindu architectural styles that attracts millions of visitors annually to Agra, India.
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The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Construction began in 1632 and took 22 years to complete, involving over 20,000 workers. The white marble structure stands on a raised marble platform and features a large central dome and four minarets. Its architecture combines elements of Persian, Islamic and Indian architectural styles.
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A range of architectural varieties have developed in the
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importantly climatic variations. Among all the aspects, the
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towards the formation of a set of architectural assets within
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Development of the Mughal architecture under the different rulers
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2) Thousands of artisans and craftsmen from India and countries like Iran, Syria, and Persia were involved in its construction, which utilized materials from across Asia and over 1,000 elephants to transport them.
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Tata Steel operates chromite mines at the Sukinda Valley in Odisha producing chrome ore which is subsequently converted it to Ferro Chrome and sold to customers across the world. A large quantity of water, pumped out from the mining pit and due to rainfall, needs to be handled during the mining operations. Chrome Ore mainly contains tri-valent Chromic oxide and a very small fraction of hexavalent di-chromate. Water coming in contact with chromium ore preferentially leaches out soluble hexavalent chromium from the ore body, as a result, water from the mine contains 0.2 – 4 mg/l of hexavalent chromium against a safe limit of 0.005 mg/l for human consumption; requiring all water to be treated before its release from the mines. Thus, Tata Steel is setting up an additional state of art effluent treatment plant at Sukinda with a capacity of 108 million litres/day; one of the largest in the region; which will be completed by Sept 2015. This paper discusses how the technology for the Effluent Treatment Plant was chosen amongst various alternatives, how the capacity of the plant was decided, the challenges during construction of the said Effluent Treatment Plant that were faced, and how these were successfully tackled. The paper also describes how, because the outlet water is of a better quality than the water from the local water body, the outlet water will be used as the input to the Water Treatment Plant, aiding water consumption and lowering operating cost.
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Case study of TAJ MAHAL
- 4. THE PROBLEM IS…The Mathura oil refinery and other nearby industries pushed into atmosphere pollutants that contains oxides of Sulphur and Nitrogen. These gases causes acid rain This acid makes the marble of Taj Mahal to corrode The industrial and refinery emissions from brick kilns, vehicular traffic and generator sets were alleged primarily responsible for polluting the ambient air in and around Taj Trapezium Zone
- 5. Causes MARBLE CANCER • Marble is CaCO3 . •When acids come in contact , these corrodes by chemical reaction. •The CaOH formed get deposited over the marble and looks like a cancerous growth. •This phenomenon is known as Marble cancer .
- 6. AIR POLLUTION IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF DISCOLOURING OF WHITE MARBLE INTO YELLOW
- 8. The Supreme Court of India has taken several steps to save Taj Mahal. It has ordered the industries to switch to CNG and LPG. On the directions of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, dated 13.9.2000 the Central Pollution Control Board inspected the Foundry Nagar Industrial area, Agra and the premises of the Taj and submitted its report with its recommendations. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ANNOUNCED AN ACTION PLAN IN 1995 Including setting up of an air pollution monitoring station in Agra. . THE
- 9. The Hon'ble Court on 7.11.2000 while accepting the recommendations of the Central Board directed that the four Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations be installed in Agra region and these stations be run continuously for one year all the seven days in a week. These air quality monitoring stations are to be run by the Central Pollution Control Board and monitoring report of these stations
- 10. M.C.Mehta Vs UOI & Ors.W.P(C0 No.13381/1984 This writ petition was filed by Shri. M.C.Mehta, advocate as a public interest litigation regarding pollution caused to the Taj mahal in Agra .The petitioner also alleged that distant sources of pollution were the Mathura Refinery and Firozabad bangles and glass industries .it was stated that the sulphur dioxide emitted by the Mathura Refinery and the industries located in Agra and Firozabad when combined with moisture in the atmosphere forms sulphuric acid and causes “ACID RAIN” which has a corroding effect on the gleaming white .the petitioner also referred the “REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MATHURA REFINERY “(VARADHARANJAN COMMITTEE)published by the government of India in the year 1978.
- 11. On the directions of the hona’ble supreme court ,the NEERI and the Ministry of Environmental&Forests had undertaken an extensive study for re defining the TTZ(TAJ TRAPEZIUM ZONE)and re-alienating the area arrangement environmental plan. on the basis of the report sumitted by NEERI regarding development of green belt around Taj Mahal,the Hon’ble supreme court on 30.8.1996 and 3.12.1996 directed the ministry of Environment & Forests ,Government of india. The government has regulated following issues are under active consideration of the hon’ble supreme court.
- 12. 1. Industries located in Agra including foundry units; 2. Compliance of direction of the Hon'ble Supreme Court by the Mission Management Board; 3. Traffic management & encroachment within the 500 metre zone of the Taj Mahal; 4. Slaughter house; 5. Agra Heritage Fund; 6. Opening of Taj Mahal in the night 7. Unauthorized construction within 100 metre from the southern gate of the Taj Mahal; 8. Booking window at Taj Mahal for collection of Toll Tax