Slag utilized here is obtained from the blasting process of the metal ore in a Cupola furnace .Slag
is a by-product of the iron and steel manufacturing process. Generally a blast furnace operates on a
continuous basis and produces approximately 250 — 300 kg of slag per tons of iron produced. The slag is
collected in a foundry in Coimbatore and it is approximately graded to the size of a coarse aggregate used in
M20 grade concrete (i.e size of a 20mm jelly) and partial replacement of the coarse aggregate is seen in
initial fractions. Also the fine aggregate used in M20 concrete mix ratio is completely replaced by use of
quarry dust which is a cheaper material when compared to sand. Ratio of fine and coarse aggregates
replacement are prepared and accordingly the cubes are casted as per IS:456-2000 M20 mix ratio. Then the
cubes are set for curing in water for 28 days. The leachate analysis is carried out by taking water samples for
every consecutive four days till the 28th day and the samples are analyzed for metals which are of high
environmental concern. After the curing process the cubes are taken out and tested for compressibility .So in
this project “WEALTH FROM WASTE” concept is established by using foundry solid waste (slag) and quarry
dust as a replacement for normal coarse and fine aggregate, such that both civil and environmental concerns
are taken into account
Rapid industrialization leads to the maximum
discharge of waste products which in turn causing the
environmental hazards. These wastes can be a substitute for
conventional material, when utilized in a best way. Red Mud is
a waste generated by the aluminum industry (an average of
3million tons per year) in a Bayer’s process and its disposal is a
major problem for these industries as this is highly caustic and
causes ground water contamination, leading to health hazards.
By taking cementatious behavior of the red mud into account,
an experiment was carried out to partially replace the cement
by red mud in concrete for different percentages and also its
effects on the strength and other properties of the concrete
Partial Replacement of Cement with Textile Industry Wood Ash Wastecedmmantc5411
Due to increasing rate of industrialization, there are large amount of by products which are
producing from various industries, disposal of these by products through safe way is a major concern
nowadays. The wood ash is a waste produced after the incineration of wood in any industry. This may include
wood chips, dust and bark etc. Utilization of such wood ash waste in making concrete will greatly help to
prevent environment from the disposal problems and also it is cost effective. Numbers of cubes were casted and
tested for various grades of concrete mix for the 5%, 10%, and 15% of cement by wood ash waste and
parameters for the strength of
Study on Bagasse Ash As Partial Replacement of Cement in ConcreteIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Today, the increasing demand and scarcity of construction materials like cement make the researchers all over the world to focus on finding ways of utilizing either industrial or agricultural wastes as a source of raw materials and ecofriendly substitutes or alternatives. These wastes utilization would, not only be economical, but may also help to create a sustainable and pollution free environment as the disposing of such wastes is tedious but, promoting towards waste management. Sugar-cane bagasse is one such fibrous waste product of the sugar mills and sugar refining industry. The bagasse ash with alumina and silica, creates disposaland environmental problems around the factories.The use of such ash in concrete by partial replacement of cement, not only reduces the cost of making concrete, but also improves the properties of concrete and reduces environmental pollution. This paper presents the attempt made in making concrete with partially replacing cement by 2.5, 5.0, 7.5,10 and 12.5 % of bagasse ash. Mix design is made for conventional M20 grade, conventional and ash based concrete prepared, the workability, strength and durability characteristics are determined through proper testing and the results are compared.The optimum level of cement replacement with bagasse ash is observed to be 7.5 percent.
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE...IAEME Publication
A Large quantities of waste materials and by-products are generated from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes, etc. As a result, solid waste management has become one of the major environmental concerns in the world. With the increasing awareness about the environment, scarcity of land-fill space and due to its ever increasing cost, waste materials and by-products utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. High consumption of natural sources, high amount production of industrial wastes and environmental pollution require obtaining new solutions for a sustainable development.Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material throughout the world.
Rapid industrialization leads to the maximum
discharge of waste products which in turn causing the
environmental hazards. These wastes can be a substitute for
conventional material, when utilized in a best way. Red Mud is
a waste generated by the aluminum industry (an average of
3million tons per year) in a Bayer’s process and its disposal is a
major problem for these industries as this is highly caustic and
causes ground water contamination, leading to health hazards.
By taking cementatious behavior of the red mud into account,
an experiment was carried out to partially replace the cement
by red mud in concrete for different percentages and also its
effects on the strength and other properties of the concrete
Partial Replacement of Cement with Textile Industry Wood Ash Wastecedmmantc5411
Due to increasing rate of industrialization, there are large amount of by products which are
producing from various industries, disposal of these by products through safe way is a major concern
nowadays. The wood ash is a waste produced after the incineration of wood in any industry. This may include
wood chips, dust and bark etc. Utilization of such wood ash waste in making concrete will greatly help to
prevent environment from the disposal problems and also it is cost effective. Numbers of cubes were casted and
tested for various grades of concrete mix for the 5%, 10%, and 15% of cement by wood ash waste and
parameters for the strength of
Study on Bagasse Ash As Partial Replacement of Cement in ConcreteIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Today, the increasing demand and scarcity of construction materials like cement make the researchers all over the world to focus on finding ways of utilizing either industrial or agricultural wastes as a source of raw materials and ecofriendly substitutes or alternatives. These wastes utilization would, not only be economical, but may also help to create a sustainable and pollution free environment as the disposing of such wastes is tedious but, promoting towards waste management. Sugar-cane bagasse is one such fibrous waste product of the sugar mills and sugar refining industry. The bagasse ash with alumina and silica, creates disposaland environmental problems around the factories.The use of such ash in concrete by partial replacement of cement, not only reduces the cost of making concrete, but also improves the properties of concrete and reduces environmental pollution. This paper presents the attempt made in making concrete with partially replacing cement by 2.5, 5.0, 7.5,10 and 12.5 % of bagasse ash. Mix design is made for conventional M20 grade, conventional and ash based concrete prepared, the workability, strength and durability characteristics are determined through proper testing and the results are compared.The optimum level of cement replacement with bagasse ash is observed to be 7.5 percent.
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE...IAEME Publication
A Large quantities of waste materials and by-products are generated from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes, etc. As a result, solid waste management has become one of the major environmental concerns in the world. With the increasing awareness about the environment, scarcity of land-fill space and due to its ever increasing cost, waste materials and by-products utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. High consumption of natural sources, high amount production of industrial wastes and environmental pollution require obtaining new solutions for a sustainable development.Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material throughout the world.
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates for Making L...ijsrd.com
The present research establishes a relationship of bulged diameter with densification and hydrostatic stress in forming of sintered fly ash. In present study A mix design has been done for M25 Grade of concrete by IS method. Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade is selected and sintered fly ash aggregates were prepared by mixing sintered fly ash with cement and water for making low cost concrete. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant.The sintered fly ash is obtained from Gallant group of industries. This industry is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. In this paper author investigate the Compressive Strength and Flexural strength test of the concrete at different ages i.e. 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days and 90 days. Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates is replaced 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in the place of Corse aggregate. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE AS...IAEME Publication
Objective: The primary objectives of this study are Partial replacement of bagasse ash with cement. Calculation for 7 & 28 days strength. Methods: Concrete with the cement emits CO2 which impacts on environment. Bagasse is the by-product of sugar industries and it is introducing into concrete to find the parameters of strength and waste utilisation. Findings: Environmental impact due to Bagasse increases as dumping and land filling results to molasses and other damaging factors to overcome these problems Bagasse ash introduced into the concrete and the experimental is carried out with replacement of Bagasse ash of (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%) is carried out for high strength concrete. Applications: Accordingly the codal provisions followed are IS: 10262, IS 456-2000 respectively this is the new work for the innovation for future which has to be carried out by upcoming generations.
Effect of mill scale and fly ash waste on the performance of cement mortareSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper investigates effect of mill scale and fly ash wastes as a replacement of fine aggregate generally natural sand on the performance of cement mortar. Utilization of fly ash and mill scale in cement mortar production not only provides significant environmental benefits but also enhances performance of the cement mortar when used at optimum amounts. They may be used in the form of finely ground additive to replace part of aggregates in cement mortar. This study looked at the feasibility of mill scale and fly ash waste inclusion as partial aggregate replacement in normal cement mortar. Properties of cement mortar incorporating fly ash and mill scale waste as partial substitution for natural aggregate were investigated. The study involves six replacement levels of mill scale and fly ash wastes into cement mortar for each mix design. Mortar cubes are tested for strength, & water absorption. The partial replacement of fine aggregate by M(3,30), M(5,30), M(8,30), M(10,30), M(12,30), M(15,30) ( M-mix of mill scale & fly ash %) improves the properties of normal mortar. In the design mix of industrial wastes produced, percentage of fly ash is kept constant (30 %) and mill scale is varied from 0 to 15 % by weight of natural sand. The test results indicate that the mechanical properties of mill scale and fly ash modified mortar are improved to a great extent, whereas the water absorption is reduced as compared to that of plain mortar.
Keywords: Mill Scale, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Durability, Water Absorption, Density
Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregat...YogeshIJTSRD
Production of one ton of Portland cement emits one ton of CO2 and different greenhouse gases main to atmospheric pollution. Hence the want arises to exchange cement with some different cementitious material. Disposal of Pond ash which is combination of Fly ash andamp Bottom ash into massive lakes reasons land air pollution and different environmental effects. The cause of this find out about is to locate the suitability of silica fume as a alternative cloth for cement and pond ash as a alternative fabric for first rate combination in concrete except compromising the power andamp sturdiness of traditional concrete. The bodily and chemical property of silica fume and pond ash is to be studied and each the industrial wastes are used to substitute the cement and great aggregate. Pond ash is in part changed for fantastic mixture with the aid of various percentages 10 to 30 , additionally silica fume is introduced by way of 10 to 20 by way of the weight of cement. The specimens will be examined for its mechanical houses such as compressive strength, cut up tensile energy and flexural electricity on 7, 28 andamp 56 days. After identifying the houses of the concrete mixes, the foremost share of alternative tiers of silica fume and pond ash will be carried out and Reinforced Concrete Beams had been forged to decide the flexural behaviour for the optimized concrete Mix. Mr. K. Soundirarajan | Telem Shidartha "Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in a Silica Fume Based Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45048.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45048/experimental-study-of-using-pond-ash-as-partial-replacement-for-fine-aggregate-in-a-silica-fume-based-concrete/mr-k-soundirarajan
Use of silica sand as cement replacement in ppc concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation is part of comprehensive study carried out to explore the possibility of partial replacement of cement in concrete. Silica sand which is naturally available material available in the vicinity of certain hilly area was used as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Replacement levels were 3-24% at an interval of 3%. A nominal mix (1:1.667:3.33) with 0.5 water cement ratio was used. Specimens were cast for determination of compressive and split tensile strength. The referral conventional concrete as well as concrete made using silica sand as partial replacement of cement were tested for workability in green state and for compressive & split tensile strength after 7,28 & 56 days curing. Results showed that silica sand (upto12%) can effectively being used as partial replacement of cement in concrete without compromising the strength of concrete. Keywords- Silica sand, Workability, Compressive strength, Tensile stremgth.
Rice Husk Ash Sandcrete Block as Low Cost Building MaterialIJERA Editor
Concrete is a widely used construction material for various types of structures due to its structural stability and
strength. The construction industry is today consuming more than 400 million tonnes of concrete every year
.Most of the increase in cement demand will be met by the use of supplementary cementing materials, as each
ton of Portland cement clinker production is associated with similar amount of CO2 emission, which is a major
source of global warming. Partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement with mineral admixtures like fly ash,
ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, metakaolin, Rice husk Ash (RHA),etc with plasticizers
eliminates these drawbacks. The use of rice husk modifies the physical qualities of fresh cement paste as well as
microstructure of paste after hardening. By burning the rice husk under a uncontrolled temperature in the
atmosphere, a highly reactive RHA was obtained and the ash was utilized as a supplementary cementing
material. This paper presents the effects of using Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a partial cement replacement
material in mortar mixes. This work is based on an experimental study of mortar made with replacement of
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with 10%, 20% 30% & 40% RHA. The properties investigated were the
compressive strength, setting time, consistency, workability and specific gravity. Finally, a cost analysis was
also done to compare the efficiency of rice husk ash sandcrete blocks. From the test results it can be concluded
that rice husk ash can be utilized in day today life of manufacturing building blocks which are more economical
and more eco-friendly than the cement concrete blocks which are produced now-a-days
Durability Studies on Concrete and Comparison with Partial Replacement of Cem...IJERA Editor
This research work describes the feasibility of using the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
(SCBA) waste in concrete production as a partial replacement of cement. This present work deals with the effect
on strength and mechanical properties of concrete using RHA and SCBA instead of cement. The cement has
been replaced by rice husk ash, accordingly in the range of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. Concrete
mixtures with RHA, were produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive strengths with the
Conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for the test results of
7, 28, 60, 90 days for compressive strengths in normal water and in MgSO4 solution of 1%, 3% and 5%. Also
the durability aspect for rice husk ash concrete for sulphate attack was tested. Similarly the above tests were also
performed for SCBA. The result indicates that the RHA and SCBA improve concrete durability. Finally the test
results for RHA and SCBA were compared. Key words: Rice Husk Ash, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Concrete,
M35 grade concrete, cubes, cylinders, MgSO4, durability.
Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates for Making L...ijsrd.com
The present research establishes a relationship of bulged diameter with densification and hydrostatic stress in forming of sintered fly ash. In present study A mix design has been done for M25 Grade of concrete by IS method. Ordinary Portland cement of 43 Grade is selected and sintered fly ash aggregates were prepared by mixing sintered fly ash with cement and water for making low cost concrete. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant.The sintered fly ash is obtained from Gallant group of industries. This industry is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. In this paper author investigate the Compressive Strength and Flexural strength test of the concrete at different ages i.e. 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, 56 days and 90 days. Sintered Fly Ash Aggregates is replaced 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in the place of Corse aggregate. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE AS...IAEME Publication
Objective: The primary objectives of this study are Partial replacement of bagasse ash with cement. Calculation for 7 & 28 days strength. Methods: Concrete with the cement emits CO2 which impacts on environment. Bagasse is the by-product of sugar industries and it is introducing into concrete to find the parameters of strength and waste utilisation. Findings: Environmental impact due to Bagasse increases as dumping and land filling results to molasses and other damaging factors to overcome these problems Bagasse ash introduced into the concrete and the experimental is carried out with replacement of Bagasse ash of (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%) is carried out for high strength concrete. Applications: Accordingly the codal provisions followed are IS: 10262, IS 456-2000 respectively this is the new work for the innovation for future which has to be carried out by upcoming generations.
Effect of mill scale and fly ash waste on the performance of cement mortareSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper investigates effect of mill scale and fly ash wastes as a replacement of fine aggregate generally natural sand on the performance of cement mortar. Utilization of fly ash and mill scale in cement mortar production not only provides significant environmental benefits but also enhances performance of the cement mortar when used at optimum amounts. They may be used in the form of finely ground additive to replace part of aggregates in cement mortar. This study looked at the feasibility of mill scale and fly ash waste inclusion as partial aggregate replacement in normal cement mortar. Properties of cement mortar incorporating fly ash and mill scale waste as partial substitution for natural aggregate were investigated. The study involves six replacement levels of mill scale and fly ash wastes into cement mortar for each mix design. Mortar cubes are tested for strength, & water absorption. The partial replacement of fine aggregate by M(3,30), M(5,30), M(8,30), M(10,30), M(12,30), M(15,30) ( M-mix of mill scale & fly ash %) improves the properties of normal mortar. In the design mix of industrial wastes produced, percentage of fly ash is kept constant (30 %) and mill scale is varied from 0 to 15 % by weight of natural sand. The test results indicate that the mechanical properties of mill scale and fly ash modified mortar are improved to a great extent, whereas the water absorption is reduced as compared to that of plain mortar.
Keywords: Mill Scale, Fly Ash, Compressive Strength, Durability, Water Absorption, Density
Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregat...YogeshIJTSRD
Production of one ton of Portland cement emits one ton of CO2 and different greenhouse gases main to atmospheric pollution. Hence the want arises to exchange cement with some different cementitious material. Disposal of Pond ash which is combination of Fly ash andamp Bottom ash into massive lakes reasons land air pollution and different environmental effects. The cause of this find out about is to locate the suitability of silica fume as a alternative cloth for cement and pond ash as a alternative fabric for first rate combination in concrete except compromising the power andamp sturdiness of traditional concrete. The bodily and chemical property of silica fume and pond ash is to be studied and each the industrial wastes are used to substitute the cement and great aggregate. Pond ash is in part changed for fantastic mixture with the aid of various percentages 10 to 30 , additionally silica fume is introduced by way of 10 to 20 by way of the weight of cement. The specimens will be examined for its mechanical houses such as compressive strength, cut up tensile energy and flexural electricity on 7, 28 andamp 56 days. After identifying the houses of the concrete mixes, the foremost share of alternative tiers of silica fume and pond ash will be carried out and Reinforced Concrete Beams had been forged to decide the flexural behaviour for the optimized concrete Mix. Mr. K. Soundirarajan | Telem Shidartha "Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in a Silica Fume Based Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45048.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45048/experimental-study-of-using-pond-ash-as-partial-replacement-for-fine-aggregate-in-a-silica-fume-based-concrete/mr-k-soundirarajan
Use of silica sand as cement replacement in ppc concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation is part of comprehensive study carried out to explore the possibility of partial replacement of cement in concrete. Silica sand which is naturally available material available in the vicinity of certain hilly area was used as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Replacement levels were 3-24% at an interval of 3%. A nominal mix (1:1.667:3.33) with 0.5 water cement ratio was used. Specimens were cast for determination of compressive and split tensile strength. The referral conventional concrete as well as concrete made using silica sand as partial replacement of cement were tested for workability in green state and for compressive & split tensile strength after 7,28 & 56 days curing. Results showed that silica sand (upto12%) can effectively being used as partial replacement of cement in concrete without compromising the strength of concrete. Keywords- Silica sand, Workability, Compressive strength, Tensile stremgth.
Rice Husk Ash Sandcrete Block as Low Cost Building MaterialIJERA Editor
Concrete is a widely used construction material for various types of structures due to its structural stability and
strength. The construction industry is today consuming more than 400 million tonnes of concrete every year
.Most of the increase in cement demand will be met by the use of supplementary cementing materials, as each
ton of Portland cement clinker production is associated with similar amount of CO2 emission, which is a major
source of global warming. Partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement with mineral admixtures like fly ash,
ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, metakaolin, Rice husk Ash (RHA),etc with plasticizers
eliminates these drawbacks. The use of rice husk modifies the physical qualities of fresh cement paste as well as
microstructure of paste after hardening. By burning the rice husk under a uncontrolled temperature in the
atmosphere, a highly reactive RHA was obtained and the ash was utilized as a supplementary cementing
material. This paper presents the effects of using Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a partial cement replacement
material in mortar mixes. This work is based on an experimental study of mortar made with replacement of
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with 10%, 20% 30% & 40% RHA. The properties investigated were the
compressive strength, setting time, consistency, workability and specific gravity. Finally, a cost analysis was
also done to compare the efficiency of rice husk ash sandcrete blocks. From the test results it can be concluded
that rice husk ash can be utilized in day today life of manufacturing building blocks which are more economical
and more eco-friendly than the cement concrete blocks which are produced now-a-days
Durability Studies on Concrete and Comparison with Partial Replacement of Cem...IJERA Editor
This research work describes the feasibility of using the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
(SCBA) waste in concrete production as a partial replacement of cement. This present work deals with the effect
on strength and mechanical properties of concrete using RHA and SCBA instead of cement. The cement has
been replaced by rice husk ash, accordingly in the range of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. Concrete
mixtures with RHA, were produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive strengths with the
Conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for the test results of
7, 28, 60, 90 days for compressive strengths in normal water and in MgSO4 solution of 1%, 3% and 5%. Also
the durability aspect for rice husk ash concrete for sulphate attack was tested. Similarly the above tests were also
performed for SCBA. The result indicates that the RHA and SCBA improve concrete durability. Finally the test
results for RHA and SCBA were compared. Key words: Rice Husk Ash, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Concrete,
M35 grade concrete, cubes, cylinders, MgSO4, durability.
Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine AggregateVISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Achu V, Riyana M S ,Mechanical Strength of Concrete using Bottom Ash as Fine Aggregate, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MODIFIED CONCRETE USING FLY ASH AND STONE DUSTAM Publications
Construction activity in India during the last decade has more than doubled. Concrete has been the most preferred construction material for over five decades. It is being increasingly used day by day all over the world due to its versatility, mouldability, high compressive strength and many more advantages. The problem of how to meet the increasing demand and cost of concrete in sustainable manner is a challenge in the field of civil engineering and environmental studies. Alternative materials generally used are mainly the industrial wastes which are facing the problems of safe disposal and cause environment hazards. Fly-ash and Stone dust are such industrial wastes in huge quantity facing the safe disposal. Fly-ash is a product developed as industrial waste during the production of electricity in Thermal Power Plants, where coal is prime material. Due to its highly puzzolonic and cementatious properties, Fly ash can be used in much larger amount as cement replacement material in concrete than practiced as of today. Stone dust is a byproduct generated from quarrying activities involved in the production of crushed coarse aggregate in crusher and stone quarries. River sand is becoming a very scarce material. The sand mining from our rivers have become objectionably excessive in view of both economy and environment. Stone dust can be used as an alternative to natural sand and its effects on the strength and workability of the concretes need to be investigated. Unfortunately limited research has been conducted to explore the potential utilization of stone dust in concrete mixture. In view of the above, present investigation is an attempt towards the assessment of suitability use of Fly-ash and stone dust in concrete production.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MODIFIED CONCRETE USING FLY ASH AND STONE DUSTAM Publications
Construction activity in India during the last decade has more than doubled. Concrete has been the most preferred construction material for over five decades. It is being increasingly used day by day all over the world due to its versatility, mouldability, high compressive strength and many more advantages. The problem of how to meet the increasing demand and cost of concrete in sustainable manner is a challenge in the field of civil engineering and environmental studies. Alternative materials generally used are mainly the industrial wastes which are facing the problems of safe disposal and cause environment hazards. Fly-ash and Stone dust are such industrial wastes in huge quantity facing the safe disposal. Fly-ash is a product developed as industrial waste during the production of electricity in Thermal Power Plants, where coal is prime material. Due to its highly puzzolonic and cementatious properties, Fly ash can be used in much larger amount as cement replacement material in concrete than practiced as of today. Stone dust is a byproduct generated from quarrying activities involved in the production of crushed coarse aggregate in crusher and stone quarries. River sand is becoming a very scarce material. The sand mining from our rivers have become objectionably excessive in view of both economy and environment. Stone dust can be used as an alternative to natural sand and its effects on the strength and workability of the concretes need to be investigated. Unfortunately limited research has been conducted to explore the potential utilization of stone dust in concrete mixture. In view of the above, present investigation is an attempt towards the assessment of suitability use of Fly-ash and stone dust in concrete production.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Impact of Using RHA and CD in Replacement of Cement for Mixijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Analysis of the Characteristic behaviour of Concrete with Rice Husk Ash and S...ijtsrd
In the last decades, the use of residue in construction industry, especially as additives in concrete, has been subject of many researches as it may lead several improvements in the concrete properties, besides reducing the environmental pollution. The world rice harvest is estimated in 600 million tons per year. In terms of production sugarcane tops the crop ranking order. In India alone there grows 352 million tons of sugarcane and processed by 138 sugar mills. Considering that 22 of the grain is husk. So both the rice husk and sugarcane bagasse ash are complete waste and can be used as substitutes in concrete. The RHA and Sugarcane bagasse ash were trialed to replace concrete with various ratios of RHA 0 , 10 , 20 , 30 and 40 with fine aggregates and SCBA 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 with cement. The water cement ratio in all the mixes was maintained at 0.55. From the experimentations it was inferred the modified specimen resulted in number of improvement of properties of cement. The observed increase in compressive strength of concrete is maximum, when the conventional concrete is modified with 15 SCBA and 30 RHA. With this percentage modification there seen increase in both 28 as well as 7 days compressive strength. There observed considerable reduction in slump value yet keeping the mix workable or in other words we can say that modification of concrete by SCBA and RHA do not adversely affect the workability. The 28 day split tensile strength test revealed that the inferences of compressive strength test and split tensile strength were somehow similar to one another. More the application of SCBA and RHA, lesser are their disposal problems and thus results in reduction of carbon credits by these waste products. This research promoted an ecological way of waste management and sustainable construction. Sultan Singh | Er. Sunil Kumar | Er. Vikram "Analysis of the Characteristic behaviour of Concrete with Rice Husk Ash and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29774.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29774/analysis-of-the-characteristic-behaviour-of-concrete-with-rice-husk-ash-and-sugarcane-bagasse-ash/sultan-singh
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
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Normal Cell Metabolism:
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Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
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IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
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Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
insect taxonomy importance systematics and classification
Environmental Feasibility in Utilization of Foundry Solid Waste (Slag) for M20 Concrete Mix Proportions
1. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan. 2015), PP 16-23
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09111623 www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
Environmental Feasibility in Utilization of Foundry Solid Waste
(Slag) for M20 Concrete Mix Proportions
1
Mr.T.Yuvaraj, 2
Dr.M.Palanivel, 3
Vigneswar.S, 3
Bhoopathy.R, 3
Gnanasekaran.V
Department of Environmental Engineering, Park College of Technology, Coimbatore1
Department of Environmental Science, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore2
Environmental Engineering Students, Park College of Technology, Coimbatore3
Abstract: Slag utilized here is obtained from the blasting process of the metal ore in a Cupola furnace .Slag
is a by-product of the iron and steel manufacturing process. Generally a blast furnace operates on a
continuous basis and produces approximately 250 — 300 kg of slag per tons of iron produced. The slag is
collected in a foundry in Coimbatore and it is approximately graded to the size of a coarse aggregate used in
M20 grade concrete (i.e size of a 20mm jelly) and partial replacement of the coarse aggregate is seen in
initial fractions. Also the fine aggregate used in M20 concrete mix ratio is completely replaced by use of
quarry dust which is a cheaper material when compared to sand. Ratio of fine and coarse aggregates
replacement are prepared and accordingly the cubes are casted as per IS:456-2000 M20 mix ratio. Then the
cubes are set for curing in water for 28 days. The leachate analysis is carried out by taking water samples for
every consecutive four days till the 28th day and the samples are analyzed for metals which are of high
environmental concern. After the curing process the cubes are taken out and tested for compressibility .So in
this project “WEALTH FROM WASTE” concept is established by using foundry solid waste (slag) and quarry
dust as a replacement for normal coarse and fine aggregate, such that both civil and environmental concerns
are taken into account.
Keywords: Slag, Coarse aggregate, Fine aggregate, Leachate analysis, compressibility test.
I. Introduction
Coimbatore is a major industrial city in Tamilnadu. There are about 450 foundries, 300 motor
manufacturing units, 200 wet grinder manufacturing units, about 300 brick kilns and 210 textiles dyeing and
bleaching units in operation. In Coimbatore, as in other Indian cities, there is no separate zone for
industrial/commercial activities. Therefore, some industries (mainly foundries) are located in residential areas
resulting in severe pollution of the environment as a whole. Though the foundry industry dates back to the
Harappa period, the most independent era has witnessed a phenomenal growth of foundries. According to
published data, there are about 5000 foundries in India with an installed capacity of around 28.16 lakhs Tons
per annum with the ferrous foundry accounting for 95% of the total units. It is estimated that the cupola.
Based ferrous foundry units numbering around 1000 are operating in and around Coimbatore with an annual
Output of around 6 lakhs tonnes per annum.These foundry units cannot be totally absolved of causing
Pollution since the foundry process by its nature is more pollution prone than many other activities.
This has now engaged the attention of all for its effects on population and environment. Most of the foundries
in and around Coimbatore are in the SSI (small scale industries) sector and equipped with cupola furnaces with
the melting capacities ranging from 1-6 tons per hour. In cupola furnaces, the coke is employed as the main
source of energy to melt down the mat allies.
Reuse of waste material has become very important during the past decade because of the
reinforcement of environmental regulations that requires minimizing waste disposal mechanisms, i.e.
incorporating some cleaner technology options. Steelmaking operations are specifically concerned by this
problem because of generation of a huge quantity of by-products .i.e SLAG. Different kinds of slag constitute
the major part of by-products from the iron and steel industry. At an integrated steel plant the production of
one tonne steel results in about half a tonnes of by-products.
During the production of iron and steel, fluxes (limestone and/or dolomite) are charged into blast
furnace along with coke for fuel. The coke is combusted to produce carbon monoxide, which reduces iron ore
into molten iron product. Fluxing agents separate impurities and slag is produced during separation of molten
steel. Slag is a non-metallic inert by-product primarily consists of silicates, alumina silicates, and calcium-
alumina-silicates. Generally a blast furnace operates on a continuous basis and produces approximately 250
— 300 kg of slag per tonnes of iron produced. The total steel production in India is about 72.20 Million Tones
2. Environmental Feasibility in Utilization of Foundry Solid Waste (Slag) For M20 Concrete ….
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09111623 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
and the waste generated annually is around 18 Million Tones (considerably higher than the world average) but
hardly 25% are being used mostly in cement production. Remaining 75% of waste i.e. SLAG are just thrown
away as land-fills causing adverse environmental effects.
In this study solid waste which is known as SLAG produced in foundries in and around Coimbatore,
are not just thrown away in land-fill but also can be converted into a useful product without environmental
effects .i.e. WEALTH FROM WASTE concept. It was established from this study that it is of vital importance
to be familiar with the technical significance of the secondary application of waste materials, and also with
their possible environmental effects. Even though their application in construction reduces the quantity of
landfills, which is why it can be considered as partial or total waste management, some waste materials might
contain increased concentrations of substances harmful to human health or to the environment, especially
when it reacts with water. So here in addition to utilization of slag as a replacement for coarse aggregate
(gravel) the water which is used for curing is analyzed for leachate (metals).
On the basis of data from previously published works. Recycled materials used in construction may be
classified according to their source:
a) Industrial waste and/or by-products (mining waste rock, metallurgical slags, foundry sand, coal fly ash,
municipal solid waste incinerator ash, etc. )
b) Road by-products, such as reclaimed concrete pavement materials, and reclaimed asphalt pavement
materials.
At the same time, having in mind that the national environmental strategy defines waste management
as national priority with the so-called no-landfill concept, for the realization of which one should close the
circle of avoiding the very creation of waste, reducing the quantity and harmfulness, recycling and reuse and
some industrial waste materials . Thanks to their composition and structures, by which it can be used as
secondary raw materials in construction.
II. Experimental Programme
Object of Testing
The main objective of testing was to know the behavior of concrete with replacement of coarse and
fine aggregate with foundry slag and quarry dust respectively at room temperature. The main parameters
studied were compressive strength and leachate analysis (metals). The materials used for casting concrete
samples are described.
Materials used in Present Work
Cement
IS mark 53 grade cement was used for all concrete mixes. The cement used was fresh and without any lumps.
Coarse aggregates
Locally available coarse aggregates having the maximum size of 10 mm to 20mm were used in the
present work. The 20mm aggregates were first sieved through 20mm sieve and then it was washed to remove
dust and dirt and was dried to surface-dry condition.
Fine aggregate
Fine aggregate can be naturally or crushed. The specification required that it should consists of hard,
dense, durable, uncoated fragments and shall be free from impurities such as dust, clay, silt, mica and organic
matter, soft and flaky particles. The sand particles should also pack to give minimum water. The sand used for
the experimental programme was locally procured and conformed to grading zone III as per IS: 383-1970. The
sand was first sieved through 4.75 mm sieve to remove any particles greater than 4.75 mm and then was
washed to remove the dust.
Foundry slag
Investigations were made on foundry slag procured from the Foundries located in and around
Coimbatore region, Tamilnadu. The chemical and physical properties of the foundry slag used in this
investigation are listed in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2 respectively.
3. Environmental Feasibility in Utilization of Foundry Solid Waste (Slag) For M20 Concrete ….
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09111623 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
Table.1 Physical Properties of Slag
S.No Physical properties Value
1 Specific Gravity 2.38
2 Specific Gravity 0.39%
3 Water Absorption 1058 kg/cum
4 Dry loose bulk density 0.90%
5 Soundness 3.14
6 Fineness modulus. Ι
7 Zone 1.38%
Table.2 Chemical Properties of Slag
Chemical Properties
S.No Constituents %
1 LOI 1.80
2 Silica 30.20
3 R2O3 20.20
4 Fe2O3 0.60
5 Al2O3 19.60
6 CaO 32.40
7 MgO 9.26
8 SO2 0.27
9 Insoluble matter 0.80
Quarry dust
Quarry dust is a rock particle obtained when huge rocks break into smaller particles in quarries. It is
like sand but mostly grey in color. In addition it has got some mineral particles. Here we are using the quarry
dust to replace the fine aggregate (sand) completely. And also it is economically feasible when compared to
sand. So here we are completely replacing the fine aggregate by the use of quarry dust.
Water
Water is an important component of concrete as its activities participate in the chemical reaction with
the cement. The strength of the cement concrete mainly comes from the binding action of hydrated cement gel.
The requirement of water should be reduced to the required chemical reaction of un- hydrated cement as the
excess water would end up in only formation of undesirable voids (and /or capillaries) in the hardened cement
paste in concrete. It is generally stated that the water fit for drinking is fit for making concrete. In the present
investigation drinking water was used for both mixing and curing of concrete cubes.
Moulds
Cubical mould of size 150x150x150 mm was used to prepare the concrete specimens for the
determination of compressive strength of foundry slag concrete at various replacement levels. Care was taken
during casting and proper compaction was established by use of steel rod. The casted cubes are then immersed
in water for 28 days of curing in separate tubs.
Mix Designation
Concrete mix has been designed based on Indian Standard Recommended Guidelines IS: 456-2000
(M20 grade). The proportions for the concrete, as determined were 1:1.5:3 with water cement ratio of 0.65 by
weight. The mix designation and quantities of various materials for each designed concrete mix have been
tabulated in Table 3.3 for cubes
Table.3 Mix Designation for Cubes
S.No CEMENT
(IN PARTS)
FINE AGGREGATE
(IN PARTS)
COARSE AGGREGATE
(IN PARTS)
SAND QUARRY DUST GRAVEL SLAG
Control 1 1.5 0 3 0
Sample-1 1 0 1.5 2.5 0.5
Sample-2 1 0 1.5 2.0 1.0
Sample-3 1 0 1.5 1.5 1.5
Sample-4 1 0 1.5 1.0 2.0
Sample-5 1 0 1.5 0.5 2.5
Sample-6 1 0 1.5 0 3
4. Environmental Feasibility in Utilization of Foundry Solid Waste (Slag) For M20 Concrete ….
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09111623 www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
Tests on Fresh Concrete
Fresh concrete or plastic concrete can be mould into any shape, using freshly mixed materials. The
relative quantities of cement, aggregate and water mixed together control the wet state as well as hard state.
Workability is the important quality of fresh concrete. Workability is defined as the ease with which a
given state of material can be mixed into concrete and subsequently handled, transported, placed and
compacted without loss of homogeneity.
Measurement of Workability
Slump Test
The mould for the slump test is in the form of a cone of bottom diameter 20cm, top diameter 10cm
and height 30cm. The mould is filled with fresh concrete in four layers, each approximately one quarter of the
height of the mould. Each layer shall be compacted by using tamping rod. After the top layer has been rodded
and top surface is leveled, the mould is removed from the concrete by raising it slowly in vertical direction.
The concrete subside at the slum is measured immediately by determining the difference between the height of
the mould and height point of the specimen being tested. The test determines the consistency of the fresh
concrete and gives comparable result in the case of wet mixes.
Leachate Analysis
Analysis of metals
The casted cubes are soaked in different tubs containing water, which is of potable standard, for a
period of 28 days (curing period). The water samples from each tub were collected for every consecutive four
days in separate sample container till the 28th
day is achieved. The samples collected are immediately analyzed
for metals such as copper, zinc, iron and nickel and was compared with that of BIS standards of drinking water
quality. The analytical procedure was carried out as per BIS-IS: 10500-2012 manual.
Physico-chemical analysis
Initially the water used for curing is analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters such as pH,
total hardness, conductivity, chlorides and total alkalinity (i.e. before the curing period). Then the water
samples from each tub were analyzed for above parameters (i.e. after 28 days of curing period). The analytical
procedure was carried out as per BIS-IS: 10500-2012 manual.
III. Results and Discussion
General
Various properties of concrete incorporating foundry slag and quarry dust at various replacement
levels with normal coarse and fine aggregates were studied. Results were compared and checked for
compressive strength and leachate analysis of foundry slag mix with that of control.
Compressive Strength
Concrete is strong in compression and in construction also concrete is mainly used in compression.
Higher the compressive strength better is the durability and bond strength. Resistance to abrasion and volume
stability improve with the compressive strength which is very important in quality control of concrete.15cm,
cube size is normally used. The apparatus used are Cube moulds 15cm size, trowels, tamping rod 16mm
diameter and 60cm long, compression testing machine.
Compressive strength, C =P/A where,
P= load in Newton
A= area of cross section of cube in mm²
In this research the values of compressive strength for different replacement levels of foundry slag
contents(16.67%,33.33%,50% ,66.6%83.33% and 100%) at the end of curing periods ( 28 days, ) are given in
Table 4.1. These values are plotted in figs. 4.1, which show the variation of compressive strength with coarse
and fine aggregate replacements respectively. It is evident from Fig. 4.1 that compressive strength of concrete
mixtures with 16.67%,33.33% and 50% of foundry slag for gravel replacement was higher than the standard
value i.e.20N/mm² and concrete mixtures with 66.6% , 83.33% and 100% of replacement of coarse aggregate
with slag is more or less equal to the standard value. Fig. 4.1 shows that compressive strength decreases with
the increase in foundry slag. Figs. 4.1 show the compressive strength ratio (at 28 days) with respect to
percentage replacement of gravel by foundry slag.
Table.4 Compressive Strength of concrete cubes (N/mm2
) for M20 Mix at 28 days of Curing.
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Cube Designation Avg. Ultimate Compressive Strength of Concrete in (N/mm2
) at 28 days of
Curing
Control 25.18
Sample-1 22.88
Sample-2 21.55
Sample-3 20.44
Sample-4 18.66
Sample-5 17.22
Sample6 17.11
Physico-Chemical Analysis
Initially the water used for curing is analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters such as pH,
total hardness, conductivity, chlorides and total alkalinity (i.e. before the curing period). Then the water
samples from each tub were analyzed for above parameters (i.e. after 28 days of curing period). The values are
compared and were found to be within the permissible limits.
Table.5 Drinking water quality standards (BIS IS: 10500-2012)
Parameters Permissible Limits
pH 6.5-8.5
Electrical Conductivity Less than 250 µs/cm
Total hardness 200 mg/l as caco3
Total alkalinity 200 mg/l
Chloride 250 mg/l
Before Curing
Table.6 Physico-chemical Parameter of Water Before Curing
Parameters Permissible Limits
pH 7.5
Electrical conductivity 0.45 µs/cm
Total hardness 20 mg/l as CaCO3
Total alkalinity 20 mg/l
Chloride 40 mg/l
After Curing
Table.7 pH Level in Leachate Sample
Characteristics pH
Control 9.40
Sample-1 9.47
Sample-2 9.65
Sample-3 9.52
Sample-4 9.59
Sample-5 9.85
Sample6 9.60
Table.8 Concentration of Electrical Conductivity
in Leachate Sample
Characteristics Electrical Conductivity (µs/cm)
Control 0.57
Sample-1 0.62
Sample-2 0.52
Sample-3 0.46
Sample-4 0.62
Sample-5 0.60
Sample6 0.66
Table.9 Concentration of Total Hardness
in Leachate Sample
Characteristics Total Hardness (As Caco3) (Mg/L)
Control 20
Sample-1 20
Sample-2 30
Sample-3 20
Sample-4 40
Sample-5 20
Sample6 30
Table.10 Concentration of Total Alkalinity
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in Leachate Sample
Characteristics Total alkalinity (as HCO3) mg/L
Control 40
Sample-1 20
Sample-2 20
Sample-3 10
Sample-4 10
Sample-5 10
Sample6 10
Table.11 Concentration of Chloride
in Leachate Sample
Characteristics Chloride (as Cl) mg/L
Control 89.7
Sample-1 39.7
Sample-2 49.6
Sample-3 39.7
Sample-4 29.7
Sample-5 39.7
Sample6 39.7
Leachate Analysis
Analysis of metals
The casted cubes are soaked in different tubs containing water, which is of portable standard, for a
period of 28 days (curing period). The water samples from each tub were collected for every consecutive four
days in separate sample container till the 28th
day is achieved. The samples collected are immediately analyzed
for metals such as copper, zinc, iron and nickel and was compared with that of BIS standards of drinking water
quality. The test for presence of metals (leachate analysis) was found to be within the permissible limits.
Table.12 BIS-IS: 10500-2012 Drinking water quality standard.
Metals Permissible Limits (mg/l)
Copper 0.05-1.5
Iron 0.3
Zinc 5-15
Nickel 0.02
Table.13 Concentration of Copper in Leachate Sample
S.No Characteristics Average leachate of copper ,(mg/l)
1 Control 0.0625
2 Sample-1 0.0825
3 Sample-2 0.105
4 Sample-3 0.135
5 Sample-4 0.1625
6 Sample-5 0.135
7 Sample6 0.1425
Table.14 Concentration of Iron in Leachate Sample
S.No Characteristics
Average leachate of
Iron,(mg/l)
1 Control 0.1275
2 Sample-1 0.1475
3 Sample-2 0.17
4 Sample-3 0.18
5 Sample-4 0.1975
6 Sample-5 0.21
7 Sample6 0.21
7. Environmental Feasibility in Utilization of Foundry Solid Waste (Slag) For M20 Concrete ….
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IV. Conclusion:
• The analysis of metals for leachate was found to be within limits. Hence there is no environmental pollution
in use of foundry solid waste(slag) and quarry dust in concrete preparations.
• And also the compression strength of cubes was found to be effective i.e more or less equal to 20 N/mm².
The result also shows decreasing strength with the increase in replacement percentage of coarse aggregate.
So here we are suggesting the mix ratio with above solid waste for pavers and hollow-block constructions only.
• The use of quarry dust (1 unit= Rs. 1200) to replace the fine aggregate is economically feasible when
compared to normal river sand (1 unit=Rs. 3500 to 4000).
• Also the use of slag (simply thrown away in landfills). to replace the coarse aggregate is economically
feasible when compared to normal blue metal(20mm gravel 1 unit= Rs. 2800 to 3000)
• In this study both environmental and civil aspects are satisfied.
• Hence, it could be recommended that slag could be effectively utilized as partial replacement of
normal coarse aggregate and quarry dust as complete replacement of fine aggregate(sand) in most
applications as per this part of study.
Pictures
Fig 1.0 Sample collection (leachate analysis for metals)
Table.15 Concentration of Zinc in Leachate
Sample
S.No Characteristics
Average leachate of
zinc,(mg/l)
1 Control 0.02
2 Sample-1 0.0268
3 Sample-2 0.0263
4 Sample-3 0.0268
5 Sample-4 0.0373
6 Sample-5 0.0503
7 Sample6 0.0513
Table.16 Concentration of Nickel in
Leachate Sample
S.No Characteristics
Average leachate of
Nickel,(mg/l)
1 Control 0.00175
2 Sample-1 0.00225
3 Sample-2 0.003
4 Sample-3 0.0035
5 Sample-4 0.0045
6 Sample-5 0.011
7 sample-6 0.01175
8. Environmental Feasibility in Utilization of Foundry Solid Waste (Slag) For M20 Concrete ….
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Fig 2.0 Compression test of M20 concrete cube
V. Future Work:
In this study the compressibility test and leachate analysis of concrete cubes casted by the use of
quarry dust and foundry slag was found to be good. Presently we are suggesting our work only for making
pavers and for hollow-block constructions. In our future work, the workability and durability of different ratios
of coarse aggregate (slag) and fine aggregate (quarry dust) of M-20 mix proportions will be studied in detail.
Also a detailed leachate analysis (for various metals) by using nitric acid method will be carried out in the
future part of our study.
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